The opinion
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 24-12229
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
JOSHUA JORDAN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
THE CLOSET FACTORY FRANCHISE CORPORATION,
a California Corporation,
CLOSET FACTORY,
an Unregistered Florida Business Entity,
a.k.a. Closet Factory Tampa,
a.k.a. Tampa Closet Factory,
JACK GREEN,
individually,
SYLVIA ROSADO-DELAY,
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2 Opinion of the Court 24-12229
individually,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 8:24-cv-00152-SDM-SPF
____________________
Before BRANCH, BRASHER, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Joshua Jordan, pro se, appeals the district court’s order dis-
missing with prejudice his amended complaint alleging breach of
contract, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligence, and violations
of the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction. He argues that the district court erred
in finding that he failed to satisfy the amount-in-controversy re-
quirement. Upon thorough review of the record, we reverse and
remand to the district court for further proceedings not incon-
sistent with this opinion.
I.
In February 2023, Jordan spoke with Rosado, a Closet Fac-
tory agent, about purchasing custom closets. During this conversa-
tion, Jordan shared his expectation that Closet Factory’s products
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24-12229 Opinion of the Court 3
would include soft-close drawers and cabinets. Rosado responded
affirmatively, explaining that Closet Factory did everything with
soft-close features. Rosado later emailed Jordan renderings of the
custom closets and explained that the “[d]rawers [were] all soft
close.” In early March, Rosado reassured Jordan that there was “no
necessity” to add the soft-close features into his contract, empha-
sizing that Closet Factory’s standard practice included the use of
soft-close features in its products.
Two days later, Jordan entered a contract with Closet Fac-
tory, in which he agreed to pay $16,370.35 for the custom closets.
Jordan paid $14,733.32 throughout the installation and owed the
remaining $1,637.03 upon project completion, which never oc-
curred. Following the installation, Jordan realized that his cabinets
did not have the soft-close feature. Closet Factory refused to rectify
the situation for free, instead offering to install the feature for an
additional payment. Jordan spent an additional $2,500 to fix the
mistake.
Jordan told Rosado that “he would be willing to overlook”
Closet Factory’s misrepresentations and unfinished work if Closet
Factory would stop demanding that he sign a final completed work
order and pay the outstanding balance. In July 2023, Jordan in-
formed Closet Factory that he “intended to reserve all legal rights
and remedies” if Closet Factory would not “immediately” confirm
that their matter was resolved. Jordan noted that his contract in-
cluded a clause that assigned him liability for Closet Factory’s at-
torney’s fees if it were to sue him for nonpayment.
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4 Opinion of the Court 24-12229
Jordan came to believe that Closet Factory was not regis-
tered or licensed with the state. According to Jordan, although Jack
Green represented online to own Closet Factory, “there [was] no
registered agent named as Defendant Green as it relates to a ‘Closet
Factory’ or any variation” registered with the state, in violation of
Florida law. Jordan also came to believe that Closet Factory was
not “authorized to perform contracted work under Defendant
Green” and that Closet Factory, CFFC, and Green manipulated
Google reviews to only display positive reviews and prevent his at-
tempted negative review from posting.
In January 2024, Jordan filed a complaint. He first asserted a
claim of breach of contract with joint and several liability, alleging
that the defendants failed to uphold their contractual obligation to
install his custom closets with soft-close features, resulting in at
least $17,233.32 in damages. Jordan further alleged that, because
his contract provided attorney’s fees only for Closet Factory, he
was entitled to attorney’s fees and legal costs as the contractual
benefit extended to all parties under Fla. Stat. § 57.105(7).
Jordan then asserted three independent claims of fraudulent
misrepresentation. First, Jordan alleged that the defendants know-
ingly made false representations about the soft-close features. Jor-
dan alleged that the defendants were “personally guilty of inten-
tional misconduct or gross negligence”—and thus sought, in addi-
tion to compensatory damages, an unspecified amount of punitive
damages. Second, Jordan alleged that the defendants knowingly
made false representations to him that Closet Factory was a
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“legitimate, registered business.” Lastly, Jordan alleged that the de-
fendants falsely represented that they were a licensed contractor
authorized to work under Green.
Next, Jordan asserted a claim of unjust enrichment, alleging
that he “performed all conditions, covenants, and promises re-
quired” by the terms and conditions of their contract, yet the de-
fendants either inadequately rendered or failed to render the
agreed-upon service, all while operating under false pretenses as a
legitimate business. Jordan argued that the contract was unenforce-
able under Florida law and that he was entitled to “a complete re-
fund,” totaling $17,233.52.
Jordan asserted two claims of negligence and negligence per
se against the defendants. First, Jordan alleged that the defendants
were negligent and that they committed negligence per se by
falsely representing that they were a licensed contractor. Jordan
further alleged that he suffered damages “estimated to be not less
than $17,233.52,” but would also seek punitive damages. Jordan as-
serted a claim alleging that the defendants were both negligent and
committed negligence per se by misrepresenting Closet Factory as
a legitimate business. Jordan again alleged that he suffered damages
“estimated to be not less than $17,233.52,” but would also seek pu-
nitive damages.
Lastly, Jordan alleged that the defendants violated the Flor-
ida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act by engaging in “de-
ceptive and unfair practices,” including “misrepresenting their li-
censing status, misrepresenting their positive reviews and presence
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6 Opinion of the Court 24-12229
online, operating under a non-existent business name, and making
false claims about their services.” Jordan contended that, as a result
of the defendants’ FDUTPA violations, he suffered $17,233.52 in
actual damages. Jordan then argued that, under the Act, he was en-
titled to “a civil penalty not more than $10,000.00 for each willful
violation” by the defendants and attorney’s fees and legal costs. Jor-
dan “demand[ed]” punitive damages to the maximum extent al-
lowed by law for the defendants’ willful FDUTPA violations.
In his Prayer for Relief, Jordan detailed his requested dam-
ages, explaining that he sought $17,233.52 in compensatory dam-
ages, along with any compensatory and punitive damages deter-
mined at trial for his fraudulent misrepresentation, fraud per se,
negligence, and negligence per se claims. Jordan also asked the
court to award him his entitled attorney’s fees and court costs un-
der Florida Statute § 57.105(7) and the FDUTPA.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). They discussed Jordan’s previous at-
tempts to sue them in state court, then argued that Jordan pleaded
allegations that he knew, or should have known, were false. The
defendants rebutted Jordan’s argument that Closet Factory oper-
ated as an unregistered and unlicensed business, attaching copies
of its registration with the Florida Secretary of State, its record with
the Florida Divisions of Corporations as a Florida limited liability
company with Green as the registered agent, and its contractor’s
license.
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The defendants contended that the district court must dis-
miss Jordan’s complaint for failing to allege sufficient damages to
meet the amount in controversy requirement. Specifically, the de-
fendants argued that Jordan’s complaint repeatedly requested
$17,233.52, an amount significantly short of the jurisdictional min-
imum, and that he failed to allege facts establishing that he sus-
tained damages exceeding $75,000. Jordan responded that the de-
fendants overlooked his extensive demands for “punitive damages,
statutory treble damages, and attorney and legal fees as provided
by contract and statute.” Jordan then summarized the “potential
damages in this case” in a table, which asserted an estimated mini-
mum of $389,545.40 in damages, including $17,233.52 in compen-
satory damages, $34,875 in attorney’s fees, $10,000 in civil penalties
and $17,233.52 in actual damages under the FDUTPA, and a total
of $310,203.36 in punitive damages.
The district court dismissed Jordan’s complaint. The court
noted that, although he claimed his damages exceeded $75,000, Jor-
dan asked for $17,233.52 in compensatory damages. The court ex-
plained that it could not include Jordan’s alleged punitive damages
when calculating the amount in controversy because Jordan did
not demonstrate that the defendants committed “egregious” con-
duct that qualified for punitive damages under Florida law.
The court did not address Jordan’s claim for attorney’s fees,
noting that, even if he were entitled to the alleged “reasonable legal
fee” of at least $30,000, Jordan failed to establish damages exceed-
ing $75,000. The court instructed Jordan that he had 17 days to
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8 Opinion of the Court 24-12229
amend his complaint, stating that “[a]ny amended complaint must
establish that the amount in controversy exceeded $75,000 on the
day [he] filed this action. Failure to comply with the deadline or
failure to establish jurisdiction and state a claim will result in dis-
missal for lack of jurisdiction (the case will end).” It also advised
Jordan to obtain legal advice and assistance from a member of the
Florida Bar and explained that, to the extent Jordan intends to con-
tinue to represent himself, he should familiarize himself with both
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Local Rules for the
Middle District of Florida.
Jordan filed an amended complaint, reasserting that the dis-
trict court had subject-matter jurisdiction because the complaint
was “an action for damages that exceed $75,000.00, exclusive of in-
terest, costs, and attorney’s fees.” Jordan also reasserted all nine
claims from his original complaint. Jordan further asserted three
new claims of misleading advertising, alleging that the defendants
intended to deceive customers by falsely representing in Closet
Factory advertisements that they use soft-close features, operate a
legitimate business, and have a contractor’s license. For each new
claim, Jordan sought compensatory and punitive damages. Jordan
summarized the “potential damages in this case” in a table in the
amended complaint, which asserted an estimated minimum of
$654,113.56 in damages. Jordan explained that he had calculated his
attorney’s fees by multiplying 204.5 hours, which he determined
by adding 104.5 “prior hours” and 100 “estimate” future hours, by
an hourly rate of $350, which he “obtained” from a 2022 hourly
billing rate survey from the Florida Bar.
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The defendants filed a motion to dismiss Jordan’s amended
complaint under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). They again discussed
Jordan’s previous attempts to sue them in Florida court, then re-
explained that Jordan had pleaded allegations that he knew, or
should have known, were false. They contended that Jordan’s alle-
gations were insufficient to establish the district court’s subject-
matter jurisdiction and that his complaint repeatedly alleged that
he suffered damages of $17,233.52, an amount significantly short of
the jurisdictional minimum.
The defendants rejected Jordan’s attempt to include $71,575
worth of attorney’s fees in his amount in controversy calculation,
arguing that Jordan, as a pro se litigant, cannot recover attorney’s
fees as a matter of law. They noted that Jordan alleged $465,305.04
in punitive damages for the same conduct as alleged in his original
complaint, despite the court having already held that he failed to
demonstrate that the defendants’ conduct qualified for punitive
damages. And they contended that the court must dismiss Jordan’s
amended complaint with prejudice because he “abused the privi-
lege to amend” and because allowing him another opportunity
would “be both prejudicial and futile.”
Jordan acknowledged the “general rule” that pro se litigants
cannot recover attorney’s fees, but then explained that, when esti-
mating his attorney’s fees, he included fees “for potential legal rep-
resentation and statutory attorney’s fees.” Jordan then argued that,
as the FDUTPA authorized civil penalties up to $10,000 per willful
violation, his “nine separate FDUTPA violation” allegations
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10 Opinion of the Court 24-12229
independently exceeded the jurisdictional minimum. Lastly, Jor-
dan contended that, under our “clear and controlling” guidance,
the district court erred in its previous dismissal order by disregard-
ing his punitive damages “on an assessment of the merits.”
The district court dismissed Jordan’s amended complaint. In
its order, the court stated that Jordan “must show that the defend-
ants committed ‘egregious’ conduct supporting [his] claim” for the
court to have included his alleged punitive damages in the amount
in controversy. The court found that, by reasserting his original
complaint’s claims in his amended complaint, Jordan disregarded
its earlier order’s determinations that he had failed to establish that
he might recover punitive damages and that the defendants “effec-
tively rebut[ted]” his claims that they fraudulently operated a busi-
ness. The court rejected Jordan’s contention that his pleadings of-
fered “detailed factual assertions,” explaining that his “conclusory”
allegations “fail[ed] to support Jordan’s claim for punitive dam-
ages.”
The court found Jordan’s argument for attorney’s fees una-
vailing, explaining that nothing in the record supported the idea
that Jordan paid an attorney to work on his case. The court con-
cluded that Jordan failed to show that the amount in controversy
exceeded $75,000 on the day that he filed the lawsuit. After noting
that Jordan’s amended complaint was his fourth attempt to initiate
litigation against the defendants after two state courts had already
dismissed his complaint, the court granted the defendants’ motion
and dismissed Jordan’s amended complaint with prejudice.
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Jordan appealed.
II.
When reviewing the district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(1)
motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, we review
the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings
for clear error. Odyssey Marine Expl., Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked
Vessel, 657 F.3d 1159, 1169 (11th Cir. 2011).
III.
Jordan argues that the district court erred in its amount in
controversy analysis. Specifically, he contends that the district
court failed to properly account for his pleaded attorney’s fees, his
asserted entitlement to civil penalties under the FDUTPA, and his
pleaded punitive damages. We take each in turn.
Diversity jurisdiction exists in a civil action if the amount in
controversy exceeds $75,000 and the parties are citizens of different
states. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). “State law is relevant to th[e] deter-
mination [of the amount in controversy] insofar as it defines the
nature and extent of the right plaintiff seeks to enforce.” Duderwicz
v. Sweetwater Sav. Ass’n, 595 F.2d 1008, 1012 (5th Cir. 1979) (internal
quotations and citation omitted).
We begin with Jordan’s pleaded attorney’s fees. Jordan ar-
gues that his $71,575.00 in attorney’s fees and his $17,233.52 in
compensatory damages exceeds the jurisdictional threshold. But
we have held that pro se litigants are entitled to an award of attor-
ney’s fees only to the extent that the “services of an attorney were
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utilized and fees incurred.” Barrett v. Bureau of Customs, 651 F.2d
1087, 1089 (5th Cir. 1981); Clarkson v. IRS, 678 F.2d 1368, 1371 (11th
Cir. 1982). Here, as a factual matter, the district court found that
“[n]othing in the record shows that Jordan paid an attorney to work
on this action.” We cannot say that the district court clearly erred
in this finding.
Next, we address Jordan’s asserted entitlement to civil pen-
alties under the FDUTPA. According to Jordan, “Florida law au-
thorizes substantial civil penalties for willful violations of
FDUTPA, which must be included in the amount in controversy
calculation.” But the FDUTPA provides that civil penalties may be
recovered in actions brought by the “enforcing authority,” which
is either the Office of the State Attorney or the Department of Le-
gal Affairs. Fla. Stat. §§ 501.203(2), 501.2075. Since this action was
brought by a private individual—not the “enforcing authority”—a
civil penalty is unavailable under the FDUTPA.
Lastly, we address Jordan’s pleaded punitive damages. Puni-
tive damages must be considered when determining the jurisdic-
tional amount in controversy “unless it is apparent to a legal cer-
tainty that such cannot be recovered.” Holley Equip. Co. v. Credit All.
Corp., 821 F.2d 1531, 1535 (11th Cir. 1987). There are two ways in
which a court may conclude, to a legal certainty, that the jurisdic-
tional amount in controversy has not been met. Barry v. Edmunds,
116 U.S. 550, 559 (1886). First, the court may conclude, as a matter
of law, that the jurisdictional amount is not recoverable, such as
where the nature of the action caps the amount that is recoverable.
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Id. at 559-60. Second, the court may find, as a matter of fact, that
the amount of claimed damages has been projected beyond the
amount of a reasonable expectation of recovery, but such a finding
must rest on facts in the record. Id.
Here, Jordan alleged entitlement to nine separate counts of
punitive damages totaling $51,700.56 each (for a grand total of
$465,305.04). Florida law allows punitive damages for Jordan’s tort
claims, Jordan alleged the statutory maximum in damages for each
claim, and—from the face of Jordan’s amended complaint—it does
not appear that he made these allegations solely to establish juris-
diction. See Fla. Stat. §§ 768.72, 768.73(1)(a). The district court ex-
cluded these damages when calculating the amount in controversy,
but, in doing so, did not find it was apparent to a “legal certainty”
that Jordan could not recover punitive damages. In light of Jordan’s
allegation of fraudulent conduct, we also cannot say that he cannot
recover punitive damages to a legal certainty. Accordingly, we can-
not say that Jordan lacks the right to punitive damages to the de-
gree of legal certainty that would preclude him from relying on a
contested claim to punitive damages to meet the amount in con-
troversy.
IV.
We REVERSE the order of dismissal for lack of subject-mat-
ter jurisdiction and REMAND for further proceedings not incon-
sistent with this opinion.