Yeend v. Akima Global Services, LLC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

DALILA YEEND, BOUNNAM PHIMASONE,

ELVIN MINAYA RODRIGUEZ, LISA

LAPOINTE, and SHANTADEWIE RAHMEE,

individually and on behalf of all others similarly

situated, 1:20-cv-01281 (AMN/PJE)

Plaintiffs,

v.

AKIMA GLOBAL SERVICES, LLC,

Defendant.

APPEARANCES: OF COUNSEL:

KAUFMAN LIEB LEBOWITZ & FRICK LLP ALISON E. FRICK, ESQ.

18 East 48th Street – Suite 802 ALANNA G. KAUFMAN, ESQ.

New York, New York 10017 ALYSSA D. ISIDORIDY, ESQ.

Attorneys for Plaintiffs

WORKER JUSTICE CENTER OF NEW YORK CRISTINA BRITO, ESQ.

245 Saw Mill River Road – Suite 106

Hawthorne, New York 10532

9 Main Street MAUREEN HUSSAIN, ESQ.

Kingston, New York 12401

1187 Culver Road OLIVIA POST RICH, ESQ.

Rochester, New York 14609

Attorneys for Plaintiffs

THE KULLMAN FIRM HEATHER F. CROW, ESQ.

2915 Kerry Forest Parkway – Suite 101

Tallahassee, Florida 32309

1100 Poydras Street – Suite 1600 JESSICA L. MARRERO, ESQ.

New Orleans, Louisiana 70163 AMIEL J. PROVOSTY, ESQ.

Attorneys for Defendant

Hon. Anne M. Nardacci, United States District Judge:

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiffs Dalila Yeend, Bounnam Phimasone, Elvin Minaya Rodriguez, Lisa LaPointe,

and Shantadewie Rhamee, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated (“Plaintiffs”),

bring this action against Akima Global Services, LLC a/k/a AGS (“AGS” or “Defendant”),

asserting claims pertaining to their civil immigration detention at the Buffalo Federal Detention

Facility (“BFDF”). Dkt. No. 80. On March 31, 2025, the Court denied Defendant’s motion for

summary judgment. Dkt. No. 169 (“Order”). Defendant now seeks to certify for interlocutory

appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) (“Section 1292(b)”) a portion of the Order addressing a novel

question of state law and to stay this action pending resolution of the interlocutory appeal. Dkt.

No. 170 (“Motion”). Plaintiffs oppose both requests. Dkt. No. 174. For the reasons set forth

below, the Motion is granted.1

II. BACKGROUND

The Court detailed the factual background and procedural history of this action in the

Order, and incorporates that detail by reference. See also Dkt. Nos. 161, 168. The Court

nevertheless provides the following brief summary for convenience.

A. Factual Background

Located in Batavia, New York, the BFDF is a processing center for civil immigration

detainees. Dkt. No. 169 at 2-3.2 The facility is owned by non-party United States Immigration

1 Defendant’s request for leave to file a reply, Dkt. No. 175, is accordingly denied as moot, and

the Court has not considered the proposed reply therein in reaching its decision.

2 Citations to docket entries utilize the pagination generated by CM/ECF, the Court’s electronic

filing system, and not the documents’ internal pagination.

and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”). Id. at 3. ICE previously entered into a contract with

Defendant for Defendant to provide certain detention management services at the BFDF (the

“Contract”). Id. Plaintiffs are individuals who were detained at the BFDF for varying periods of

time in connection with civil immigration proceedings. Id. at 3-4.

Authorized by Congress, the Voluntary Work Program (“VWP”) enables immigration

detainees to be paid for labor they perform while detained. Id. at 4. ICE reimburses Defendant at

a rate of one dollar per day for each detainee who participates in the VWP. Id. Detainees are paid

directly by Defendant. Id. According to ICE, “[t]here is no contract, rule, or law that prevents

AGS from paying detainee workers more than $1.00 per day.” Id. The Performance-Based

National Detention Standards promulgated by ICE (“PBNDS”) provide, inter alia, that

“[d]etainees shall receive monetary compensation for work completed in accordance with the

facility’s standard policy. The compensation is at least $1.00 (USD) per day.” Id. at 5-6.

Numerous other documents relevant to the BFDF address the VWP; some also state that

compensation is “at least” one dollar day. Id. at 6-9.

Among the requirements in the Contract is that Defendant “perform all services in

accordance with” the PBNDS; that “[t]he Contractor shall not use or permit the use of the

Government premises for any unlawful purposes, or any unlawful act;” and that “[a]ll services

must comply with . . . all applicable state and local laws and standards.” Id. at 10.

B. Procedural Background

Plaintiffs bring four separate claims pursuant to the NYLL, alleging that Defendant’s

administration of the VWP violated various provisions of the NYLL, including the minimum wage

requirement. Id. at 11-12. Plaintiffs also bring claims pursuant to the Trafficking Victims

Protection Reauthorization Act (“TVPRA”) and for unjust enrichment under New York law. Id.

On March 31, 2025, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ request to certify three classes of detainees: (i) a

“Labor Law Class” in connection with the NYLL claims; (ii) a “Forced Labor Class” in connection

with the TVPRA claims; and (iii) an “Unjust Enrichment Class” in connection with the unjust

enrichment claims. Dkt. No. 168. The “Labor Law Class,” consists of “all detainees who

participated in the VWP from September 8, 2016 through the date of final judgment in this action,”

id. at 5, and includes thousands of class members, Dkt. No. 174 at 8 n.1, 10 (stating that all three

classes “are comprised of thousands of people who participated in the work program while

detained at [the BFDF] in the last decade, many of whom now live in different countries across

the globe”).

Also on March 31, 2025, the Court denied Defendant’s motion for summary judgment,

which sought to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims on a variety of grounds. Dkt. No. 169. With respect to

Plaintiffs’ NYLL claims, Defendant’s core argument in favor of summary judgment was that the

NYLL does not apply to Plaintiffs, as federal immigration detainees. Id. at 27. The Court declined

to grant Defendant summary judgment on this basis. First, the Court observed that whether the

NYLL applies to federal immigration detainees is a novel question of state law. Id. The Court

also noted the federalism concerns implicated by a federal court determining a novel question of

state law, and further noted that “[c]ertain federal courts that have determined the applicability of

state labor laws to detainees have had the benefit of certified answers from state high courts,” but

that no such guidance from the New York State Court of Appeals is available with respect to the

NYLL. Id. at 27-29 (collecting cases); see also Chufen Chen v. Dunkin’ Brands, Inc., 954 F.3d

492, 497 (2d Cir. 2020). The Court thus went on to interpret the relevant provisions of the NYLL

and concluded that Plaintiffs are not excluded from the statute. Id. at 29-32 (reviewing statutory

language, including the exclusions set forth in the statute, and applying the interpretive aid of

expressio unius est exclusio alterius, and citing, inter alia, Stefanik v. Hochul, 43 N.Y.3d 49, 69

(2024)). The Court further determined that the legislative history identified by the parties

supported the conclusion that the state legislature did not intend to exclude individuals such as

Plaintiffs from the NYLL’s ambit. Id. at 32-33 (citing, inter alia, Article 13 LLC v. Ponce De

Leon Fed. Bank, 132 F.4th 586, 593 (2d Cir. 2025)).

The Court also rejected Defendant’s argument that the NYLL must be interpreted in

lockstep with the federal wage and hour statute, the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). Id. at

33-34 (citing, inter alia, Irizarry v. Catsimatidis, 722 F.3d 99, 117 (2d Cir. 2013) (“Plaintiffs assert

that the tests for ‘employer’ status are the same under the FLSA and the NYLL, but this question

has not been answered by the New York Court of Appeals.”)). The Court further determined that

existing FLSA jurisprudence did not entitle Defendant to judgment as a matter of law on NYLL

claims brought by federal immigration detainees. Id. at 34-36 (discussing, inter alia, Danneskjold

v. Hausrath, 82 F.3d 37 (2d Cir. 1996)). Finally, the Court rejected Defendant’s argument that

Plaintiffs’ NYLL claims should be evaluated using the non-exhaustive “‘economic realties’ test

frequently utilized to assess employment status under the FLSA” and instead analyzed these claims

using the non-exhaustive “‘control test’ frequently used to assess employment status under the

NYLL[.]” Id. at 36-38 (citing, inter alia, Franze v. Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc., 826 F. App’x 74,

79 (2d Cir. 2020)). And under this test, the Court concluded that Defendant had not established

its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 38.

Defendant now seeks to certify for interlocutory appeal under Section 1292(b) the portion

of the Order that denied Defendant’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs’

NYLL claims. The Motion is Defendant’s third request for interlocutory appellate review

following the Court’s class certification and summary judgment decisions. In addition to the

instant request, Defendant has initiated an appeal of the portion of the Order that denied

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment based on derivative sovereign immunity, see Yeend v.

Akima Global Servs., LLC, Case No. 25-1061 (2d Cir.), and also seeks review of the Court’s

certification of the Forced Labor Class pursuant to Rule 23(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, see Akima Global Servs., LLC v. Yeend, Case No. 25-901 (2d Cir.).

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The final judgment rule, embodied in 28 U.S.C. § 1291, requires ‘that a party must

ordinarily raise all claims of error in a single appeal following final judgment on the merits.’”

Marquez v. Silver, 96 F.4th 579, 582 (2d Cir. 2024) (quoting In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig.,

745 F.2d 161, 163 (2d Cir. 1984)). Relatedly, in general, “interlocutory orders merge with the

final judgment in a case, and the interlocutory orders (to the extent that they affect the final

judgment) may be reviewed on appeal from the final order.” In re Energetic Tank, Inc., 110 F.4th

131, 150 (2d Cir. 2024) (quoting Selletti v. Carey, 173 F.3d 104, 109 n.5 (2d Cir. 1999)). The final

judgment rule “preserves the proper balance between trial and appellate courts, minimizes the

harassment and delay that would result from repeated interlocutory appeals, and promotes the

efficient administration of justice.” Amara v. Cigna Corp., 53 F.4th 241, 248 (2d Cir. 2022)

(quoting Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, 582 U.S. 23, 36-37 (2017)).

One exception to the final judgment rule is set forth in Section 1292(b). Section 1292(b)

permits a district court to certify an interlocutory order in a civil action for immediate appeal when

three requirements are met: “[1] such order involves a controlling question of law [2] as to which

there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion and [3] that an immediate appeal from the

order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).

“[T]he proponents of an interlocutory appeal have the burden of showing that all three of the

substantive criteria are met.” Ward v. Stewart, 284 F. Supp. 3d 223, 228 (N.D.N.Y. 2018) (quoting

In re Facebook, Inc., IPO Sec. & Derivative Litig., 986 F. Supp. 2d 524, 529 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)).

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Controlling Question of Law

As to the first factor set forth in Section 1292(b), the Court concludes that the Order

involves a controlling question of law, namely “the applicability of the NYLL to federal

immigration detainees.”3 Dkt. No. 169 at 27.

To find that a question of law is controlling, it is not necessary that “reversal of the district

court’s order would terminate the action.” Hermès Int’l v. Rothschild, 590 F. Supp. 3d 647, 650-

51 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (quoting Youngers v. Virtus Inv. Partners, 228 F. Supp. 3d 295, 298 (S.D.N.Y.

2017)). “[A] question of law may [nonetheless] be deemed ‘controlling’ if its resolution is quite

likely to affect the further course of the litigation, even if not certain to do so.” Davella v. Ellis

Hosp., Inc., No. 20-cv-726, 2024 WL 98352, at *6 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 9, 2024) (first quoting In re

A2P SMS Antitrust Litig., No. 12-cv-2656, 2015 WL 876456, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2015);

additional citations omitted); see also Forte v. Direct Energy Servs., LLC, No. 17-cv-264, 2019

WL 3252750, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2019) (“‘[A] controlling issue of law need not necessarily

terminate the action in order to be controlling.’”) (quoting N.Y. Racing Ass’n, Inc. v. Perlmutter

Publ’g, Inc., 959 F. Supp. 578, 583 (N.D.N.Y. 1997)). It is necessary, however, that the controlling

question of law be a pure question of law. Davella, 2024 WL 98352, at *6 (“[T]he ‘question of

law’ must refer to a ‘pure’ question of law that the reviewing court could decide quickly and

3 Defendant attempts to bootstrap a number of other issues into its request for certification,

including questions concerning preemption and the effect of the potential dismissal of Plaintiffs’

NYLL claims on their unjust enrichment claims. See, e.g., Dkt. No. 170-1 at 8-9, 4 nn.1-2. As

Plaintiffs rightly point out, see, e.g., Dkt. No. 174 at 10, 8 n.2, these questions were not presented

at summary judgment, and thus they are not appropriate for interlocutory review.

cleanly without having to study the record.”) (quoting Capitol Recs., LLC v. Vimeo, LLC, 972 F.

Supp. 2d 537, 551 (S.D.N.Y. 2013)).

As Defendant recognizes, the applicability of the NYLL is a “threshold” legal question that

will determine “whether or not Plaintiffs have a cause of action under the NYLL.” Dkt. No. 170-

1 at 8. Reversal of the Order on this question would terminate four of the six claims in this

litigation, including all NYLL claims. Additionally, if an appellate court were to determine that

the NYLL is not applicable to the federal immigration detainees in the Labor Law Class, that class

would presumably need to be decertified. See Fisher v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 32 F.4th 124, 134 n.3

(2d Cir. 2022) (noting that “[i]f this Court reversed the district court’s finding . . . then that would

have required the decertification of a class . . . . To avoid such inefficiencies, the district court . . .

certified the entirety of the district court’s decision . . . for interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1292(b)”). According to Plaintiffs, the Labor Law Class includes thousands of individuals “who

participated in the work program while detained at [the BFDF] in the last decade, many of whom

now live in different countries across the globe.” Dkt. No. 174 at 10. Providing notice to these

individuals and conducting a trial of their NYLL claims appear to be substantial undertakings—

and unnecessary ones if the NYLL is simply not applicable to Plaintiffs. As such, the Court finds

that the question of whether the NYLL applies to Plaintiffs is “quite likely to affect the further

course of the litigation.” Davella, 2024 WL 98352, at *6 (citation omitted).

In addition, the Court agrees with Defendant that this question is purely legal. Dkt. No.

170-1 at 8-9. As detailed earlier, the Court found, pursuant to its interpretation of the statute, that

Defendant was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Plaintiffs’ NYLL claims, and the

Court further found that those claims were properly evaluated using a particular legal standard, the

non-exhaustive “control test.” Supra Section II.B. Thus, the Court’s analysis was legal, not

factual, and Defendant is correct that this analysis “did not delve into the record facts.” Dkt. No.

170-1 at 9 n.4; see also Am. Int’l Grp., Inc. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 712 F.3d 775, 777-78 (2d Cir.

2013) (accepting interlocutory appeal of a question certified pursuant to Section 1292(b) “calling

for interpretation of the jurisdictional provisions of the Edge Act, 12 U.S.C. § 632” and observing

that “this appeal turns on a pure question of law”). Plaintiffs’ argument that this a mixed question

of law and fact is unpersuasive. Dkt. No. 174 at 12. The legal question here is whether the NYLL

applies to Plaintiffs as a threshold matter, not whether—assuming the NYLL does apply and the

“control test” is the appropriate legal standard—the Court correctly considered the facts presented

by Plaintiffs under the “control test.” Id.

Accordingly, the Court finds that the legal question of whether the NYLL applies to

Plaintiffs is controlling and that Defendant has satisfied its burden with respect to this factor.

Ward, 284 F. Supp. 3d at 228.

B. Substantial Ground for Difference of Opinion

As to the second factor set forth in Section 1292(b), the Court concludes that there is

substantial ground for difference of opinion as to the question presented.

“A substantial ground for difference of opinion can exist ‘when ‘(1) there is conflicting

authority on the issue, or (2) the issue is particularly difficult and of first impression for the Second

Circuit.’” Davella, 2024 WL 98352, at *2 (quoting Capitol Recs, 972 F. Supp. 2d at 551). The

Court finds that the second consideration applies here. As the Court observed in the Order, “the

applicability of the NYLL to federal immigration detainees,” is an issue of first impression for

both federal courts in the Second Circuit and for state courts in New York. Dkt. No. 169 at 27;

see also Tantaros v. Fox News Network, LLC, 465 F. Supp. 3d 385, 392 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (“The

operative question in this case is a matter of first impression in this Circuit. . . . [and] involves

interpretation of a novel issue of state law[.]”). Defendant agrees that this is a question of first

impression, Dkt. No. 170-1 at 9-12, and Plaintiffs appear to concede this point as well, by arguing

that the Court cannot grant certification based on this factor alone, Dkt. No. 174 at 13-14.

Relatedly, neither the Second Circuit nor the New York State Court of Appeals appears to

have addressed whether and how FLSA jurisprudence should apply to claims that arise exclusively

under the NYLL. Dkt. No. 169 at 33-37. The Court found that the “control test” advocated for by

Plaintiffs and often used to assess employment status under the NYLL should be applied to analyze

their NYLL claims, instead of the “economic realities” test advocated for by Defendant and

frequently utilized to assess employment status under the FLSA. Id. at 36-37; see also Franze,

826 F. App’x at 79 (noting that “[a]lthough these factors are similar to those considered under the

FLSA inquiry, the focus of the Bynog test [for the NYLL] is slightly different”); Hart v. Rick’s

Cabaret Int’l, Inc., 967 F. Supp. 2d 901, 922 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“However, notwithstanding these

similarities, the law is unsettled whether precisely the same test for employee status applies under

the two statutes.”).

For these reasons, analysis of the NYLL claims brought by Plaintiffs, as federal

immigration detainees at the BFDF, is clearly a “novel issue of state law,” that is “complex and

subject to legitimate dispute.” Tantaros, 465 F. Supp. 3d at 392. Defendant has thus satisfied its

burden with respect to this factor, as well. Ward, 284 F. Supp. 3d at 228.

C. Materially Advance the Ultimate Termination of Litigation

Finally, the Court concludes that the third factor set forth in Section 1292(b) is satisfied

because an interlocutory appeal would materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.

“Although technically the question of whether there is a controlling issue of law is distinct

from the question of ‘whether certification would materially advance the ultimate termination of

the litigation, in practice the two questions are closely connected.’” In re Facebook, 986 F. Supp.

2d at 536 (first quoting SEC v. Credit Bancorp, Ltd., 103 F. Supp. 2d 223, 227 (S.D.N.Y. 2000);

additional citations omitted); see also Davella, 2024 WL 98352, at *6 (noting that the first Section

1292(b) factor “overlaps with the final factor”). It is not necessary that the appeal “terminate the

action.” Hermès, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 651. Rather, “an ‘immediate appeal is considered to advance

the ultimate termination of the litigation if that appeal promises to advance the time for trial or to

shorten the time required for trial.’” Laufer v. Dove Hess Holdings, LLC, No. 20-cv-00379, 2021

WL 365881, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 3, 2021) (quoting Transp. Workers Union of Am., Local 100,

AFL-CIO v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 358 F. Supp. 2d 347, 350 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)).

For reasons similar to those stated with respect to the first Section 1292(b) factor, the Court

finds that this third factor is satisfied, as well. See supra Section IV.A. As Defendant notes, an

appellate decision regarding the viability of Plaintiffs’ NYLL claims would “avoid[] class

discovery and decertification efforts concerning the NYLL class, dispos[e] of the need for damages

analysis on NYLL claims, and eliminat[e] these claims from examination at trial.” Dkt. No. 170-

1 at 13. And Plaintiffs indicate that the class consists of thousands of individuals disbursed “across

the globe,” that class notice will be “a formidable task,” and that the parties are still relatively early

in class discovery. Dkt. No. 174 at 10, 15 n.4. The Court agrees with Defendant that all of this

indicates that an interlocutory appeal may materially advance resolution of this matter, In re

Facebook, 986 F. Supp. 2d at 536, including by potentially shortening the time needed for trial of

this matter and clarifying the issues for trial, as well as for pretrial and post-trial proceedings,

Fisher, 32 F.4th at 134 n.3. While it is possible that interlocutory appeal could result in some

interim delay,4 the Court finds that such an appeal also “may materially advance the ultimate

termination of the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendant

has also satisfied its burden with respect to this factor. Ward, 284 F. Supp. 3d at 228.

For all of these reasons, the Court is of the opinion that the requirements of Section 1292(b)

are satisfied. “When a ruling satisfies these criteria and ‘involves a new legal question or is of

special consequence,’ then the district court ‘should not hesitate to certify an interlocutory

appeal.’” Balintulo v. Daimler AG, 727 F.3d 174, 186 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Mohawk Indus.,

Inc. v. Carpenter, 558 U.S. 100, 111 (2009)); see also Transp. Workers Union, 358 F. Supp. 2d at

354 (“Certification is to be reserved for the exceptional case in which the law is fundamentally

uncertain.”) (citation omitted). Accordingly, the Court certifies the Order for interlocutory appeal.

See Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 334, 338 n.2 (2d Cir. 2011).

D. Request to Stay

Defendant also requests that this action be stayed pending resolution of its interlocutory

appeal pursuant to Section 1292(b). Dkt. No. 170-1 at 14. Plaintiffs argue that Defendant has

failed to satisfy the factors necessary for a stay. Dkt. No. 174 at 14-15.

“A district court’s authority to stay a pending action is an aspect of its broad and inherent

power over its own process, to prevent abuses, oppressions and injustice, so as not to produce

hardship, and to do substantial justice.” Sec. & Exch. Comm’n v. Coinbase, Inc., 761 F. Supp. 3d

702, 722 (S.D.N.Y. 2025) (quoting Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., No. 13-cv-5784,

2015 WL 585641, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 2015)); see also In re World Trade Ctr. Disaster Site

Litig., 503 F.3d 167, 170 (2d Cir. 2007) (“The four factors to be considered in issuing a stay

4 The Court notes that Defendant has also initiated other requests for interlocutory appellate review

and, as such, the ultimate resolution of the litigation likely will be delayed regardless of whether

the Court certifies the Order pursuant to Section 1292(b). See supra Section II.B.

pending appeal are well known: ‘(1) whether the stay applicant has made a strong showing that he

is likely to succeed on the merits;[ ] (2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured absent a

stay; (3) whether issuance of the stay will substantially injure the other parties interested in the

proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.’”) (first quoting Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S.

770, 776 (1987); and then citing Cooper v. Town of East Hampton, 83 F.3d 31, 36 (2d Cir. 1996)).

For the reasons discussed with respect to the first and third Section 1292(b) factors, see

supra Section IV.A, C, the Court finds that the balance of interests weighs in favor of staying the

proceedings pending resolution of the interlocutory appeal. Coinbase, 761 F. Supp. 3d at 722.

Additionally, given Defendant’s other requests for interlocutory appellate review, “[j]udicial

economy strongly favors staying the proceedings pending resolution of the legal question[s] at the

core of this action.” /d. (quoting Flo & Eddie, 2015 WL 585641, at *4); see also supra n.4.

V. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the Court hereby

ORDERS that Defendant’s motion for certification and to stay, Dkt. No. 170, is

GRANTED as set forth in Section IV of this Memorandum-Decision and Order; and the Court

further

ORDERS that Defendant’s request for leave to file a reply, Dkt. No. 175, is DENIED as

moot; and the Court further

ORDERS that the Clerk serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision and Order on the

parties in accordance with the Local Rules.

IT IS SO ORDERED. □

One, Viardacer

Dated: Nee Ney k Anne M. Nardacci

Yo NEW FOF U.S. District Judge

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