“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the 4 || opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint 5 dismissal of the entire action.’’
How later courts described this case
- “If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the 4 || opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint 5 dismissal of the entire action.’’
- “A district court should not 23 dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii
- noting that 25 claims dismissed with leave to amend that are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may 26 be “considered waived if not repled”
- concluding that actions of department head in his official capacity are akin to 18 actions of municipality itself
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 MICHAEL LAMAR PRESSLEY, Case No.: 24-CV-1940 JLS (MMP)
Booking #24711109,
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ORDER:
Plaintiff,
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vs. (1) GRANTING MOTION TO
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PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS;
15 AND
SAN DIEGO EMT STAFF, SAN DIEGO
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CENTAL JAIL, VISTA DETENTION (2) DISMISSING COMPLAINT
17 FACILITY, SAN DIEGO SHERIFF, WITHOUT PREJUDICE FOR
VISTA DETENTION DEPUTY, FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
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CENTRAL JAIL DEPUTIES, PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C.
19 Defendants. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) & 1915A(b)(1)
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(ECF Nos. 1, 5, 8, 9)
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22 On October 18, 2024, Plaintiff Michael Lamar Pressley (“Plaintiff” or “Pressley”),
23 a detainee proceeding pro se, filed a civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, along
24 with a Motion to Proceed in Forma Pauperis (“IFP”). ECF Nos. 1, 2. In his Complaint,
25 Pressley alleged Defendants violated his constitutional rights by using excessive force
26 against him on three different occasions. See generally ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”). On
27 December 18, 2024, the Court denied Plaintiff’s IFP Motion and dismissed the action
28 without prejudice because Plaintiff failed provide a copy of his trust account statement, as
1 required under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2). See ECF No. 4. The Court noted that to have his
2 case reopened, Pressley must file a properly supported IFP motion within 45 days. Id.
3 On February 4, 2025, Pressley filed another IFP Motion and a Motion for an
4 Extension of Time to obtain a copy of his prison trust certificate. ECF Nos. 5, 6. The
5 Court granted Pressley’s request for an extension of time, ECF No. 7, and on February 13,
6 2025, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Proceed IFP that includes a prison trust certificate. See
7 ECF No. 8. Plaintiff filed another IFP Motion on March 26, 2025. ECF No. 9. For the
8 reasons discussed below, the Court grants Plaintiff’s IFP Motion and dismisses the
9 Complaint without prejudice for failure to state a claim.
10 MOTION TO PROCEED IFP
11 All parties instituting any civil action, suit, or proceeding in a district court of the
12 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of
13 $405.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). A party may initiate a civil action without prepaying the
14 required filing fee if the Court grants leave to proceed IFP based on indigency. 28 U.S.C.
15 § 1915(a); Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007).
16 To proceed IFP, plaintiffs must establish their inability to pay by filing an affidavit
17 regarding their income and assets. See Escobedo v. Applebees, 787 F.3d 1226, 1234
18 (9th Cir. 2015). Prisoners must also submit a “certified copy of the [prisoner’s] trust fund
19 account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 6-month period immediately
20 preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2). From the certified trust
21 account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average monthly
22 deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly balance in the
23 account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner has no assets. See
24 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(b)(1) & (4). Prisoners who proceed IFP must repay the entire fee in
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27 1 Civil litigants must pay an administrative fee of $55 in addition to the $350 filing fee. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. Dec. 1,
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1 installments regardless of whether their action is ultimately dismissed. 28 U.S.C.
2 § 1915(b)(2); Bruce v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 84 (2016).
3 There are currently three pending IFP Motions in this case. See ECF Nos. 5, 8, 9.
4 In support of his February 13, 2025 IFP Motion, Pressley provided a certified copy of his
5 prison certificate. ECF No. 8 at 6. During the six months prior to filing suit, Pressley had
6 an average monthly balance of $0.01 and average monthly deposits of $191.50. On
7 February 3, 2025, Plaintiff had an available account balance of $0.06. Id. The Court
8 therefore GRANTS Plaintiff’s February 13, 2025 IFP Motion (ECF No. 8) and assesses
9 no initial partial filing fee. See Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 850 (9th Cir. 2002)
10 (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” preventing dismissal of a
11 prisoner’s IFP case based solely on a “failure to pay . . . due to the lack of funds available
12 to him when payment is ordered”). Plaintiff remains obligated to pay the $350 balance of
13 the filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914 pursuant to the installment payment provisions
14 of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). Plaintiff’s February 4, 2025 and March 26, 2025 IFP Motions
15 (ECF Nos. 5, 9) are DENIED as MOOT.
16 SCREENING PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) & 1915A(b)
17 I. Legal Standard
18 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b), the Court must screen a
19 prisoner’s IFP complaint and sua sponte dismiss it to the extent that it is frivolous,
20 malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants who are immune. See
21 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126–27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc); Rhodes v. Robinson,
22 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2010). “The standard for determining whether Plaintiff has
23 failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the
24 same as the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.”
25 Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a
26 complaint to “contain sufficient factual matter . . . to state a claim to relief that is plausible
27 on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks
28 omitted). While detailed factual allegations are not required, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the
1 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice” to
2 state a claim. Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or “unadorned, the
3 defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting this plausibility
4 standard. Id.
5 To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must plausibly allege “both (1) deprivation
6 of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) that the
7 deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao v. Desert
8 Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012).
9 II. Plaintiff’s Allegations
10 In his Complaint, Pressley alleges that on March 15, 2024, he was arrested by San
11 Diego County Sheriff deputies. Compl. at 3. At some point, deputies called for medical
12 assistance. Id. Emergency medical technician (“EMT”) staff arrived, and Plaintiff was
13 placed on a gurney and transported to an unspecified hospital. While en route to the
14 hospital, one EMT called Plaintiff a “low life.” Id. Plaintiff responded by calling the EMT
15 a “piece of shit.” Id. After going “back and forth” with verbal insults, the EMT “punched
16 [Pressley] in the stomach, then punched [him] in the right side of [his] neck.” Id. When
17 Pressley tried to get up, the EMT punched him in the nose, and then again in the eye. The
18 blows caused a cut near Pressley’s eye which ultimately required “8–10 stitches.” Id.
19 When Pressley finally arrived at San Diego Central Jail, he requested an “inmate
20 grievance” form but deputies failed to give him one. Id. at 4. He also submitted requests
21 for a “1983 pack” so that he could file a complaint, but deputies failed to “turn in” the
22 requests. Id.
23 On April 17, 2024, Pressley was escorted to the hospital for an unspecified reason.
24 Id. at 5. Deputies used six pairs of handcuffs to restrain Pressley. Id. at 5. The handcuffs
25 were too tight and cut off Plaintiff’s circulation, “making [his] wrist swell up.” Id. Plaintiff
26 asked deputies to loosen the handcuffs, but they just laughed. Id.
27 At some point, Pressley went to cough “in the opposite direction” of the deputies.
28 As he did so, one of the deputies “jumped up” and “pulled out a spit mask,” which he
1 attempted to place over Pressley’s face. Id. Pressley was taken by surprise, shook his head,
2 and stated, “No.” Id. The deputy then punched Pressley in his upper body and began
3 choking him while he remained handcuffed to the hospital bed. Id. At some point, another
4 deputy came to the bed, pulled out his taser, placed it directly on Pressley’s bare leg and
5 pulled the trigger. Id. Plaintiff states he was tased at least two times. Id. at 6. He felt like
6 he was “being shocked to death.” Id.
7 After tazing Pressley, deputies mocked him and called him a “lil bitch.” Id. Pressley
8 asked deputies several times for a grievance form so that he could document the incident
9 but the deputes refused to give him one. Id.
10 On June 30, 2024, Pressley was at Vista Detention Facility. Id. at 7. When he asked
11 Deputy Pasqual to sign his “inmate grievance,” Pasqual took the form and read it out loud.
12 Pasqual then told Plaintiff’s cellmates that Pressley was a “snitch, and they should beat his
13 ass.” Id. At some point thereafter, Plaintiff was assaulted by inmates. He had to be
14 transported to the hospital where he was treated for three fractured ribs. Id.
15 Plaintiff returned to Vista Detention Facility later that day. Id. As a deputy was
16 escorting Pressley, who was in a wheelchair, to the medical unit where Pressley was then
17 housed, Pressley’s foot began “dragging.” Id. When Plaintiff tried to stand in order to
18 “straighten up [his] foot,” the deputy “body slam[med]” him. Id. The deputy pressed
19 against Plaintiff’s broken ribs and placed his knee on Plaintiff’s back to hold him down.
20 Eventually, four deputies “carried” Plaintiff “by his arms and legs” to a cell, threw him in
21 it, and left. Id. at 8.
22 Shortly thereafter, Pressley began coughing up “dark colored blood” and felt a “pop”
23 in his ribs. Id. Eventually a nurse arrived who told the deputies to get Pressley out of the
24 cell. Id. Pressley told the nurse he was having difficulty breathing and when he “spit out
25 more blood,” the nurse told deputies to call 911. Id. Pressley was transported to Tri-City
26 Hospital, where x-rays revealed he had a punctured lung and internal bleeding. Id. He was
27 then “rushed” to University of San Diego Hospital where he was admitted to the “ICU
28 Trauma Center.” Id.
1 III. Discussion
2 In his Complaint, Pressley alleges three instances of excessive force, occurring on
3 March 15, 2024, April 17, 2024, and June 30, 2024. Id. at 3–9. Pressley names six
4 Defendants, all in their official capacities only: San Diego EMT Staff, San Diego Central
5 Jail, Vista Detention Facility, San Diego Sheriff, Vista Detention Deputy, and Central Jail
6 Deputies. Id. at 1–2. He seeks $1,000,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Id.
7 at 11.
8 A. San Diego Sheriff
9 First, Pressley fails to state a claim against the San Diego Sheriff in his official
10 capacity. Because “a judgment against a public servant ‘in his official capacity’ imposes
11 liability on the entity that he represents,” a suit against a county official in his or her official
12 capacity amounts to a suit against the county itself. Brandon v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 471
13 (1985) (internal citations omitted). Thus, Pressley’s official-capacity claim against the San
14 Diego Sheriff “is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity.”
15 See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985); see also Monell v. New York City
16 Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690, n.55 (1978); Brandon v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 472
17 (1985) (concluding that actions of department head in his official capacity are akin to
18 actions of municipality itself).
19 Public entities cannot be vicariously liable for the conduct of their employees under
20 § 1983. Monell, 426 U.S. at 691 (“[A] municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on
21 a respondeat superior theory.”); see also Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011).
22 Instead, plaintiffs must establish that the “local government had a deliberate policy,
23 custom, or practice that was the ‘moving force’ behind the constitutional violation [they]
24 suffered.” Whitaker v. Garcetti, 486 F.3d 572, 581 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Monell,
25 436 U.S. at 694–95). At the pleading stage, a plaintiff pursuing a claim under Monell must
26 allege “underlying facts” that plausibly suggest that the government defendants have a
27 policy or custom that caused the constitutional wrong. AE ex rel. Hernandez v. County of
28 Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216
1 (9th Cir. 2011)).
2 Here, Plaintiff’s Complaint is devoid of any factual allegations that would establish
3 his injury was caused by individuals whose conduct conformed to an official county policy,
4 custom or practice. Therefore, Pressley has failed to state a Monell claim against the San
5 Diego Sheriff. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) & 1915A(b)(1); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
6 B. County Entity Defendants
7 Pressley also fails to state a claim against San Diego Central Jail, Vista Detention
8 Facility, and “San Diego EMT Staff”2 in their official capacities. Generally, an agency or
9 department of a municipal entity is not a proper defendant under § 1983. Vance v. County
10 of Santa Clara, 928 F. Supp. 993, 996 (N.D. Cal. 1996); see also Payne v. County of
11 Calaveras, No. 1:17-cv-00906-DAD-SKO, 2018 WL 6593347, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 14,
12 2018) (“California district courts considering the issue have determined that a jail is not a
13 suable entity.”). Rather, when a claim involves a county or city entity or sub-agency, the
14 county or city itself is generally the proper defendant. See Vance, 928 F. Supp. at 996.
15 And here, as discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to allege any San Diego County policy
16 or custom caused his constitutional rights to be violated. See Monell, 426 U.S. at 694–95.
17 Thus, Pressley has failed to state a claim against San Diego Central Jail, the Vista Detention
18 Facility, or “San Diego EMT Staff.” See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) & 1915A(b)(1);
19 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
20 C. Unnamed Defendants
21 Pressley has also named “Vista Detention Deputy” and “Central Jail Deputies” as
22 Defendants, in their official capacities. Compl. at 2. As discussed above, a suit against a
23 county official in their official capacity is treated as a suit against the county itself. See
24 Monell, 436 U.S. at 690, n.55; see Vance, 928 F. Supp. at 996. Thus, Pressley fails to state
25 a claim against these unnamed deputies for the same reasons discussed above.
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2 While not entirely clear from the allegations in the Complaint, the Court presumes the emergency
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1 Furthermore, the Court notes that while the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure neither
2 authorize nor prohibit the use of fictitious parties, Rule 10 requires a plaintiff to include
3 the names of all parties in his complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). Courts especially
4 disfavor “Doe” pleading in an IFP case because, in the event the plaintiff’s complaint
5 alleges a plausible claim for relief, it is effectively impossible for the United States Marshal
6 or deputy marshal to fulfill his or her duty to serve an unnamed defendant. See Fed. R.
7 Civ. P. 4(c)(3); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d); Walker v. Sumner, 14 F.3d 1415, 1422 (9th Cir. 1994)
8 (reasoning that in order to properly effect service under Rule 4 in an IFP case, the plaintiff
9 is required to “furnish the information necessary to identify the defendant”); Finefeuiaki v.
10 Maui Cmty. Corr. Ctr. Staff & Affiliates, No. 18-00249 DKW-KJM, 2018 WL 3580764,
11 at *6 (D. Haw. July 25, 2018) (noting that “[a]s a practical matter, the United States
12 Marshal cannot serve a summons and complaint on an anonymous defendant”).
13 Nonetheless, “[a] plaintiff may refer to unknown defendants as Defendant John Doe 1,
14 John Doe 2, John Doe 3, and so on, but he must allege specific facts showing how each
15 particular doe defendant violated his rights.”3 Cuda v. Emps./Contractors/Agents at or
16 OCCC, No. 19-00084 DKW-KJM, 2019 WL 2062945, at *3–4 (D. Haw. May 9, 2019).
17 In sum, as currently pleaded, Plaintiff has failed to state an excessive force claim
18 against “Vista Detention Deputy” or “Central Jail Deputies.” See 28 U.S.C.
19 §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) & 1915A(b)(1); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
20 IV. Leave to Amend
21 Given Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court GRANTS leave to amend his Complaint.
22 See Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A district court should not
23 dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
24 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint
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3 A plaintiff may also seek discovery to obtain the names of the Does and later amend his pleading in
27 order to substitute the true names of those defendants, unless it is clear that discovery will not uncover
their identities, or that his complaint is subject to dismissal on other grounds. See Wakefield v. Thompson,
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1 could not be cured by amendment.’” (quoting Akhtar v Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212
2 (9th Cir. 2012))).
3 In deciding whether to file an amended complaint, Plaintiff should consider the
4 relevant legal standards governing his potential claims for relief, which the Court sets forth
5 below. Plaintiff alleges three instances of excessive force. The first occurred on the day
6 of Pressley’s arrest, see Compl. at 3, while the other two appear to have occurred while
7 Pressley was a pretrial detainee, id. at 5, 7.
8 The Fourth Amendment’s “objective reasonableness” standard governs claims of
9 excessive force during an arrest, investigatory stop, or other seizure. Graham v. Connor,
10 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989). If an individual is arrested without a warrant, the Fourth
11 Amendment applies “up until the time such arrestee is released or found to be legally in
12 custody based upon probable cause for arrest.” Pierce v. Multnomah County,
13 76 F.3d 1032, 1043 (9th Cir. 1996). Objective reasonableness is determined “in light of
14 the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or
15 motivation.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397.
16 The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governs excessive force
17 claims brought by pre-trial detainees.4 Id. at 395 n.10; Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520,
18 535-39 (1979). The due process standard is also an objective one, by which “a pretrial
19 detainee must show . . . that the force purposely or knowingly used against him was
20 objectively unreasonable.” Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 396 (2015). Although
21 not exclusive, the Supreme Court has identified several factors that a court may consider
22 in determining the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the force used: (1) “the
23 relationship between the need for the use of force and the amount of force used”; (2) “the
24 extent of the plaintiff's injury”; (3) “any effort made by the officer to temper or to limit the
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27 4 After conviction, the Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from the use of excessive force. Whitley v.
Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986).
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1 amount of force”; (4) “the severity of the security problem at issue”; (5) “the threat
2 reasonably perceived by the officer”; and (6) “whether the plaintiff was actively resisting.”
3 Id. at 397.
4 CONCLUSION
5 Accordingly, the Court ORDERS as follows:
6 1. GRANTS Plaintiff’s February 13, 2025 Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 8)
7 and DENIES Plaintiff’s other pending IFP Motions (ECF Nos. 5, 9) as MOOT.
8 2. ORDERS the Secretary of the CDCR, or his designee, to collect the $350
9 filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly payments from the account in an amount
10 equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding month’s income and forward payments to
11 the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in the account exceeds $10 in accordance with
12 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). All payments must clearly identify the name and case number
13 assigned to this action.
14 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Jeff
15 Macomber, Secretary, CDCR, P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283-0001, by
16 U.S. Mail, or by forwarding an electronic copy to trusthelpdesk@cdcr.ca.gov.
17 4. DISMISSES the Complaint in its entirety for failure to state a claim pursuant
18 to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) & 1915A(b)(1).
19 5. GRANTS Plaintiff sixty (60) days leave from the date of this Order in which
20 to file a First Amended Complaint that cures the deficiencies of pleading noted in this
21 Order. Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint must be complete by itself without reference
22 to his original Complaint. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard
23 Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes
24 the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that
25 claims dismissed with leave to amend that are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may
26 be “considered waived if not repled”).
27 If Plaintiff fails to timely file a First Amended Complaint, the Court will enter a final
28 Order dismissing this civil action based both on failure to state a claim upon which relief
1 be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)Gi) and 1915A(b)(1), and failure to
2 || prosecute in compliance with a court order requiring amendment. See Lira v. Herrera,
3 ||427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the
4 || opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint
5 dismissal of the entire action.’’).
6 IT IS SO ORDERED.
7 ||Dated: June 9, 2025 . tt
8 jen Janis L. Sammartino
9 United States District Judge
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