The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
HAMLET GARCIA II, :
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : Case No. 2:25-cv-01878-JDW
:
DANIEL MCCORMICK, , :
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM
Hamlet Garcia II filed this civil action for declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief
against the Clerk of Court of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, along with two named and several unnamed employees of the Clerk’s
Office. He asserts violations of his constitutional rights and the Americans with Disabilities
Act (“ADA”). Because his claims are not plausible and amendment would be futile, I will
dismiss the Complaint without leave to amend.
I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
Mr. Garcia has filed at least 10 other cases in this Court, including ,
No. 25-mc-15 (E.D. Pa.) and , No. 25-440 (E.D. Pa.). He claims that through
“deliberate manipulation of electronic case records (ECF/PACER), suppression of
memoranda, unexplained substitution of unrelated documents, and recurrent
mischaracterization or mislabeling of critical submissions,” Clerk’s Office employees
violated his constitutional rights and the ADA. (ECF No. 1 at 2, ¶ 2.) The claims involve (A)
the failure to initially open as a miscellaneous matter rather than a civil action; (B)
a failure to grant his requests “for simplified access and reasonable deadline
accommodation[s]” and to docket ADA-related filings; (C) the failure to assign his civil
actions directly to a magistrate judge rather than to an Article III judge; (D) the assignment
in of incorrect Nature Of Suit and Cause Of Action codes applicable to an
employment action and the initial failure to note his jury demand; (E) the labeling of a
“Petition for Fee Waiver” as a “Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis” and the initial failure
to docket supporting materials; (F) the mistaken filing of a pleading from an unrelated
civil action on the docket of one of Mr. Garcia’s cases instead of a pleading that he
submitted; and (G) providing him with false procedural guidance after initially refusing to
answer his telephone calls.
Mr. Garcia asserts official and individual capacity claims for violation of his due
process rights (Claim One), individual capacity claims under the First and Fifth
Amendments (Claim Two), claims under Title II of the ADA (Claim Three), individual
capacity claims for violation of 28 U.S.C. § 751—the statute describing the duties of a
federal clerk of court—and Pennsylvania law based on the false procedural guidance
about the Court’s relatedness rules for judicial assignments (Claim Four), official capacity
and “supervisory capacity” claims for “intentional misclassification” based on the incorrect
Nature Of Suit and Cause Of Action codes and marking cases as related for purposes of
judicial assignment (Claim Five), official and individual capacity claims for record
tampering and “administrative abuse” based on the mistaken filing of a pleading from an
unrelated civil action instead of a pleading that he submitted (Claim Six), official capacity
claims for mandamus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1361 based on submissions he claims
were not docketed (Claim Seven), official and individual capacity claims for violation of
the Magistrate Judge Act, 28 U.S.C. § 636, based on the assignment of his cases to an
Article III judge rather than a magistrate judge (Claim Eight), official and individual
capacity claims for violation of his equal protection rights based on his status as a disabled
litigant (Claim Nine), individual capacity claims pursuant to
, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) (Claim Ten), and an individual capacity claim of
conspiracy to violate his civil rights (Claim Eleven).
Mr. Garcia seeks (A) a declaration that his rights have been violated; (B) injunctive
relief directing the Clerk’s Office employees to stop tampering with his submissions,
ignoring his ADA-related accommodation requests, misassigning his cases to Article III
judges, and misrepresenting and mislabeling his pleadings; (C) mandamus relief to re-
docket his submissions and implement an ADA accommodation review; and (D) money
damages.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A plaintiff seeking leave to proceed must establish that he is
unable to pay for the costs of his suit. , 886 F.2d
598, 601 (3d Cir. 1989). Where a court grants a plaintiff leave to proceed ,
it must determine whether the complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted.
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). That inquiry applies the standard for a motion to dismiss
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). I must determine whether the Complaint contains “sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted). That means I must accept
the factual allegations in the Complaint as true, draw inferences in favor of the plaintiff,
and determine whether there is a plausible claim. , 12 F.4th
366, 374 (3d Cir. 2021). Conclusory allegations do not suffice. , 556 U.S. at 678. I
may also consider matters of public record, including of prior court proceedings.
, 452 F.3d 256, 260 (3d Cir. 2006);
, 848 F.2d 414, 416 n.3 (3d Cir. 1988).
When a plaintiff proceeds , I construe his allegations liberally.
, 8 F.4th 182, 185 (3d Cir. 2021). This requires me to remain flexible. I will “apply the
relevant legal principle even when the complaint has failed to name it.” However, “
litigants still must allege sufficient facts in their complaints to support a claim.” An
unrepresented litigant also “cannot flout procedural rules - they must abide by the same
rules that apply to all other litigants.”
I must also review the pleadings and dismiss the case if I determine that the action
fails to set forth a proper basis for this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(h)(3). A plaintiff commencing an action in federal court bears the burden of
establishing federal jurisdiction. , 800 F.3d 99, 105
(3d Cir. 2015).
III. DISCUSSION
A.
Mr. Garcia has completed the Court’s required forms and attested under penalty
of perjury that he lacks the income and assets to pay the required filing fees. I will
therefore grant him leave to proceed .
B. Plausibility Of Claims
1. Constitutional and related statutory claims
a. Merits
Mr. Garcia’s claims for violations of constitutional rights or violations of
statutes governing the administration of courts fail because none of the actions about
which he complains affected his constitutional rights. , he complains that the Clerk’s
Office employees violated his rights by failing to open as a miscellaneous matter
rather than a civil action. But the Clerk’s Office reclassified the case as a miscellaneous
matter shortly after it was opened. , No. 25-mc-15 (ECF No. 5). And, while the
filing fee for a miscellaneous matter is less than that for a civil action, I granted Mr. Garcia
leave to proceed in , so he did not pay any fee. The original
classification of the case as a civil matter did not harm Mr. Garcia.
, any initial failure by the Clerk’s Office employees to note Mr. Garcia’s jury
demand in did not harm any constitutional right because I dismissed the case, and
there was no trial. So, nothing that anyone did affected any supposed right to a jury trial.
, any errors in with respect to noting a jury demand or listing the Nature
Of Suit and Cause Of Action codes had no impact on Mr. Garcia’s rights. The docket in
that case indicates that Mr. Garcia made a jury demand, so the Clerk’s Office captured the
demand. In any event, I dismissed after screening the Complaint. The jury demand
therefore became irrelevant. And, the Clerk’s Office designation of the Nature Of Suit and
Cause Of Action had no impact on my screening of the case. Those designations are
statistical and do not matter to the merits of a claim.
, the alleged failure to assign Mr. Garcia’s civil actions directly to a magistrate
judge rather than to an Article III judge based on his unilateral request fails to state a
plausible statutory claim. The Magistrate Judge Act provides that “[u]pon the consent of
the parties,” a magistrate judge “may conduct any or all proceedings in a jury or nonjury
civil matter and order the entry of judgment in the case, when specially designated to
exercise such jurisdiction by the district court or courts he serves.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1).
This statute requires the consent of both parties, even in a case subject to statutory
screening. , 25 F.4th 198 (3d Cir. 2022). Thus, while Mr. Garcia might
have consented, no other party to his case did, so the Clerk’s Office did not err. To the
extent that Mr. Garcia’s complaint is that the Clerk’s Office should not have assigned his
case to me, he is wrong. “A plaintiff is not entitled to an individual judge of his choosing.”
, No. 24-44, 2024 WL 4336306, at *7 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 27, 2024). Article III
judicial assignment in this District is governed by E.D. Pa. L.R. 40.1.IV.iv, which states that
newly filed civil cases are related for purposes of judicial assignment if they “are filed by
the same pro se individual as an earlier numbered suit.”
, the Clerk’s Office docket entry labeling Mr. Garcia’s “Petition for Fee Waiver”
as a “Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis” and the alleged initial failure to docket
supporting materials does not allege a plausible First Amendment access-to-the-courts
claim. To assert such a claim, a plaintiff must allege the “denial of access caused actual
injury.” , 518 U.S. 343, 350 (1996). In filing his petition, Mr. Garcia sought
relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, entitled “Proceedings in forma pauperis.” The relabeling of
his “Petition” as a motion under that section did not violate his rights.
, 540 U.S. 375, 381–82 (2003). Instead, it enhanced them by presenting the Petition
as something on which I could rule under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Because I
granted his motion, which permitted him to proceed without paying a filing fee, he fails
to allege a plausible access-to-the-courts claim. , No. 25-440 (ECF No. 26); ,
No. 25-mc-15 (ECF No. 11).
, the mistaken filing on the docket of a pleading from an unrelated civil
action instead of a pleading that Mr. Garcia submitted likewise fails to allege a plausible
access-to-the-courts claim because the Clerk’s Office corrected the mistake.
, and finally, Mr. Garcia’s allegation that Clerk’s Office employees violated
his rights by providing him with incorrect procedural guidance after initially refusing to
answer his telephone calls is also not a plausible claim. Courts need not provide legal
advice to litigants. , 704 F.3d 240, 244 (3d Cir. 2013).
Also, an unrepresented litigant must abide by the same rules that apply to all other
litigants. , 8 F.4th at 185. The Court’s Notice of Guidelines that it sends to
litigants explains that “Court staff cannot provide you with legal advice, meaning they
cannot tell you what type of motion to file or advise you on other legal issues.” In short,
Mr. Garcia had no right to receive advice from the Clerk’s Office employees about how to
proceed with his claims. , No. 12-1788, 2013 WL 3772524, at *1
(W.D. Pa. July 17, 2013).
b. Relief
Another problem that dooms Mr. Garcia’s claims is that he has not demonstrated
he can obtain any relief. , declaratory relief is unavailable to adjudicate past conduct.
, 200 F. App’x 80, 84 (3d Cir. 2006) ( ). But that’s what Mr.
Garcia seeks: a declaration that the Clerk of Court and employees of that office violated
his rights in their handling of the and matters. He can’t get that relief.
, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1361, district courts “have original jurisdiction of
any action in the nature of mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United
States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff.” For a district court
to have subject matter jurisdiction to compel the action of an individual pursuant to §
1361, the individual must be “an officer or employee of the United States or any agency
thereof.” , 747 F.3d 229, 250–51 (3d Cir. 2014). “Congress, in enacting
§ 1361 … was thinking solely in terms of the executive branch.” at 250. Because Mr.
Garcia directs his claims at employees of the judicial branch, not the executive branch, I
lack jurisdiction over his claims for mandamus relief.
, to obtain injunctive relief, a plaintiff must demonstrate irreparable harm.
, 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006). Mr. Garcia has not demonstrated
that he has suffered any injury, let alone an irreparable one. So, he can’t get injunctive
relief.
, Mr. Garcia’s claims for money damages fail because the Clerks of Court and
Clerk’s Office employees enjoy absolute quasi-judicial immunity from claims seeking
money damages when performing duties that a statute requires or that a judicial authority
directs. , , 453 F.2d 391, 392 (3d Cir. 1971);
, 411 F.2d 455, 460 (3d Cir. 1969); , No. 11-2854, 2011 WL
13196543, at *1 n.1 (E.D. Pa. June 7, 2011), , 445 F. App’x 465 (3d Cir. 2011). In ,
Judge Sánchez held that Clerk’s Office employees enjoyed qualified immunity for a claim
that they provided a litigant with incorrect information because “[t]hese allegations
do not state a claim for a violation of any clearly established constitutional rights so as to
waive these Defendants’ entitlement to qualified immunity.” . I agree.
Mr. Garcia’s claims are based on the performance of duties that a statute required,
at the direction of judicial authority, or discretionary acts integrally related to the judicial
process. None involves a violation of any clearly established constitutional right because
Mr. Garcia does not plausibly allege that the docketing errors were more than mere
negligence, which “is categorically beneath the threshold of constitutional due process.”
, 523 U.S. 833, 849 (1998). Therefore, the Defendants are
immune from claims for money damages.
Mr. Garcia’s claims for money damages against the Clerk and Clerk’s Office
employees are not plausible claims.1 The United States Supreme Court has never
recognized a cause of action against a federal government actor like the one Mr.
Garcia seeks to raise in this case,2 and extending is “disfavored judicial activity.”
, 582 U.S. 120, 135 (2017). Thus, any civil rights claim against the Clerk or
1 Mr. Garcia cites to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the vehicle by which civil rights claims may
be brought in a federal court against persons acting under color of state law, in addition
to . He has not named any “state actor” as a defendant in this case, so any § 1983
would be implausible.
2 The Supreme Court has recognized an implied private action against federal
officials in only three cases: (1) itself – a claim under the Fourth Amendment
against FBI agents for handcuffing a man in his own home without a warrant, . 403
U.S. at 389; (2) a claim under the Fifth Amendment against a Congressman for firing his
female secretary, , 442 U.S. 228 (1979); and (3) a claim under the Eighth
Amendment against prison officials for failure to treat an inmate’s asthma,
, 446 U.S. 14 (1980).
Clerk’s Office employees related to the filing or classification of Mr. Garcia’s documents,
or the judicial assignment of his cases is not plausible for this additional reason.
2. ADA claims
Title II of the ADA provides, “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason
of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the
services, programs, or activities of a public entity[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. A “public entity” is
“any State or local government; . . . [and] any department, agency, special purpose district,
or other instrumentality of a State or States or local government[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1)(A),
(B). Neither individuals nor federal government agencies are “public entities” subject to
suit under Title II of the ADA. , 334 F.3d 590, 597 n.3 (7th Cir. 2003).
Because none of the Defendants is a public entity subject to the ADA, I will dismiss Mr.
Garcia’s ADA claim with prejudice.
IV. CONCLUSION
I will grant Mr. Garcia leave to proceed and dismiss the case on
statutory screening. Amending the complaint would be futile, so I will not give Mr. Garcia
an opportunity to amend. , 293 F.3d 103, 112–113 (3d
Cir. 2002). An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:
JOSHUA D. WOLSON, J.
May 19, 2025