The opinion
Filed 10/1/13; pub. and mod. order 10/29/13 (see end of opn.)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
CHRISTINA C. et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, G047805
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2011-00437624)
COUNTY OF ORANGE et al., OPINION
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, John C.
Gastelum, Judge. Affirmed.
Gary Paul Levinson for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Koeller, Nebeker, Carlson & Haluck, William L. Haluck, Matthew B.
Golper and Zachary M. Schwartz, for Defendants and Respondents.
* * *
C.C. and his mother, Christina C. (mother), appeal from the trial court’s
summary judgment in favor of the County of Orange, its Social Services Agency (SSA),
and several of SSA’s social workers.1 Plaintiffs complain the trial court erred in
concluding public employee immunity (Gov. Code, § 820.2) barred their claims arising
from SSA’s decision to remove 10-year-old C.C. from mother’s care and place him with
father, only to return C.C. to his mother when he fared poorly in father’s care. As we
explain, plaintiffs’ claims for reversal have no merit, and we therefore affirm the
judgment.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Mother and father married in 1998, the year C.C. was born, but rarely
resided together and divorced in 2000 when C.C. was almost two years old. According to
mother, she received primary physical custody of C.C. After a four-year period of
contentious battles with father, marked by multiple interventions by SSA social workers
amidst mother’s declining mental health, the family court ordered an Evidence Code
section 730 study in which the evaluator concluded mother suffered from cognitive
impairments and poor boundaries that affected her ability to safely parent C.C. The
family court agreed and vested father with exclusive legal and physical custody in June
2004.
Four years later in October 2008, when C.C. was almost 10 years old,
father was arrested on charges of attempted rape by furnishing his live-in maid with ice
1 We refer to C.C. by his initials, and his mother and father only by those designations, to
preserve C.C.’s confidentiality (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.401(a)(1) & (3)) in this suit initiated by his mother
as his guardian.
2
cream containing benzodiazepine, a powerful sleeping medication. The charges included
illegal firearm possession by a felon. According to mother, she and C.C. had both tested
positive for benzodiazepine at the time of his birth though she was not taking any
sleeping medication. She also pegged her mental and emotional decline to one or more
encounters with father in 2001 and earlier in which she now believed he had drugged and
raped her. She had unsuccessfully sought a restraining order against him in 2001. The
prosecutor in the current criminal action involving the maid added charges against father
for rape using drugs and rape of an unconscious person based on mother’s allegations
dating to a March 2001 incident.
Meanwhile, SSA had detained C.C. at Orangewood Children’s Home when
father was arrested. The police interviewed mother at or near the time of father’s arrest,
but did not release C.C. to her care because she was not entitled to custody under the
family court’s order and, moreover, the officer and a police-affiliated victim advocate
observed “current indicators that the mother might not be considered fit to parent at this
time.” For example, mother “appeared delusional, with delusions of persecution and
religious affiliation,” she “reported to have seen ghosts,” and the officer “also questioned
the mother’s ability to make appropriate choices” given she stayed with father more than
three years despite claiming she was “repeatedly raped.”
SSA also interviewed mother. She explained to a social worker she was
conscious during and tolerated father’s sex acts against her because “‘no one believed
me,’” “‘he convinced me,’” and because she previously had been abused and neglected,
including by her father. Mother diagnosed herself “as suffering from PTSD
[posttraumatic stress disorder], with an ‘ongoing affect’ . . . .” The ghosts she had seen
on her property had “been recorded and verified as authentic.” She now supported
3
herself “through playing cards,” stated she kept a “very stable and clean home,” and
according to the social worker’s report, “mother repeatedly argue[d] these points over
and over again, insisting she is a capable parent and that her son should immediately be
placed with her.” When the worker “suggested that a more recent psychological
evaluation might be necessary to assess this very issue, the mother appeared very
resistant to the process.” SSA did not immediately place C.C. with mother.
Instead, the dependency court at C.C.’s detention hearing in October 2008
ordered monitored visitation for mother and father at SSA’s offices. The court vested
SSA with discretion to “lift/reinstate monitor . . . for mother and father” and to liberalize
parental visitation. Mother subsequently provided SSA with a mental health evaluation
prepared by a nurse practitioner associated with a psychiatrist. The nurse practitioner
disagreed with a previous bipolar disorder diagnosis for mother, explaining she “did not
note any delusional thinking, paranoia, psychotic processes, tangential thinking, or
memory impairment,” nor any need for medication. The nurse concluded mother “does
not appear to have any symptomology that would interfere with her role as a mother or
for the care of her son.” Mother’s court-appointed therapist and her personal counselor
similarly agreed the court should return C.C. to her care on grounds that mother had
never abused him.
Visits SSA arranged for C.C. with his maternal grandfather in
Laguna Beach had gone well, but the grandfather could not care for C.C. alone because
of his age and ill health. Mother, however, agreed to move in with her father, and SSA
concluded that a “combined household like this,” which included the grandfather’s live-in
housekeeper, would “be safe[] for the child and would provide more supervision in the
home.” SSA recommended the home placement under a Conditional Release to Intensive
4
Services Program (CRISP) agreement that mother signed, which included 15 specific
conditions mother assented to in the release. The conditions included the following: “I
will continue to attend therapy twice a week,” “I will facilitate visits between the child
and his father and will not speak negatively of the father in the child’s presence,” “I
understand [the] frequency of visits will be determined by the CRISP worker,” and “I
shall obey any reasonable directions of my CRISP [w]orker regarding the care of the
child in my custody.”
The dependency court endorsed the CRISP agreement at a January 2009
hearing, and further ordered the “child may be redetained if it appears [the] terms and
conditions of the CRISP release agreement are violated or [the] child is at risk” (italics
added) and that “[a]ll prior orders . . . remain[ed] in full force and effect.” SSA placed
C.C. with mother in grandfather’s home on January 8, 2009. According to SSA, mother
had difficulty from the outset abiding by the terms of the agreement, including the
requirement to attend counseling therapy twice a week and to refrain from speaking
negatively of father in front of the child, who complained to his therapist that mother
pressured him to join in her criticism.
Meanwhile, according to SSA, father’s visits were so positive that the
agency considered dispensing with a monitor. The court at a hearing on February 10,
2009, considered the matter and confirmed SSA retained authority to lift the monitor.
Mother opposed allowing father unmonitored visitation, but had not attended the hearing.
According to SSA social worker Jennifer Marks, when she telephoned mother to advise
her what occurred and that SSA planned to allow unmonitored visitation with father,
mother refused to cooperate. Marks explained her refusal put her in violation of the
CRISP agreement and C.C. would be redetained, but mother remained steadfast.
5
According to mother, she did not expressly refuse to transport C.C. to any future visits
with father, and instead simply voiced her concern about unmonitored visitation and
asked Marks to contact mother’s lawyer.
C.C. happened to be on a monitored visit with father and, after hanging up
with mother, Marks arranged for C.C. to be redetained and placed in father’s care without
a monitor. She then telephoned mother to notify her she need not pick up C.C. from the
monitored visit at father’s home that day. After several continuances into May 2009, the
dependency court ratified SSA’s decision to redetain C.C. and place him with father.
C.C. remained in father’s care for approximately 13 months until, in
March 2010, SSA redetained him and filed a supplemental dependency petition on
grounds of general neglect, educational neglect, and concerns father exposed C.C. to
pornographic magazines, videos, and violent computer games. Father had not complied
with his case plan requirement to ensure C.C.’s attendance at school; C.C. also often fell
asleep in class, did not turn in his homework, and mother and C.C.’s previous therapist
reported he appeared preoccupied with sexual and violent themes that manifested itself in
verbal abuse against mother and play therapy that included making dolls attack and rape
each other. SSA immediately placed C.C. in mother’s care.
Father pleaded guilty in November 2010 to one count of poisoning his maid
with benzodiazepine and a felon-in-possession firearm charge, and the juvenile court
closed the dependency proceedings with exit orders awarding mother sole physical and
legal custody of C.C., with monitored visitation for father.
Mother filed this civil action in January 2011 on her behalf and on behalf of
C.C. as her minor child, alleging SSA and its social workers violated their civil rights.
Specifically, the complaint alleged three “Counts” against the defendants: (1) “Monell
6
Related Claims”; (2) “Violation of State Civil Rights” under Civil Code sections 43, 49
51, and 52.1; and (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress.2
Defendants moved in June 2012 for summary judgment or, in the
alternative, summary adjudication. The trial court granted summary judgment. The court
explained that, based on the dependency court’s orders vesting discretion with SSA over
C.C.’s placement and visitation, with express authorization to redetain him under the
CRISP release, “[t]he acts or omissions complained of appear to be within defendants’
granted authority.” The court held that under the immunity afforded social workers per
Government Code section 820.2, “it is irrelevant whether defendants were correct in their
decisions or even whether they abused their discretion.”
The court observed, “The [summary judgment] opposition essentially
summarizes father’s shortcomings and explains why the government was wrong to take
custody from [mother],” but “[i]t does not even address the issue of immunity — the
heart of defendants’ motion — until page 24, wherein plaintiffs briefly argue immunities
do not apply here because defendants acted with malice.” The court noted, however, that
“plaintiffs fail to cite, in their papers, any evidence supporting a possible finding of
malice on the part of any of the defendants.” The court acknowledged that at the hearing
on defendants’ motion, plaintiffs’ counsel “advanced the theory that social worker Marks
maliciously terminated the CRISP release to [m]other and changed custody to [f]ather to
‘punish’ [m]other because she had the temerity to challenge the social worker’s decision
2 Plaintiffs never explain what they meant by “Monell Related Causes of Action,” but in
Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York (1978) 436 U.S. 658, the high court held an action
under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 against a governmental entity must fail unless the entity engaged in a “custom,
practice, or policy” of violating individual civil rights, rather than isolated instances invading constitutional
rights. Civil Code section 43 provides that every person has a right to be free from “injury to his personal
relations”; Civil Code section 49 forbids “the abduction . . . of a child from a parent”; Civil Code section 51,
known as the Unruh Civil Rights Act, prohibits discrimination in all business establishments; and Civil Code
section 52.1 provides a civil remedy against hate crimes causing or threatening violent interference with an
individual’s civil rights.
7
to grant unmonitored visits.” But the court observed that the arguments of counsel are
not evidence.
The court found no merit in plaintiffs’ invocation of seminal dependency
civil rights cases like Santosky v. Kramer (1982) 455 U.S. 745. The court explained:
“Although not clear, in citing these cases[] plaintiffs appear to argue defendants lacked
authority to take custody away from [mother]. But none of the cases cited support this
contention here and plaintiffs ignore that the Juvenile Court expressly granted such
authority to the defendants. And to the extent plaintiffs argue the court had no authority
to do so, such was not a theory pled in the [c]omplaint, which frames a summary
judgment motion.” The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants,
and plaintiffs now appeal.
II
DISCUSSION
A. General Summary Judgment Principles
Facts are the lifeblood of summary judgment proceedings because absent a
factual dispute, trial is unnecessary. (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th
826, 843 (Aguilar) [“The purpose of the law of summary judgment is to . . . cut through
the parties’ pleadings . . . to determine whether . . . trial is in fact necessary”].) We
review a grant of summary judgment de novo. “In practical effect, we assume the role of
a trial court and apply the same rules and standards which govern a trial court’s
determination of a motion for summary judgment.” (Zavala v. Arce (1997)
58 Cal.App.4th 915, 925.)
A motion for summary judgment should be granted if the submitted papers
show that “there is no triable issue as to any material fact,” and that the moving party is
8
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) A
defendant meets her burden of showing a cause of action has no merit if she shows that
one or more elements of the cause of action cannot be established, “or that there is a
complete defense to that cause of action.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(2).)
If the moving party carries that burden, she “causes a shift, and the
opposing party is then subjected to a burden of production of his own to make a prima
facie showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact.” (Aguilar, supra,
25 Cal.4th at p. 850.) A triable issue of material fact exists “‘if, and only if, the evidence
would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the party
opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof.’ [Citation.]
Thus, a party ‘cannot avoid summary judgment by asserting facts based on mere
speculation and conjecture, but instead must produce admissible evidence raising a triable
issue of fact. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Dollinger DeAnza Associates v. Chicago Title
Ins. Co. (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 1132, 1144-1145 (Dollinger).)
B. Plaintiffs Forfeit Their Appellate Challenge to the Summary Judgment Ruling
Plaintiffs complicate our review of their claims by failing to provide any
record citations in the argument portion of their brief. Absent the requisite cites, it is not
clear their appellate claims are founded in the evidence before the trial court. (Dollinger,
supra, 199 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1144-1145 [party opposing summary judgment “must
produce admissible evidence”]; see also Pierotti v. Torian (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 17, 29
[“an appellant must support all statements of fact in his briefs with citations to the
record”]; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C).) Plaintiffs’ general citation in the
“Facts” section of their brief to portions of the record spanning almost 50 pages is
inadequate. “Counsel is admonished that . . . citations are to include the internal page
9
reference where the applicable point is found. [Citation.]” (Del Real v. City of Riverside
(2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 761, 768 (Del Real).)
Plaintiffs also fail to support their central claim with any record citations.
The section of their brief purportedly identifying “Triable Issues of Fact” as the basis for
their summary judgment appeal does not include a single record citation. “The appellate
court is not required to search the record on its own seeking error.” (Del Real, supra,
95 Cal.App.4th at p. 768.) To the contrary, we must presume the judgment is correct
absent an affirmative showing by the appellant. (Denham v. Superior Court (1970)
2 Cal.3d 557, 564 (Denham).)
Points “made without citation to the record . . . [are] deemed waived” in the
reviewing court’s discretion. (Annod Corp. v. Hamilton & Samuels (2002)
100 Cal.App.4th 1286, 1301; Del Real, supra, 95 Cal.App.4th at p. 768.) We note the
presumption in favor of judgments rendered below is “‘not only a general principle of
appellate practice but [also] an ingredient of the constitutional doctrine of reversible
error.’” (Denham, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 564.) Consequently, we conclude plaintiffs
forfeit their appellate claims. Put another way, plaintiffs have failed their burden to
demonstrate error, and we therefore affirm the judgment.
C. Plaintiffs’ Claims Also Fail on the Merits
Even overlooking plaintiffs’ forfeiture, their appellate challenge fails. The
trial court did not err in granting summary judgment. Plaintiffs claim their “civil case
boils down, in large part, to the reason(s) for why the Department of Social Services
removed C.C. from his mother’s care on February 10, 2009.” (Original emphasis.) They
dispute Marks’ explanation the placement failed because mother violated the CRISP
agreement’s express terms, including CRISP Condition 9(b): “I will continue to attend
10
therapy twice a week” and CRISP Condition 9(d): “I will facilitate visits between the
child and his father.” Plaintiffs claim instead that SSA removed C.C. simply “out of
arrogance, and to punish [mother] when [she] asserted a contrary position [regarding
paternal visits]” and “for financial reasons, due to department cutbacks” precluding a
monitor for father’s visits. Plaintiffs assert: “The reasons for the removal of C.C. from
[mother]’s legitimate custody is at issue and needs to be decided by the trier of fact in the
civil case.”
Plaintiffs’ argument for reversal fails for at least four reasons. First, they
provided no evidence the true reasons SSA removed C.C. stemmed from arrogance, to
punish mother, or due to budgetary constraints, as plaintiffs claim. Plaintiffs do not
indicate where in their separate statement they specified any facts supporting these
contentions. As the trial court observed, plaintiffs “did not submit a Separate Statement
of their own proffered facts; they only provide a response to defendants’ 81 proffered
facts.” It appears plaintiffs simply concluded SSA acted with arrogance, a punitive
intent, or for misplaced financial reasons. But it is not enough in opposing summary
judgment to surmise reasons or make unfounded allegations: “a party ‘cannot avoid
summary judgment by asserting facts based on mere speculation and conjecture, but
instead must produce admissible evidence raising a triable issue of fact. [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (Dollinger, supra, 199 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1144-1145.)
Second, only material factual disputes bear any relevance: “no amount of
factual conflict upon other aspects of the case will preclude summary judgment.”
(Shively v. Dye Creek Cattle Co. (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1620, 1627.) Plaintiffs do not
explain how SSA’s asserted arrogance, punitive intent, or minimal access to county
coffers have anything to do with their causes of action.
11
Specifically, plaintiffs filed suit for alleged hate crimes (Civ. Code, § 52.1),
violations of the Unruh Civil Rights Act (Civ. Code, § 51), child abduction (Civ. Code,
§ 49), “injury to personal relations” (Civ. Code, § 43), unexplained “Monell-related
causes of action,” and intentional infliction of emotional distress. But they cite no
authority and make no attempt to explain how SSA’s actions in the dependency context
provide a basis for any of their wide-ranging causes of action. (See In re La Shonda B.
(1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 593, 599 [dependency proceeding by nature “is brought on behalf
of the child, not to punish the parents”]; see also Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B)
[appellant must support each point by reasoned argument “and, if possible, by citation to
authority”].)
Third, mother overlooks that her core complaint about C.C.’s removal from
her care rests with the dependency court, not SSA. The court, in the final analysis, makes
the decision at the detention hearing (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 315, 319) whether a child
will remain out of parental custody and again at the disposition hearing whether the
detention will continue, where the child will be placed, and on what conditions (Welf. &
Inst. Code, §§ 358, 361). Here, the court at the detention hearing in the dependency
proceedings placed C.C. with SSA, authorized SSA to release C.C. to his parents or other
“suitable adult as deemed appropriate,” and vested SSA with discretion to “lift/reinstate
monitor . . . for mother and father once released” and to liberalize parental visitation.
(Italics added.) Then, at the dispositional hearing, the dependency court ratified C.C.’s
temporary placement with mother under the terms she agreed to in the CRISP release,
and authorized SSA to redetain him “if it appears the terms and conditions . . . are
violated or [the] child is at risk.” (Italics added.) The court at the disposition hearing
also expressly noted “[a]ll prior orders to remain in full force and effect,” thereby
12
continuing SSA’s authority to modify C.C.’s placement and determine whether visitation
required a monitor.
Mother suggests on appeal that the trial court improperly delegated its
authority in these important matters to SSA, including the authority to end the CRISP
placement and place C.C. with father. But mother offered no challenge in the
dependency proceedings to the trial court’s delegation, and doing so now does not aid her
in this civil lawsuit against SSA. In particular, mother does not argue and provided no
evidence below that SSA did anything to wrongfully obtain or coax from the court
authority over the CRISP placement. It would be difficult to conceive such evidence,
since as a practical matter someone besides the court must have the ability to quickly
redetain a child from a placement if necessary, particularly an intensive CRISP
placement. In any event, the key consideration pertinent to this appeal is that nothing
implicates SSA and its social workers in plaintiffs’ belated complaint about the court’s
allegedly improper delegation of placement authority. Presumably plaintiffs did not sue
the dependency court because of judicial immunity. (See, e.g., Howard v. Drapkin
(1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 843, 851The concept of judicial immunity is long-standing and
absolute”].) But that does not furnish a basis to sue SSA or its social workers acting
under delegated judicial authority.
Fourth and related, although social workers are not judicial officers entitled
to judicial immunity, the trial court properly determined defendants were entitled to
judgment as a matter of law based on the immunity that shields discretionary decisions by
public employees. (Gov. Code, § 820.2.) Government Code section 820.2 provides that,
“[e]xcept as otherwise provided by statute, a public employee is not liable for an injury
resulting from his act or omission that was the result of the exercise of the discretion
13
vested in him, whether or not such discretion is abused.” (Ibid.) Under this provision,
social workers are entitled to immunity for their child removal and placement decisions
in dependency proceedings. (Jacqueline T. v. Alameda County Child Protective Services
(2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 456, 466 (Jacqueline T.).)
The immunity applies even to “lousy” decisions in which the worker abuses
his or her discretion, including decisions based on “woefully inadequate information.”
(Ortega v. Sacramento County Dept. of Health & Human Services (2008)
161 Cal.App.4th 713, 725, 728, 733 [social worker returned child to father, who promptly
stabbed the child in the heart and lungs].) Consequently, the factual questions plaintiffs
raise regarding why SSA removed C.C. from mother’s care do not preclude summary
judgment because they are irrelevant. Simply put, even assuming arguendo SSA abused
its discretion by acting in an arrogant or punitive manner or with undue consideration for
monitoring costs, the immunity provided in Government Code section 820.2 expressly
applies “whether or not such discretion is abused.” Section 820.2 specifies no exception
for malice. The same wide discretion applies even if Marks or other SSA social workers
were grossly incorrect in concluding mother violated the CRISP agreement. As the
Ortega court explained, “‘[C]laims of improper evaluation cannot divest a discretionary
policy decision of its immunity.”3 (Ortega, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 733; accord,
Caldwell v. Montoya (1995) 10 Cal.4th 972, 984-985.)
3 The trial court also noted, as defendants had argued, that defendants appeared to be entitled
to immunity under Government Code section 821.6, which provides: “‘A public employee is not liable for
injury caused by his . . . instituting or prosecuting any judicial or administrative proceeding, . . . even if he . . .
acts maliciously and without probable cause.” (See, e.g., Jacqueline T., supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at pp. 465, 468
[finding social workers “immune from liability for their alleged acts and omissions under [Gov. Code]
sections 820.2 and 821.6,” italics added].) Like the trial court, however, we conclude that “[b]ecause
defendants [are] immune under section 820.2, the [c]ourt need not address the parties’ argument about
prosecutorial immunity.”
14
Plaintiffs see in another code provision, Government Code section 820.21,
an exception dissolving immunity for social workers whenever their discretionary
decisions result in harm that plaintiffs insist was “created with intent and malice.”
Plaintiffs argue SSA’s allegedly punitive intent in wrongly finding CRISP violations
established the requisite malice.
Plaintiffs read Government Code section 820.21 too broadly. It is not a
blanket exception for every conceivable act that may be done with malice. By its terms,
the immunity exception in section 820.21 is limited to specific instances of misconduct,
including perjury. It provides: “Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, the civil
immunity of juvenile court social workers, child protection workers, and other public
employees authorized to initiate or conduct [child welfare] investigations or proceedings
. . . shall not extend to any of the following, if committed with malice: [¶] (1) Perjury.
[¶] (2) Fabrication of evidence. [¶] (3) Failure to disclose known exculpatory evidence.
[¶] (4) Obtaining testimony by duress . . . .” (Gov. Code, § 820.21, subd. (a), italics
added.) Erroneously removing a child is not among the listed actions committed with
malice for which immunity is revoked.
Plaintiffs did not assert SSA workers committed perjury, fabricated
evidence produced for a decisionmaker, or committed similar misconduct to end the
CRISP placement and remove C.C. from mother’s care. Rather, as discussed, the
removal decision itself was committed with mother’s assent in the CRISP agreement to
SSA’s discretion. SSA and its social workers therefore served as the initial
decisionmakers in removing C.C. from his CRISP placement, and it makes little sense to
suggest SSA committed perjury or fabricated evidence in its own removal
decisionmaking process.
15
And there is no evidence SSA hid any evidence when the dependency court
later reviewed and ratified SSA’s removal and new placement decision. Rather, SSA and
mother produced all pertinent evidence according to their respective burdens of proof and
production, sufficient for the court to make a fully informed decision ratifying SSA’s
actions. Plaintiffs do not assert the trial court lacked any information to make its
decision. (See Watson v. County of Santa Clara (N.D. Cal. 2010) 2010 WL 2077171, *9
[summary judgment proper where plaintiff failed to produce evidence defendants
committed perjury or other specified acts invalidating immunity in Gov. Code, 820.21].)
In any event, plaintiffs also failed to oppose summary judgment with evidence of Marks’
punitive intent or malice in removing C.C. “[S]ubstantial responsive evidence is
required” and they produced none. (Sangster v. Paetkau (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 151,
162-163 [“mere speculation . . . is insufficient to establish a triable issue of fact”].)
Plaintiffs appear to assert they were not required to produce any evidence
beyond the bare fact SSA removed C.C. from mother’s care because committing that
authority to SSA’s discretion “amounted to per se violations of plaintiffs’ constitutional
and civil rights.” (Boldface and capitalization removed.) Plaintiffs invoke Santosky,
supra, 455 U.S. 745, noting there the high court “clearly established the constitutional
protection[] of familial bonds and the right to due process when those bonds are
threatened by the government.” Specifically, plaintiffs assert that vesting SSA with
authority to end the CRISP placement “illegally usurped judicial authority . . . .”
Plaintiffs apparently view this delegation as a per se due process violation.
Plaintiffs, however, did not assert this theory in the dependency
proceedings, nor in their complaint in this civil action, nor do they provide page citations
to suggest they made this argument in opposition to summary judgment. Notably,
16
plaintiffs declined in the dependency proceedings to seek immediate judicial review of
SSA’s removal decision or otherwise to modify (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 388) SSA’s
CRISP authority. Plaintiffs also omitted in their civil complaint any mention of the trial
court’s assertedly improper delegation, and a plaintiff may not oppose summary
judgment with a new unpleaded legal theory. (Robinson v. Hewlett-Packard Corp.
(1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 1108, 1132.) “The principles of ‘theory of the trial’ apply to . . .
summary judgment motions” (North Coast Business Park v Nielsen Construction Co.
(1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 22, 29), and therefore “‘[a] party is not permitted to change his
position and adopt a new and different theory on appeal’” (ibid.). “‘To permit him to do
so would not only be unfair to the trial court, but manifestly unjust to the opposing party.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid.) Instead, the pleadings define the issues to be considered on a motion
for summary judgment (Lockhart v. County of Los Angeles (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 289,
303), and plaintiffs did not allege improper delegation in their complaint.
In any event, plaintiffs’ bid for reversal fails on the merits because the
dependency court is the true target for their core claim of wrongful delegation and, as
noted, the court is absolutely immune. Furthermore, as defendants note, Santosky is
inapposite because here mother did not have a preexisting custodial right with which SSA
or the dependency court allegedly interfered in a manner violating due process. Rather,
she had lost custody in the family court proceedings before the dependency case arose,
and therefore gained only provisional custody of C.C. by the terms of the CRISP release,
to which she agreed. Having agreed to the terms, including SSA’s right to redetain C.C.
“if it appears the terms and conditions . . . are violated or [the] child is at risk” (italics
added), there is no conceivable merit to plaintiffs’ theory of a per se constitutional
17
violation. Simply put, no reasonable trier of fact could decide the matter in plaintiffs’
favor, and the trial court therefore properly granted summary judgment.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Respondents are entitled to their costs on
appeal.
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, ACTING P. J.
IKOLA, J.
18
Filed 10/29/13
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
CHRISTINA C. et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, G047805
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2011-00437624)
COUNTY OF ORANGE et al., ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
AND CERTIFYING OPINION
Defendants and Respondents. FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION;
[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
THE COURT:
The opinion filed on October 1, 2013, is modified as follows:
1. On page 2, in footnote 1, change the citation in the sentence so that it
reads: “(Cal. Style Manual (4th ed. 2000) §§ 5:9, 5:10; cf. Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.401(a).)”
2. On page 2, at the end of the first full paragraph, after the sentence
that ends “. . . we therefore affirm the judgment”, insert the following
sentence: “In the published portion of the opinion, we explain that social
_______________
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1005(b) and 8.1110, this
opinion is certified for publication with the exception of part II.B.
workers do not ordinarily bear liability for a juvenile court’s erroneous
delegation of authority and that the scope of Government Code
section 820.21’s malice exception to social workers’ general immunity
from lawsuits is limited.”
3. On page 5, change the first sentence of the second new paragraph
from “Meanwhile, according to SSA, father’s visits were so positive that
the agency considered dispensing with a monitor” to “Meanwhile,
according to SSA, father’s visits were positive and the agency considered
dispensing with a monitor.”
4. On page 7, in the last sentence of the first new paragraph, change
“per” to “in” so that the first part of the sentence changes from “The court
held that under the immunity afforded social workers per Government Code
section 820.2 . . .” to “The court held that under the immunity afforded
social workers in Government Code section 820.2 . . . .”
5. On page 10, at the beginning of the first new paragraph of part II.C.,
delete the following sentences: “Even overlooking plaintiffs’ forfeiture,
their appellate challenge fails. The trial court did not err in granting
summary judgment.”
6. On page 11, at the end of the first new paragraph of part II.C.,
following the sentence that ends “. . . ‘legitimate custody is at issue and
needs to be decided by the trier of fact in the civil case’”, insert the
following two new sentences: “We disagree. The trial court did not err in
granting summary judgment.”
7. On page 13, correct the citation towards the end of the paragraph
that begins “Mother suggests on appeal . . .” so that the citation reads as
follows:
(See, e.g., Howard v. Drapkin (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 843, 851
[“The concept of judicial immunity is long-standing and absolute”].)
8. On page 15, in the first sentence of footnote 3, delete the clause “, as
defendants had argued,” so that the sentence reads in relevant part: “The
trial court also noted that defendants appeared to be entitled to immunity
under . . . .”
9. On page 15, delete the last sentence (“Erroneously removing a child
is not among the listed actions committed with malice for which immunity
is revoked”) in the last paragraph on the page.
20
10. On page 15, after the paragraph now ending with the citation, “(Gov.
Code, § 8201.21, subd. (a), italics added.)”, insert the following new
paragraph:
The Legislature has not listed the malicious removal of a
child as an act that would revoke a social worker’s immunity. (Gov.
Code, § 820.21, subd. (a).) The omission may arise from the fact
that removal is ultimately the juvenile court’s decision, and a social
worker’s interim actions are only temporary, pending ratification or
rejection by the court. The listed actions vitiating immunity —
perjury, fabrication of evidence, hiding exculpatory evidence, and
poisoning testimony with duress — all share a common trait of
subverting the juvenile court’s ability to decide the removal question
fairly. In any event, we may not judge the Legislature’s wisdom in
including some malicious acts in section 820.21, and omitting
others. (In re Marriage of Tavares (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 620, 628
[“The Legislature declares state public policy, not the courts”].)
11. On page 16, in the first new paragraph, delete the second sentence,
which reads “Rather, as discussed, the removal decision itself was
committed with mother’s assent in the CRISP agreement to SSA’s
discretion” and substitute the following sentence: “Rather, as discussed,
mother in the CRISP agreement committed any initial decision to end the
placement to SSA’s discretion.”
12. In the last line on page 17, in the second sentence of the paragraph
that begins “In any event, plaintiffs’ bid for reversal fails on the merits”,
delete the clause “, as defendants note,” so that the sentence reads in
relevant part: “Furthermore, Santosky is inapposite here because . . . .”
These modifications do not change the judgment.
Respondents’ motion to publish the opinion is granted in part. The opinion as
modified in this order is ordered published with the exception of part II.B.
21
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, ACTING P. J.
IKOLA, J.
22