Tindall v. County of Nevada CA3

Filed 5/30/25 Tindall v. County of Nevada CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Nevada)

----

RHONNA TINDALL et al., C099205

Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Super. Ct. No. CU20085052)

v.

COUNTY OF NEVADA,

Defendant and Respondent.

Rhonna Tindall was walking in a parking lot owned by the County of Nevada

(County) when she slipped on a layer of ice and injured her knee. Tindall sued for

damages, alleging the icy parking lot was a dangerous condition of public property within

the meaning of Government Code1 sections 830 and 835. The trial court granted the

County’s motion for summary judgment, ruling it was entitled to the “weather immunity”

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.

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articulated in section 831, which provides in part that a public entity is not liable for “an

injury caused by the effect on the use of streets and highways of weather conditions as

such.” (§ 831.)

On appeal, Tindall contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

because (1) section 831 immunity does not apply to parking lots, (2) even if section 831

immunity does apply to parking lots, it does not apply here because the dangerous

condition resulted from a combination of weather with other factors, and (3) the County

did not carry its burden to show a reasonably careful person would have anticipated the

potential existence of slippery ice in the parking lot. We conclude the first argument is

unpersuasive and the others are forfeited on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

One evening in November 2019, Tindall slipped on a layer of ice as she walked to

her car in the parking lot of the County jail where she worked. The parking lot—owned

and maintained by the County, and used by both the public and people who work at the

jail—had been snowplowed the previous day.

Under the supervision of County sheriff deputies, jail inmates routinely applied

salt/snowmelt to high-traffic sidewalk areas around the jail. And if someone complained

about specific patches of ice or snow on the grounds, including in the parking lot, sheriff

officials sometimes instructed inmates to apply additional salt/snowmelt or did it

themselves, but sheriff officials believed that ice and snow removal in the parking lot

generally was the responsibility of County facilities maintenance staff.

When Tindall arrived at work on the morning of the day she slipped, she could see

the footprints that her snow boots made because there was fresh snow on the sidewalk.

She wore snow boots because she believed they made it safer to walk through the snow.

During her lunch break that day, Tindall changed into her snow boots to take a walk

around the building. On that walk, she noticed the snow in the parking lot had started to

melt.

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When Tindall left work just after 6:00 p.m., the sun had already set, and it was

very cold. She could feel and hear the salt crunching beneath her feet as she walked on

the sidewalk toward the parking lot. No salt or ice melting chemicals had been spread on

the ground in the area of the parking lot where Tindall fell. Tindall had to have surgery

on the knee that was injured when she fell.

In December 2020, Tindall sued the County, alleging the icy parking lot was a

dangerous condition of public property within the meaning of sections 830 and 835. She

alleged the dangerous condition was caused by four wrongful acts or omissions:

(1) failure to remove the ice and snow from the parking lot, (2) allowing the ice and snow

to accumulate in the parking lot without any salt or sand to prevent people from slipping,

(3) failing to warn people that ice had accumulated, and (4) failing to add sand and/or salt

to the parking lot “while at the same time adding sand and/or salt to . . . parts of the

sidewalk . . . so as to thereby mislead . . . members of the public that sand and/or salt had

been added to . . . the parking lot.”

The County filed a motion for summary judgment on six distinct grounds,

including (1) ice and snow in the parking lot did not constitute a dangerous condition of

public property, (2) the County did not have actual or constructive notice of the alleged

dangerous conditions, and (3) immunity under section 831.

At oral argument on the County’s motion, Tindall did not dispute that the ice she

slipped on was an effect of weather conditions.

In May 2023, the trial court granted summary judgment, ruling the County was

entitled to immunity because the parking lot where Tindall fell was a “ ‘street’ or

‘highway’ within the meaning of” section 831 in light of other California statutes that

defined “ ‘streets’ and ‘highways’ in the broadest possible terms.” Regarding a different

element of section 831 immunity, the trial court ruled the County made a sufficient

showing that a reasonably careful person using the parking lot would have

“anticipated . . . the potential existence of slippery ice.” The trial court did not consider

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the County’s five additional asserted bases for summary judgment. Tindall filed a timely

appeal.2

DISCUSSION

I

Legal Background

A. Standard of Review

Summary judgment is appropriate when all the papers submitted show there is no

triable issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law. Summary judgment provides courts with a mechanism to cut through the parties’

pleadings to determine whether trial is in fact necessary to resolve a dispute. A defendant

moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of presenting evidence that a cause

of action lacks merit because the plaintiff cannot establish an element of the cause of

action or there is a complete defense. Once the moving defendant has met its initial

burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving plaintiff to show that a triable issue of

material fact exists. A triable issue of material fact exists if the evidence reasonably

permits the trier of fact to find the contested fact in favor of the plaintiff in accordance

with the applicable standard of proof. (Maksimow v. City of South Lake Tahoe (2024)

106 Cal.App.5th 514, 520-521 (Maksimow).)

We review an order granting summary judgment de novo and the trial court’s

rationale for granting summary judgment is not binding on us. (Maksimow, supra, 106

Cal.App.5th at pp. 521-522.) But because we presume the trial court’s judgment is

correct, Tindall has the burden to demonstrate reversible error. (Jameson v. Desta (2018)

5 Cal.5th 594, 608-609; see Lafayette Morehouse, Inc. v. Chronicle Publishing Co.

(1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 855, 869 [“Since [appellant] has not clearly demonstrated that the

2 In January 2025, the California State Association of Counties filed an amicus curiae

brief to which no party filed an answer.

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trial court erred, we reject the claim for this reason alone”], superseded by statute on

other grounds as stated in Damon v. Ocean Hills Journalism Club (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th

468, 477-478.)

B. Government Claims Act

“Except as otherwise provided by statute: [¶] (a) A public entity is not liable for

an injury, whether such injury arises out of an act or omission of the public entity or a

public employee or any other person”; and “(b) [t]he liability of a public entity

established by this part (commencing with Section 814) is subject to any immunity of the

public entity provided by statute . . . and is subject to any defenses that would be

available to the public entity if it were a private person.” (§ 815, italics added.)

One exception to section 815’s default rule of public entity immunity from a civil

action for damages is found in section 835, which provides: “Except as provided by

statute, a public entity is liable for injury caused by a dangerous condition of its property

if the plaintiff establishes that the property was in a dangerous condition at the time of the

injury, that the injury was proximately caused by the dangerous condition, that the

dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was

incurred, and that either: [¶] (a) A negligent or wrongful act or omission of an employee

of the public entity within the scope of his employment created the dangerous condition;

or [¶] (b) The public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition

under Section 835.2 a sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protect

against the dangerous condition.”

A “ ‘dangerous condition’ ” is “a condition of property that creates a substantial

(as distinguished from a minor, trivial or insignificant) risk of injury when such property

or adjacent property is used with due care in a manner in which it is reasonably

foreseeable that it will be used.” (§ 830, subd. (a).)

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Section 831 articulates “the so-called weather immunity defense.” (Allyson v.

Department of Transportation (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 1304, 1306 (Allyson).) It provides,

in relevant part: “Neither a public entity nor a public employee is liable for an injury

caused by the effect on the use of streets and highways of weather conditions as such.

Nothing in this section exonerates a public entity or public employee from liability for

injury proximately caused by such effect if it would not be reasonably apparent to, and

would not be anticipated by, a person exercising due care.” (§ 831, italics added.)

C. Selected Statutes Defining the Word “Street”

Vehicle Code section 5903 defines “street” as a “way or place of whatever nature,

publicly maintained and open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel.”

Government Code section 650024 defines “street” as “includ[ing] street, highway,

freeway, expressway, avenue, boulevard, parkway, road, lane, walk, alley, viaduct,

subway, tunnel, bridge, public easement and right-of-way, and other ways.”

D. Legislative Intent Behind Section 831

The bill enacting section 831 was recommended by the California Law Revision

Commission (Commission), which published a recommendation relating to Sovereign

Immunity, Number 1—Tort Liability of Public Entities and Public Employees (Jan.

1963) 4 California Law Revision Commission Report (1963) pages 801-886 (4 Cal. Law

Revision Com.). When, as here, the Legislature adopts a Commission recommendation

without change, we give the Commission’s report substantial weight in interpreting the

statute. (Gund v. County of Trinity (2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 185, 199; compare 4 Cal. Law

Revision Com., supra, at pp. 851-852 with Stats. 1963, ch. 1681, p. 3273, § 1.)

3 The statute is in Division 1 (Words and Phrases Defined) of the Vehicle Code.

4 The statute is in Division 1 (Planning and Zoning) of Title 7 (Planning and Land Use)

of the Government Code.

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The Commission’s comment to section 831 states: “This section may be

unnecessary in view of the other provisions of this chapter setting forth the conditions of

liability for dangerous conditions of public property. Nonetheless, it is included to

forestall unmeritorious litigation that might be brought in an effort to hold public entities

responsible for injuries caused by weather.” (4 Cal. Law Revision Com., supra, at

p. 852.)

II

Analysis

Tindall contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because

(1) section 831 immunity does not apply to parking lots, (2) even if section 831 immunity

does apply to parking lots, it does not apply here because the dangerous condition

resulted from a combination of weather with other factors, and (3) the County did not

carry its burden to show a reasonably careful person would have anticipated the potential

existence of slippery ice in the parking lot. The first argument is unpersuasive and the

others are forfeited on appeal.5

A. Section 831 Immunity Applies Here

1. Liberal or Strict Construction?

Tindall argues section 831 should be strictly construed because it is a well-settled

principle of law that statutory exceptions must be strictly construed and section 831 is an

exception to the general rule of liability for injury caused by a dangerous condition of

5 The parties had the opportunity to brief forfeiture, a rule always implicated when a

party raises in the reviewing court an argument that was insufficiently preserved in the

trial court. (See People v. Alice (2007) 41 Cal.4th 668, 679 [“The parties need only have

been given an opportunity to brief the issue decided by the court, and the fact that a party

does not address an issue, mode of analysis, or authority that is raised or fairly included

within the issues raised does not implicate the protections of [Government Code]

section 68081”].)

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public property articulated in section 835 (“Except as provided by statute, a public entity

is liable for injury caused by a dangerous condition of its property if . . .”).

Tindall misidentifies the relevant general rule and the relevant exception. “Except

as otherwise provided by statute,” a public entity “is not liable for an injury.” (§ 815,

italics added.) Immunity is the general rule (§ 815) and liability for dangerous conditions

of public property (§ 835) is the exception. (See Allyson, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1313 [§ 815’s “language is plain,” “unambiguous,” and “clearly intended to ensure that

applicable immunity provisions of the Tort Claims Act will prevail over its liability

provisions”].) Accordingly, Tindall’s contention that section 831 should be strictly

construed is unpersuasive.

2. Farnham v. City of Los Angeles

Tindall contends parking lots “are for parking” whereas streets “are for vehicles

moving from one place to another,” and urges us to reject the County’s effort to “expand

weather immunity beyond [the] plain meaning” of section 831, just as the appellate court

in Farnham v. City of Los Angeles (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1097 (Farnham) rejected “the

same style of argument.”

At issue in Farnham was the proper construction of section 831.4, a statute that at

the time contemplated public entity immunity for: injury caused by a condition of “any

unpaved road” that both provided access to outdoor recreational activities like fishing and

hiking and was not a “public street or highway” (§ 831.4, subd. (a)); injury caused by

“[a]ny trail used for” the recreational purposes articulated in subdivision (a) (§ 831.4,

subd. (b)); and injury caused by “[a]ny paved trail” acquired by easement that provided

access to unimproved property (§ 831.4, subd. (c)). (Farnham, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at

pp. 1099-1100.) Invoking sections of the Streets and Highways Code, a bicyclist who

was injured when riding a bike on a paved bike path argued the path was not subject to

recreational trail immunity under section 831.4 because it was part of the public streets

and highways. (Farnham, at pp. 1100-1101.)

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The appellate court rejected the bicyclist’s Streets and Highways Code argument

by looking to the Vehicle Code: “Regardless of the fact that a bicycle path may come

under the broad brush of being part of the streets and highway system in general,” the

type of path the bicyclist was riding on “d[id] not qualify as a street or highway,” because

“a street or highway is open to the public for vehicular travel” (Veh. Code, §§ 360, 590)

and “[a] bicycle is not considered a vehicle” (Veh. Code, §§ 231, 670). (Farnham, supra,

68 Cal.App.4th at p. 1101.) Tindall suggests this discussion in Farnham indicates courts

should reject arguments “based on selected excerpts from other code sections to

extrapolate” what constitutes a street or highway under section 831.

On the contrary, Farnham indicates that when construing the Government Claims

Act, courts properly may consider the interplay of Government Code immunity

provisions with definitions found in other codes, a proposition that finds support in the

case law. (See Allyson, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1306, 1314-1315, 1322 [affirming

summary judgment for a public entity on a claim that it was responsible for the dangerous

condition that caused a car accident by considering provisions of the Government Code

and the Streets and Highways Code “in combination,” and determining the public entity

had no “duty to perform any kind of maintenance” on the stretch of highway where

plaintiff was injured]; In re Marriage of Colvin (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1570, 1580

[“statutes should be construed in harmony with other statutes covering the same general

subject, even when interpreting provisions in different codes”]; Diachenko v. State of

California (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 932, 935-938 [considering Civ. Code, § 1915’s

definition of “interest” to determine the meaning of the word “interest” in a provision of

the Revenue and Taxation Code].) Accordingly, Tindall’s reliance on Farnham is

misplaced.

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3. Case Law from Other Jurisdictions

Tindall contends out-of-state case law provides persuasive authority for the

proposition that the parking lot where she was injured is not a “street” or “highway”

under section 831. The County contends numerous out-of-state cases support the

application of weather immunity to parking lots. We need not wade into this debate.

“Cases from other jurisdictions, turning as they do, on the . . . statutes and precedents of

those states are of little help in determining our own problems in this field. We regard

them as unpersuasive and need not consider them in this opinion.” (County of Santa

Barbara v. City of Santa Barbara (1976) 59 Cal.App.3d 364, 372; see Seahaus La Jolla

Owners Assn. v. Superior Court (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 754, 772, fn. 7 [“We need not

rely on out-of-state law, as California law is sufficient”].)

4. Section 831 Immunity Applies

We agree with the trial court that the parking lot where Tindall fell is a “street”

within the meaning of section 831, largely because Vehicle Code section 590 defines the

word “street” as “a way or place of whatever nature, publicly maintained and open to the

use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel.” (Veh. Code, § 590, italics added.)

Tindall’s effort to distinguish parking lots as places “for parking” and “not as a

path of travel from one place to another” ignores reality. Parking lots are both.

Typically, one drives a car into and through a parking lot; maneuvers the car into a

clearly designated parking space; then gets out of the parked car and walks through the

parking lot to an ultimate destination, be it a supermarket, courthouse, or doctor’s office.

Thus, parking lots are places for purposeful travel—both by vehicle and by foot. As it is

undisputed that the parking lot here was open for public use and owned and maintained

by the County, it follows that the parking lot here was a “place . . . publicly maintained

and open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel.” (Veh. Code, § 590.)

And since we can consider the Vehicle Code’s definition of “street” when

determining the meaning of that same word in the Government Claims Act (Farnham,

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supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 1101; In re Marriage of Colvin, supra, 2 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1580; Diachenko v. State of California, supra, 123 Cal.App.3d at pp. 935-938), we

conclude that because a parking lot is a “street” within the meaning of Vehicle Code

section 590, it is also a street within the meaning of section 831.

Accordingly, the County is not liable for Tindall’s “injury caused by the effect on

the use of” the County parking lot “of weather conditions as such.” (§ 831.) As it is

undisputed that the patch of ice in the parking lot where Tindall slipped and fell was an

effect of weather conditions, the County is not liable for Tindall’s injury.

Our conclusion is consistent with section 65002’s definition of “street” as

including “walk . . . public easement and right-of-way, and other ways” (italics added)

and with the legislative intent behind section 831: protecting public entities from liability

“for injuries caused by weather” when those injuries allegedly are the result of dangerous

conditions of public property (4 Cal. Law Revision Com., supra, at p. 852). Accordingly,

section 831 immunity applies here.6

6 We note that the trial court relied principally on Vehicle Code section 590 in ruling that

a parking lot is a “street” for purposes of weather immunity and Tindall does not discuss

the statute in her appellate briefing. It is not our role to fill that silence. (Cf. Bishop v.

The Bishop’s School (2022) 86 Cal.App.5th 893, 910 [“The affirmative burden lies with

[appellant] at this stage, yet he makes no attempt to explain the defects in the trial court’s

conclusion, leaving us ‘to “guess” how [he] believes the trial court erred’ ”].)

We also note that while the parties disputed in the trial court the extent to which the

relevant County facilities maintenance employee believed it was his responsibility to

inspect and treat snow/ice conditions in the parking lot where Tindall fell, that dispute is

immaterial to the grounds on which the trial court granted summary judgment and the

grounds on which we affirm. (See Sangster v. Paetkau (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 151, 167

[“the fact there may be some disputed facts relevant to the merits of the underlying action

does not by itself defeat a motion for summary judgment”].)

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B. Weather in Combination with Solar Panels in the Parking Lot

Tindall contends section 831 does not apply where, as here, “the weather effect

combines with other factors which created the dangerous condition.” Specifically, she

argues that solar panels in the parking lot constituted a unique physical characteristic that

facilitated the accumulation of ice in shaded areas, thereby creating a dangerous

condition. She cites Erfurt v. State of California (1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 837 for support

and the County’s counsel raised the case during oral argument. In that case, the plaintiff

was driving on a freeway when the sun suddenly shone directly into her eyes as she

reached the crest of an uphill climb. Because she could not see, the plaintiff was unable

to stay in her lane and struck a guardrail. The plaintiff sued the state, and a jury

determined the state was 60 percent responsible for the accident. (Id. at pp. 840-841.)

The appellate court rejected the state’s contention that section 831 weather

immunity applied for “three independent reasons.” (Erfurt, supra, 141 Cal.App.3d at p.

845.) First, there was sufficient testimony in the case that “given the nature of the incline

on which plaintiff was driving, the blinding sun could not be anticipated, nor was

reasonably apparent.” (Ibid.) That implicated the second sentence of section 831:

“Nothing in this section exonerates a public entity or public employee from liability for

injury proximately caused by such effect if it would not be reasonably apparent to, and

would not be anticipated by, a person exercising due care.” Second, the dangerous

condition in the case “was not merely the effect of blinding sunlight on a public highway,

but the effect of blinding sunlight combined with improper” design of the highway.

(Erfurt, at pp. 845-846.) Third, “the rising of the sun resembles more a fixed aspect of

nature than it does fog, wind, rain, flood, ice or snow, none of which are absolutely

certain to be present in a certain place or time.” (Erfurt, at p. 846.) Thus, the Erfurt case

is clearly distinguishable from the case at bar.

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As the County pointed out in the trial court and as noted during oral argument,

Tindall advanced this theory about the unique physical characteristic of the solar panels

for the first time in her opposition to the County’s motion. Tindall could not have

successfully resisted summary judgment on a theory not pled. (Maksimow, supra, 106

Cal.App.5th at p. 521.) It follows that Tindall cannot successfully argue on appeal that

summary judgment should be reversed because of a theory not pled. (See Johnson v. The

Raytheon Co., Inc. (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 617, 626, 636 [affirming summary judgment in

a personal injury action in part because plaintiff raised in his opposition to the motion for

summary judgment “a new duty not previously alleged”]; ibid. [if evidence of the party

opposing summary judgment “ ‘would show some factual assertion, legal theory, defense

or claim not yet pleaded, that party should seek leave to amend the pleadings before the

hearing on the summary judgment motion’ ”]; cf. Hi-Desert Medical Center v. Douglas

(2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 717, 720, 726, 729, 731 [affirming the trial court’s ruling on the

merits of a dispute by invoking “traditional forfeiture” principles and explaining that a

party could not advance arguments it failed to preserve before the trial court made its

ruling].) Accordingly, this argument is forfeited on appeal.

C. The Reasonably Careful Person

Tindall argues the trial court erred in finding no material dispute that a reasonably

careful person would have anticipated the presence of ice in the parking lot. This

argument is forfeited on appeal because Tindall raised it for the first time in oral

argument on the County’s motion. That is not sufficient to preserve the issue for

appellate review. (See Rancho Pauma Mutual Water Co. v. Yuima Municipal Water Dist.

(2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 109, 118-119 [raising an issue for the first time at oral argument

in the trial court “in a case involving numerous documents,” is “insufficient to preserve

the issue” for appeal]; cf. Clark v. Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. (2008) 165

Cal.App.4th 150, 172, fn. 17 [litigants “preserved [an] issue for appellate review, if only

barely,” where—in addition to a comment on that issue during oral argument in the trial

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court—they argued the issue in a request for judicial notice made in connection with a

responsive pleading].)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. The County is entitled to costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules

of Court, rule 8.278(a).)

/s/

BOULWARE EURIE, J.

We concur:

/s/

KRAUSE, Acting P. J.

/s/

WISEMAN, J.

 Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District, assigned by

the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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