“A police officer’s decisions regarding 8 whom to investigate and how to investigate are matters that necessarily involve 9 discretion.”
How later courts described this case
- “A police officer’s decisions regarding 8 whom to investigate and how to investigate are matters that necessarily involve 9 discretion.”
- in situations involving 16 discretionary decision-making, “allowing a challenge based on the arbitrary singling out of 17 a particular person would undermine the very discretion that [] state officials are entrusted 18 to exercise”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4
5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
8 MARTA REBAGLIATI-RIBBECK, Case No. 24-cv-08836-CRB
9 Plaintiff,
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO
10 v.
DISMISS
11 COUNTY OF ALAMEDA, et al.,
12 Defendants.
13 Plaintiff Marta Rebagliati-Ribbeck sues the County of Alameda, the Alameda
14 County Sheriff’s Office, and various individual employees of the Sheriff’s Office, alleging
15 that they failed to adequately investigate an alleged assault against her by a FedEx driver.
16 Defendants move to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,
17 arguing that all of Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s theories of liability rest on a fundamentally flawed
18 constitutional claim—failure to investigate. Defendants are correct: Rebagliati-Ribbeck
19 did not have a right to have the police investigate the alleged assault in any particular way,
20 and she did not suffer any liberty or property deprivation as a result of their investigation.
21 Thus, she has not stated a claim, and the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss.1
22 I. BACKGROUND
23 Plaintiff Marta Rebagliati-Ribbeck alleges that she was assaulted by a FedEx driver
24 on December 8, 2022. FAC (dkt. 3) at 10. She then called 9-1-1, and Defendants Jarred
25 Mendoza and Joshua Miles, both sheriff’s deputies, soon arrived on the scene. Id. at 11.
26 Rebagliati-Ribbeck allegedly described what happened to the deputies, but they stated that
27
1 they would not investigate further and requested that Rebagliati-Ribbeck stop sitting on the
2 steps of the FedEx truck, which prevented it from driving away. Id.
3 After the deputies left, Rebagliati-Ribbeck called 9-1-1 again and spoke to a
4 sergeant who told her that the deputies would return to take her statement. Id. at 12–13.
5 Mendoza eventually took Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s statement and wrote it up in an incident
6 report that—according to Rebagliati-Ribbeck—misrepresents what she told him and what
7 was portrayed on video surveillance. Id. at 17, 20–21. In his report, Mendoza indicated
8 that he believed Rebagliati-Ribbeck had made up the assault and in fact trespassed when
9 she sat on the FedEx truck to prevent it from driving away. Id. at 24.
10 In May 2023 Rebagliati-Ribbeck filed a citizen’s complaint with internal affairs in
11 which she expressed her frustration at the way the December 8 incident was handled. See
12 Complaint Letter, FAC Ex. P1. Defendant Daniel McNaughton, a sheriff’s captain, issued
13 a report concluding that the investigation was properly handled. FAC at 29. The Sheriff,
14 Defendant Yesenia Sanchez, would have reviewed this report per standard procedure. Id.
15 Plaintiff asserts various claims against the individual defendants, as well as the
16 County of Alameda and the Alameda County Sheriff’s Office:
17 • A § 1983 claim alleging that all Defendants violated the Fourteenth Amendment
18 by depriving her of equal protection and due process, failing to investigate her
19 complaint, fabricating evidence, failing to intervene in the investigation, and
20 failing to train and supervise officers. Id. at 33–34.
21 • A § 1983 claim alleging that Miles and Mendoza conspired to deprive her of her
22 constitutional rights by misrepresenting her conduct to their supervisors,
23 refusing to conduct a proper investigation, and coordinating their statements to
24 create a false narrative. Id. at 35–36.
25 • A § 1983 claim alleging that Sheriff Sanchez failed to adequately supervise,
26 discipline, and train the deputies. Id. at 36–39.
27 • A claim for municipal liability under Monell v. Department of Social Services,
1 policy, or practice of approving incident reports without adequate review, failing
2 to verify deputies’ claims, and failing to adequately investigate or pursue
3 evidence. Id. at 39–41.
4 • A claim under the Bane Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1, on the basis that Captain
5 McNaughton and Sheriff Sanchez denied her equal protection and “rubber
6 stamped” false official reports. Id. at 42–44.
7 • A claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress against Captain
8 McNaughton and Sheriff Sanchez on the basis that she suffered depression and
9 anxiety as a result of their actions. Id. at 44–46.
10 • A claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress against unidentified
11 Sheriff’s Office employees on the basis that they failed to adequately
12 investigate, failed to preserve evidence, mischaracterized her complaint and
13 other evidence, and mismanaged the citizen’s complaint process. Id. at 46–47.
14 Defendants now move to dismiss Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s complaint for failure to state
15 a claim on which relief can be granted. Mot. (dkt. 16); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
16 II. LEGAL STANDARD
17 To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “a
18 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief
19 that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell
20 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The Court must accept the plaintiff’s
21 “allegations as true and construe them in the light most favorable to” the plaintiff, but it
22 need not accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of
23 fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th
24 Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
25 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
26 III. DISCUSSION
27 Defendants move to dismiss Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s claims primarily on the grounds
1 correct: Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s claims all rest on her fundamentally flawed failure-to-
2 investigate theory, and they must all be dismissed.2
3 The crux of all of Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s claims is that the Sheriff’s Office and the
4 individual Defendants failed to adequately investigate her claim that the FedEx driver
5 assaulted her and, as she pushed the issue, that they proceeded to fabricate and suppress
6 evidence. But police investigatory work is discretionary. See Flowers v. City of
7 Minneapolis, 558 F.3d 794, 799 (8th Cir. 2009) (“A police officer’s decisions regarding
8 whom to investigate and how to investigate are matters that necessarily involve
9 discretion.”).
10 That dooms Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s § 1983 claims, no matter how they are
11 formulated. There is no class-of-one equal protection claim based on police officers’
12 investigations, for the discretionary decision-making that goes into police investigations is
13 incompatible with the legal framework of class-of-one claims. Quinn v. County of
14 Monterey, No. 15-cv-3383-BLF, 2016 WL 4180565, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2016); see
15 also Enquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 603 (2008) (in situations involving
16 discretionary decision-making, “allowing a challenge based on the arbitrary singling out of
17 a particular person would undermine the very discretion that [] state officials are entrusted
18 to exercise”). There is no constitutional right to have police investigations carried out a
19 specific way. See Devereaux v. Abby, 263 F.3d 1070, 1075 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc).
20 And while the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause would prohibit state actors
21
2 Defendants also argue that Rebagliati-Ribbeck failed to file a timely claim, as required by
22
the Government Claims Act. See Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 911.2(a), 945.4. The Court is not so
sure. A claim is timely if it is presented to the public entity within six months of the
23
accrual of the cause of action. Cal. Gov’t Code § 911.2(a). Rebagliati-Ribbeck alleges
that she filed a citizen’s complaint regarding the events of December 8, 2022 in May
24
2023—that is, within six months. See Complaint Letter. And then once she received a
response to her complaint on November 27, 2023, she filed a claim with the County on
25
May 9, 2024—again, within six months. See id. Though the citizen’s complaint is not
styled as a “claim,” it appears to satisfy the requirements of Cal. Gov’t Code § 910, and
26
thus it gave the Sheriff’s Office “sufficient information to enable it to adequately
investigate [her] claims and to settle them, if appropriate, without the expense of
27
litigation.” Koussaya v. City of Stockton, 54 Cal. App. 5th 909, 928 (2020) (citation
1 from fabricating or suppressing evidence to deprive an individual of liberty or property—
2 namely, by subjecting them to criminal charges—there is no due process violation where,
3 as here, there has been no deprivation. See id. at 1074–75; Flores v. Bakersfield, 834 F.
4 App’x 400, 401 (9th Cir. 2021) (requiring a deprivation of liberty as an element of a claim
5 of deliberate fabrication of evidence). Rebagliati-Ribbeck therefore has not made out a
6 claim that her constitutional rights were violated by Defendants’ conduct.
7 This, in turn, proves fatal to her remaining federal claims. Municipal liability under
8 Monell requires an underlying constitutional violation. See Lockett v. County of Los
9 Angeles, 977 F.3d 737, 741 (9th Cir. 2020). So does a claim of collusion to violate
10 constitutional rights, see Mendocino Env’t Ctr. v. Mendocino County, 192 F.3d 1283,
11 1301 (9th Cir. 1999), and a claim for failure to supervise or train, see Merrick v. Shin, 846
12 F. App’x 573, 574–75 (9th Cir. 2021). (The latter claim would fail against Sheriff Sanchez
13 anyway, because it requires personal participation by each individual defendant, see Olson
14 v. County of Grant, 127 F.4th 1193, 1197 (9th Cir. 2025), and Rebagliati-Ribbeck does not
15 allege that Sheriff Sanchez personally violated any of her constitutional rights.)
16 Accordingly, Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s federal claims must be dismissed.3
17 A similar analysis also resolves Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s state claims. “California’s
18 Bane Act requires proof of an underlying constitutional violation,” Williamson v. City of
19 National City, 23 F.4th 1146, 1155 (9th Cir. 2022), which has not been alleged here. And
20 in any case, California provides statutory immunity to state actors performing discretionary
21 functions. Cal. Gov’t Code § 820.2. This includes police investigations. See Pallas v.
22 Accornero, No. 19-cv-1171-LB, 2019 WL 3975137, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2019).
23 Rebagliati-Ribbeck’s state-law claims thus fail along with her federal ones.
24
25
3 The lack of an underlying constitutional violation also means that the individual
Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. See Gordon v. County of Orange, 6 F.4th
26
961, 967–68 (9th Cir. 2021). And given the lack of case law supporting Rebagliati-
Ribbeck’s constitutional claims, any hypothetical constitutional right that may have been
27
violated was not clearly established at the time of the events giving rise to this litigation.
1 IV. CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss
3 without prejudice. Rebagliati-Ribbeck may amend her complaint within 28 days of the
4 issuance of this order. The Court emphasizes, though, that failure to investigate is not a
5 viable theory on which to base amended claims, so any claims that Rebagliati-Ribbeck
6 wishes to assert in an amended complaint must rest on different grounds and must be
7 supported with factual allegations.
8 Rebagliati-Ribbeck may wish to use the resources provided at the Federal Pro Bono
9 Project’s Help Desk, a free service for pro se litigants, in amending her complaint. She
10 can make an appointment by calling (415) 782-8982. The Help Desk does not provide
11 legal representation, but it does assist pro se litigants in determining whether there are
12 viable claims and advise on how to properly plead such claims. Rebagliati-Ribbeck is also
13 welcome to consult the court’s manual for pro se litigants regarding how to present their
14 cases. The manual and other free information is available at
15 http://cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants.
16 IT IS SO ORDERED.
17 Dated: April 15, 2025
CHARLES R. BREYER
18 United States District Judge
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27