The opinion
04/14/2025
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
September 11, 2024 Session
JANICE L. RUIZ v. BUTTS FOODS, L.P., ET AL.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Madison County
No. 81762 Steven W. Maroney, Chancellor
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No. W2023-01053-COA-R3-CV
___________________________________
The plaintiff filed this lawsuit against her joint employers, asserting sexual harassment/
hostile work environment, retaliation, and other related claims. The employers filed a
motion to compel arbitration. The plaintiff opposed the motion and invoked the Ending
Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, 9 U.S.C. §§ 401-
-402. The trial court deemed the Act applicable and denied the motion to compel
arbitration. The employers appeal. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
and Remanded
CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN
STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., joined.
Erica Nicole Johnson, Memphis, Tennessee, and Wesley Redmond, pro hac vice,
Birmingham, Alabama, for the appellants, Butts Foods, L.P., and Quirch Foods, LLC.
Jason Andrew Lee, Mount Juliet, Tennessee, for the appellee, Janice Ruiz.
OPINION
I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Janice Ruiz began working for Butts Foods, LP, and Quirch Foods, LLC, in January
2022. Within a few weeks, she was allegedly “subjected to a sexually hostile work
environment and sexual harassment” due to comments and actions by manager James
Goodrich. The harassment worsened over time, and Ms. Ruiz reported the sexual
harassment to the general manager in April 2022. No action was taken, and the sexual
harassment continued over the following months. In August 2022, Ms. Ruiz reported the
sexual harassment to the human resources manager. As a result, Ms. Ruiz’s “workspace”
was moved, but she was still required to work around Mr. Goodrich, and he continued to
make comments. He allegedly turned other employees against Ms. Ruiz and encouraged
them to give her “cold shoulder treatment,” so she was excluded from events, making her
job more difficult.
In September 2022, Ms. Ruiz filed this lawsuit against Butts Foods and Quirch
Foods, whom she referred to collectively as her “joint-employer,” and she also named Mr.
Goodrich as a defendant. Her complaint, as amended, asserted eight separate counts,
including “Count I - Sexual Harassment, Sexually Hostile Work Environment, Hostile
Work Environment due to Sex and Sexual Discrimination under the Tennessee Human
Rights Act” and “Count II – Retaliation under the Tennessee Human Rights Act.” Her
remaining counts alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent infliction of
emotional distress, negligence (in failing to protect Ms. Ruiz), gross
negligence/recklessness, negligent supervision/training/retention, and battery.
The employers filed a motion to compel arbitration. They asserted that Ms. Ruiz
had agreed to an arbitration agreement, as a condition of her employment, requiring her to
resolve all disputes arising out of the employment relationship through dispute resolution
including binding arbitration. They asserted that the agreement was binding and governed
by the Federal Arbitration Act. The employers acknowledged the recent passage of the
Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, 9 U.S.C.
§§ 401--402, which provides, in pertinent part:
(a) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, at the
election of the person alleging conduct constituting a sexual harassment
dispute or sexual assault dispute, . . . no predispute arbitration agreement . . .
shall be valid or enforceable with respect to a case which is filed under
Federal, Tribal, or State law and relates to the sexual assault dispute or the
sexual harassment dispute.
9 U.S.C. § 402(a).1 However, the Act applies “with respect to any dispute or claim that
arises or accrues on or after the date of enactment of this Act [March 3, 2022].” Pub. L.
No. 117-90, § 3, 136 Stat. 26, 28 (Mar. 3, 2022). As such, the employers argued that Ms.
Ruiz’s claims for sexual harassment “allegedly began” before the enactment of the Act,
and therefore, it did not apply. The employers pointed to the allegations in Ms. Ruiz’s
complaint that she began work in January 2022 and the hostile work environment began
within a few weeks. They conceded that Ms. Ruiz also alleged that the harassment
1
The “Definitions” section of the Act provides that “[t]he term ‘sexual harassment dispute’ means
a dispute relating to conduct that is alleged to constitute sexual harassment under applicable Federal, Tribal,
or State law.” 9 U.S.C. § 401(4).
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continued after the March 3, 2022 date of enactment. Still, the employers argued that her
sexual harassment claims were not subject to the Act because the harassment began before
its passage. In addition, the employers argued that the Act would not apply in any event to
the other claims asserted in the complaint, beyond sexual harassment and hostile work
environment, so those additional claims must be arbitrated.
Ms. Ruiz filed a response, opposing the motion to compel arbitration. She argued
that the Act applied because even though the harassment admittedly began within a few
weeks, it worsened over time, which caused her to first report the harassment at the point
when it became severe in April 2022, after the March 3 effective date of the Act. She also
noted that the harassment, according to the complaint, continued for months until she
reported it again in August 2022. Ms. Ruiz also pointed out that she alleged retaliation that
occurred thereafter, in response to her reports. Thus, she argued that the “vast majority”
of the acts occurred after March 3, 2022, and therefore, her sexual harassment and hostile
work environment claim arose or accrued after that date as well. Ms. Ruiz argued that a
sexual harassment claim only becomes actionable when the conduct becomes severe or
pervasive. She acknowledged that the Act was relatively new but argued that her position
was supported by the decision of at least one federal district court that had addressed the
issue. Ms. Ruiz also argued that the employers’ attempt to “carve[] out” her related tort
claims for arbitration was not supported by the language of the Act or relevant caselaw.
She noted that the Act itself provides that the arbitration agreement is invalid and
unenforceable “with respect to a case which is filed under Federal, Tribal, or State law and
relates to the . . . sexual harassment dispute.” 9 U.S.C. § 402(a) (emphasis added). Thus,
Ms. Ruiz contended that the entire case was not subject to arbitration.
After a hearing, the trial court entered an order denying the employers’ motion to
compel arbitration. The trial court found that the allegations in the complaint met the
statutory definition of a “sexual harassment dispute” within the meaning of the Act, and
therefore, the Act, if applicable, would give Ms. Ruiz the right to opt out of the arbitration
agreement and seek redress for her claims in this lawsuit. The trial court noted the
employers’ argument that the Act was inapplicable, “not because of the character of her
claims, but rather, the timing of those claims.” At the outset, the trial court noted that
another chancery court in Tennessee had recently considered the applicability of the Act
and found that it applied to the case before it, even though the entirety of the offensive
sexual conduct occurred prior to March 3, 2022, so long as the lawsuit was filed after March
3, 2022. The trial court noted that, under that logic, the Act would apply to the present
case as well. However, given that the other chancery court’s decision had been appealed
and was subject to reversal, the trial court made an alternative finding in the event that the
applicability of the Act was to be considered “only with respect to the timing of the
underlying conduct alone and not the time of filing of a lawsuit based upon that conduct.”
Based on its review of the complaint, the trial court found that “at least some” of the
sexually offensive conduct began prior to March 3, 2022. However, the trial court pointed
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out that the complaint also set forth “an exhaustive list” of examples of sexually offensive
conduct that occurred after March 3. The trial court found that the “pre-March 3” conduct
appeared to consist of “frequent sexual comments” by Mr. Goodrich, comments about him
having affairs, and one instance in which he pulled Ms. Ruiz’s hair in a sexual manner and
made a suggestive comment. However, the trial court also noted the position of Ms. Ruiz
that such conduct was repeated after March 3 and therefore constituted a continuing
violation, or part of an overall constellation of activity that constituted a hostile work
environment. On the other hand, the employers suggested that the claim arose or accrued
on the first date of sexually offensive conduct, which was prior to March 3.
The trial court found that a cause of action for sexual harassment generally does not
“accrue” until the working environment has become sufficiently hostile or abusive that it
alters the employee’s working conditions. The trial court further noted that, in the context
of considering statute of limitations issues for sexual harassment claims under the THRA,
Tennessee courts have considered whether the underlying conduct constituted individual
discrete events or collectively represented a continuing violation. The trial court
recognized that in the event of a continuing violation, the cause of action does not accrue
until the latest of the series of offensive acts. In that context, the trial court noted, courts
consider three factors to determine whether the defendant’s conduct was a series of discrete
acts or a continuing violation – subject matter, frequency, and, to some extent, the degree
of permanence. Finally, the trial court noted that hostile work environment harassment
occurs where conduct unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work performance or
creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.2
Applying these considerations to the present case, the trial court found that the
complaint alleged that the sexual harassment by Mr. Goodrich reached a level of severity
in April 2022 “such that she reported it to management,” but this failed to stop the
harassment. The trial court found that Ms. Ruiz made an additional complaint in August
2
As we noted in Phelps v. State, 634 S.W.3d 721, 727-28 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2021) (quoting Campbell
v Fla. Steel Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26, 31 (Tenn. 1996)),
To prevail on a hostile work environment claim in a sexual harassment case, an employee
must assert and prove that (1) the employee is a member of a protected class; (2) the
employee was subjected to unwelcomed sexual harassment; (3) the harassment occurred
because of the employee’s gender; (4) the harassment affected a term, condition, or
privilege of employment; and (5) the employer knew, or should have known of the
harassment and failed to respond with prompt and appropriate corrective action.
However, “[t]o be considered severe or pervasive enough to be actionable, the harassing conduct must be
to such a degree that the workplace becomes so permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule or
insult that it alters the conditions of employment.” McCain v. Saint Thomas Med. Partners, No. M2020-
00880-COA-R3-CV, 2021 WL 2156912, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 27, 2021) (quoting Potter v. Yapp USA
Auto. Sys., Inc., No. M2019-01351-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 2611681, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 22, 2020),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 8, 2020)).
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2022, which led to the alleged retaliation for her reports, causing a direct impact on her
ability to perform her job. As such, the trial court concluded that “the offensive conduct
first became sufficiently hostile or abusive so as to alter Plaintiff’s working conditions” in
April 2022, which was “well past the March 3, 2022 date when the EFAA became
applicable.” The trial court further held that the allegations in the complaint “amount to a
continuing violation.” The court found that the complaint alleged the same types of
offensive conduct occurring on a repeated basis, with frequency, and continuing past the
effective date of March 3. Thus, the court held, “the offensive conduct amounted to a
continuing violation,” and the claim did not accrue until the last offensive act, after March
3.
The trial court also considered the employers’ arguments regarding the additional
claims asserted in this case. The trial court found that Ms. Ruiz’s first two counts – for
sexual harassment and retaliation – clearly addressed claims covered by the scope of the
Act, but she had also alleged several other claims. Quoting 9 U.S.C. § 402, the trial court
noted that the Act applies to “a case” filed under federal or state law that relates to the
sexual harassment dispute. Thus, the trial court concluded that the “case” would refer to
the legal proceeding as an undivided whole, without differentiating among the causes of
action asserted therein. Accordingly, it found that all of the claims asserted in the
complaint were removed from the arbitration requirement and subject to litigation in court.
The motion to compel arbitration was denied. The employers filed a notice of appeal in
July 2023.
II. ISSUES PRESENTED
The employers present the following issues for review on appeal:
1. Did the Chancery Court mistakenly apply the Ending Forced
Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 to Count
I of Plaintiff-Appellee’s Complaint, which is a sexual harassment/hostile
work environment claim, that would permit Plaintiff to change the form of
her claim from arbitration to court?
2. Did the Chancery Court mistakenly apply the Ending Forced
Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 to Counts
II through VIII of Plaintiff-Appellee’s Complaint, which are non-sexual
harassment claims, that would permit Plaintiff to change the forum of her
claim from arbitration to court?
For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the chancery court.
III. DISCUSSION
“By passing the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual
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Harassment Act of 2021 (EFAA), Congress has begun to chip away at the breadth of the
FAA.” Steinberg v. Capgemini Am., Inc., No. CV 22-489, 2022 WL 3371323, at *2 (E.D.
Pa. Aug. 16, 2022). “Enacted in 2022, the EFAA is the first major amendment in the
history of the FAA.” Olivieri v. Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., Inc., 112 F.4th 74, 84 (2d Cir.
2024). The Act “pulls back on the long-held presumption towards arbitration where sexual
harassment is concerned,” and it “unequivocally ends the era of employers being able to
unilaterally compel arbitration in sexual harassment cases.” Steinberg, 2022 WL 3371323,
at *2. The purpose of the Act, according to the House Judiciary Committee’s Report, was
to prohibit “forced arbitration” in cases involving sexual harassment because “‘the
arbitration system lacks transparency and precedential guidance of the justice system’ and
is ‘shielded from public scrutiny,’ and ‘there is no guarantee that the relevant law will be
applied to these disputes or that fundamental notions of fairness and equity will be upheld
in the process.’” Johnson v. Everyrealm, Inc., 657 F.Supp.3d 535, 561 n.22 (S.D.N.Y.
2023) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 117-234, at 3 (2022)). “However, the Congressional Record
demonstrates that while Congress felt public policy required the legislation to stop
protecting predators and to stop silencing survivors, Congress specifically considered
whether to make the Ending Forced Arbitration Act retroactive and chose not to do so.”
Preciado v. Concorde Career Colleges, Inc., No. 3:22-CV-1745-JR, 2023 WL 3742981,
at *4 (D. Or. Apr. 19, 2023), report and recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 3737882 (D.
Or. May 31, 2023). Instead, the Act applies “with respect to any dispute or claim that arises
or accrues on or after the date of enactment of this Act [March 3, 2022].” Pub. L. No. 117-
90, § 3, 136 Stat. 26 (Mar. 3, 2022). Thus, “[w]hile the Act represents a significant sea
change in the enforcement of arbitration provisions, Congress has chosen to temper that
change through prospective rather than retrospective applicability.” Zinsky v. Russin, No.
2:22-CV-547, 2022 WL 2906371, at *4 (W.D. Pa. July 22, 2022).
Because the Act became effective on March 3, 2022, very few cases had addressed
the issues before us at the time of the proceedings in the trial court, which spanned from
September 2022 to June 2023. In light of the fact that the Act has now been in effect for
three years, we have the benefit of additional cases interpreting it and applying it, including
one case from the Tennessee Court of Appeals, one case from a federal district court in
Tennessee, and a couple of cases from federal circuit courts of appeals.
A. Effective Date & Accrual of the Claim
Soon after the passage of the Act, several courts had occasion to consider whether
it applied to cases in which all of the offensive conduct at issue occurred prior to its date
of enactment, but the case was filed thereafter. As previously noted, the trial court in this
case recognized that another Tennessee chancery court had held that the Act applied even
where all of the offensive conduct occurred prior to March 3, 2022, so long as the complaint
was filed thereafter. This Court recently resolved the appeal in that case and reversed the
chancery court’s ruling to that effect, in Grimsley v. Patterson Co., LLC, No. M2022-
00987-COA-R3-CV, 2023 WL 7327720 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 7, 2023).
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In Grimsley, the plaintiff had filed suit in Williamson County Chancery Court,
alleging a “sexually hostile work environment” and sexual harassment. Id. at *1. The
plaintiff had resigned from her employment in December 2021 and filed her complaint on
March 16, 2022. Id. On appeal, the plaintiff argued that “the claim or dispute did not arise
or accrue until the civil action was filed or alternatively the later date when the company
moved, in response, to compel arbitration,” and both of those dates were after March 3,
2022. Id. at *2. However, we found that neither of those dates was controlling. Id. We
concluded that the Act did not govern her case because her “claim or dispute” did not arise
or accrue on or after the Act’s effective date. Id. at *2-3. The plaintiff suggested that the
pivotal language regarding the effective date of the Act should be read to link the word
“claim” with “arises” and “dispute” with “accrues,” indicating that Congress intended to
treat those words differently. Id. at *3. She interpreted “arises” to mean “the date the
Plaintiff knew or should have known of a dispute,” while “accrues” would mean “the date
the lawsuit was filed (or the date the dispute accrued related to the arbitration provision).”
Id. However, we were not aware of any court decision, at that time, reading the language
of the Act in that manner. Id. We found that “the vast majority” of courts that had
considered the issue had rejected arguments akin to those advanced by the plaintiff,
although two had read the statute broadly in the way she suggested, “emphasizing the
importance of the act of filing.” Id. Still, we explained that the clear majority of courts
had rejected such a reading of the statute for, collectively, at least ten different reasons. Id.
at *4.
“One,” some courts had observed that “a conventional interpretation of the critical
terms governing the effective date leads to an understanding that the latest potential date
that a dispute or claim arises or accrues is the date when a plaintiff becomes aware of her
injuries.” Id. (citing Walters v. Starbucks Corp., 623 F.Supp.3d 333, 338 (S.D.N.Y. 2022);
Newcombe-Dierl v. Amgen, No. CV 22-2155-DMG (MRWx), 2022 WL 3012211, at *5
(C.D. Cal. May 26, 2022)). Two, that “conventional understanding” of the critical terms
“is in accordance with how courts have interpreted similar language in the context of Title
VII sexual harassment claims in which the key dates are linked to when the plaintiff knew
or should have known of the discriminatory act or when the adverse employment action is
taken.” Id. (citing Marshall v. Hum. Servs. of Se. Texas, Inc., No. 1:21-CV-529, 2023 WL
1818214, at *3 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 7, 2023); Palmer v. Johns Island Post Acute, LLC, No. CV
2:22-3432-RMG-KDW, 2023 WL 4409038, at *8 (D.S.C. Mar. 7, 2023), report and
recommendation adopted, No. 2:22-CV-3432-RMG, 2023 WL 4117366 (D.S.C. June 22,
2023)). “As for why this well-established interpretation of Title VII language is persuasive
when interpreting this Act, a court observed that the Act ‘should be interpreted in
accordance with these well-settled accrual principles that apply to harassment claims—the
very claims that are the heart of the’ Act.’” Id. (citing Olivieri v. Stifel, Nicolaus & Co.,
Inc., No. 21-CV-0046 (JMA) (ARL), 2023 WL 2740846, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2023),
perm. app. filed (2d Cir. Apr. 21, 2023)). Three, courts had concluded that a claim or
dispute related to sexual harassment cannot arise or accrue after the employee is no longer
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employed by the employer. Id. (citing Bopda v. Comcast of the Dist., LLC, No. CV PJM
22-2889, 2023 WL 6292767, at *3 (D. Md. Sept. 27, 2023); Palmer, 2023 WL 4409038,
at *8). Four, in setting the effective date of the Act, Congress did not employ language
related to case filing but instead utilized language referencing the claim or dispute arising
or accruing, even though in another section of the Act, Congress did employ language
regarding case filing. Id. (citing Barnes v. Festival Fun Parks, LLC, No. 3:22-CV-165,
2023 WL 4209745, at *9 (W.D. Pa. June 27, 2023)). Fifth, courts had observed that
dictionary definitions “differentiate dispute and claim by the point in time they come into
existence, indicating that a dispute is an underlying conflict which will later give rise to the
lawsuit while a claim refers to an existing right which may be the object of a lawsuit.” Id.
(quoting Barnes, 2023 WL 4209745 at *10). Sixth, the “plain language” of the Act
indicates that the claim or dispute refers to the claim or dispute of sexual harassment, not
a dispute regarding arbitrability. Id. (citing Steinberg, 2022 WL 3371323, at *2). Seventh,
the Act refers to a “predispute arbitration agreement,” signaling the use of “dispute” refers
to the discriminatory conduct underlying the complaint. Id. (citing Barnes, 2023 WL
4209745, at *10). Eighth, use of the phrase “arises or accrues” provided for prospective
rather than retrospective application of the Act. Id. at *5 (citing Zinsky, 2022 WL 2906371,
at *4). Ninth, “in cases where the underlying actions involved state claims, courts have
looked to state court interpretations of the terms ‘arise’ and ‘accrue’ which have been
linked to injury and discovery.” Id. (citing Palmer, 2023 WL 4409038, at *8; Zinsky, 2022
WL, at *3). And finally, a court had considered the legislative history of the Act and
determined that “the only backward-looking impact of the measure is application as to
arbitration agreements signed prior to the effective date of the Act but that the sexual
harassment conduct itself would have to be after the passage of the Act to be within the
reach of the statutory provision.” Id. (citing Barnes, 2023 WL 4209745, at *11).
After summarizing these ten reasons given by courts across the country, the
Grimsley court proceeded to examine Tennessee law. Id. We noted that Tennessee courts
had frequently applied the language “arise and accrue,” for example, in considering
limitations periods and venue decisions. Id. In those contexts, Tennessee courts had
“repeatedly concluded that they reference conduct predating the filing of a lawsuit.” Id.
(citing Akers v. Sessions Paving Co., No. M2012-02602-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 4107622,
at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 14, 2014); Dobson v.
Marion Cnty., No. M2004-02154-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 1026422, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Apr. 18, 2006); Parrish v. Marquis, No. W1999-02629-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1051842,
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2000); Pilcher v. Carroll, 15 Tenn. App. 423, 425-26 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1932)). Thus, the meaning that Tennessee courts had given to these words in
other contexts aligned with the majority understanding of the Act. Id.
Even assuming for purposes of argument that the terms claim and dispute and arise
and accrue should be interpreted as having different meanings, we said we would still
conclude that the Grimsley case did not fall within the ambit of the Act. Id. We concluded
that “the term ‘dispute’ is linked with the underlying conduct giving rise to the claim, not
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to a dispute over arbitrability,” which eliminated the latest date suggested by Ms. Grimsley
-- the date of the filing of a motion to compel arbitration. Id. In addition, we found that
Congress simply had not provided for the filing date to be controlling as the effective date
of the Act. Id. Therefore, “whatever variations may exist” in the critical terms, we could
not say that the claim or dispute arose or accrued after the last date of employment. Id.
Thus, the Act did not apply to the facts in Grimsley, where all of the offensive conduct pre-
dated the Act, but the case was filed days after it became effective.3 Id.
Several other courts have now considered factual situations more like the one before
us, where the alleged sexual harassment began before the effective date of the Act and
continued to occur thereafter. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
recently considered one such case in Olivieri v. Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., Inc., 112 F.4th 74
(2d Cir. 2024). At the outset, the Court succinctly summarized its decision as follows:
As we explain below, we agree with the district court that the EFAA applies
in this case. By its terms, the statute applies with respect to “any dispute or
claim that accrues on or after” the Effective Date. Pub. L. No. 117-90, § 3,
136 Stat. at 28. The term “accrue” means the same thing under the EFAA as
it does in the statute-of-limitations context. Pursuant to the continuing
violation doctrine, the statute of limitations for hostile work environment
claims runs from the time of the last act in the continuing course of
discriminatory or retaliatory conduct. Olivieri began to experience a
retaliatory hostile work environment before the Effective Date, but the
continuing course of conduct that underlies her retaliatory hostile
environment claim persisted after the EFAA was enacted. Her claim thus
accrued after the Effective Date, the EFAA applies in this case, and she was
permitted to invalidate her arbitration agreement.
Id. at 77-78. The Court then went on to elaborate as to its reasoning. It framed the “central
issue” on appeal as whether the claims accrued on or after the effective date. Id. at 85. The
defendants argued that the claims had already accrued before the effective date of March
3, 2022, so the Act did not apply. Id. “According to them,” the Court explained, “a claim
3
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit recently affirmed a similar ruling determining
accrual based on the date of the alleged conduct. In Bopda v. Comcast of the Dist., LLC, No. CV PJM 22-
2889, 2023 WL 6292767, at *3 (D. Md. Sept. 27, 2023), aff’d, No. 23-2148, 2024 WL 399081 (4th Cir.
Feb. 2, 2024), the federal district court held that the plaintiff’s sexual harassment claim “accrued before
March 2022 as his employment with Comcast ran from October through December 2021.” Thus, the Act
did not apply because the plaintiff’s claims “accrued before passage of the EFAA,” even though his
complaint was filed in September 2022. Id. at *2-3. The Fourth Circuit summarily affirmed, stating, “The
Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, 9 U.S.C. §§ 401 to 402
(EFAA), does not apply retroactively to claims that accrued before its enactment on March 3, 2022, and
Bopda’s other assignments of error are plainly meritless.” Bopda v. Comcast of the Dist., LLC, No. 23-
2148, 2024 WL 399081, at *1 (4th Cir. Feb. 2, 2024).
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accrues when it first becomes actionable.” Id. (emphasis added). The defendants reasoned
that it would be illogical to hold that the “claims accrued both before and after the EFAA,
making her claims somehow both arbitrable and not.” Id. The plaintiff, on the other hand,
argued that her hostile work environment claims were subject to the continuing violation
doctrine, and as a result, they accrued after the effective date of the Act. Id. She alleged
that because she continued to experience a retaliatory hostile work environment after the
EFAA was enacted, her claims “continued to accrue post-EFAA under the continuing
violation doctrine.” Id.
The Court agreed with the plaintiff, beginning with another brief overview of its
reasoning:
To get there, we consider what it means for a claim to “accrue,” and conclude
that the concept is tightly bound with the operation of statutes of limitations.
Thus, when a claim accrues turns on the law applicable to the type of claim
in question. In the context of claims subject to the continuing violation
doctrine, a claim first accrues when the plaintiff has an actionable claim; but
because such a claim is a single and indivisible claim arising from numerous
specific acts undertaken in a continuing course, the claim reaccrues—it is
essentially reborn—with each successive act that is part of that continuing
course. We reject Defendants’ arguments that in the EFAA Congress
intended the phrase “any . . . claim . . . accrues” to mean only when a claim
“first accrues,” that the term in the EFAA has something other than its
accepted legal meaning, that our interpretation leads to absurd results, and
that we are impermissibly applying the EFAA retroactively.
Id. As the Court explained, when a claim “accrues” depends on the nature of the claim,
and “[s]ome causes of action accrue serially: they accrue (and reaccrue) pursuant to the
continuing violation doctrine.” Id. at 87-88. A hostile work environment claim is one
common type of claim that is subject to the continuing violation doctrine. Id. at 88. Unlike
discrete acts, the very nature of a hostile work environment claim involves repeated
conduct. Id. (citing National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 115 (2002)).
“A hostile work environment generally doesn’t occur on any one day; it emerges ‘over a
series of days or perhaps years.’” Id. (quoting Morgan, 536 U.S. at 115). “It is this
‘constellation of events’ that gives rise to a hostile work environment claim. Id. (quoting
King v. Aramark Services, Inc., 96 F.4th 546, 560 (2d Cir. 2024)). As such, under the
continuing violation doctrine, “such claims do not accrue—and the statute of limitations
period does not begin to run—‘until the last discriminatory act in furtherance of’ the hostile
work environment.” Id. (quoting Tassy v. Buttigieg, 51 F.4th 521, 532 (2d Cir. 2022)).
“[S]uch claims accrue, and reaccrue, each time the defendant commits an act that is part of
the same course of harassing conduct.” Id. So, although the Second Circuit agreed with
the defendants that “a claim accrues when it ‘comes into existence,’” the Court explained
that this definition was not “the end of the matter.” Id. “A hostile work environment claim
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continues to accrue, or reaccrues, each time the defendant engages in an act that is ‘part of
the ongoing, discriminatory practice that created a hostile work environment.’” Id.
(quoting King, 96 F.4th at 561). “[S]uch claims can have multiple accrual dates.” Id. at
89.
In light of these principles, the Court explained that the defendants’ argument about
the claim having already accrued prior to the effective date “might make sense in the
context of a claim for which there is a single accrual date, but not in the context of a claim
subject to the continuing violation doctrine.” Id. at 88-89. Under the continuing violation
doctrine, the plaintiff’s claim “did accrue before the EFAA was enacted. And it reaccrued
with each successive act that was part of the single continuing course of conduct underlying
the hostile work environment claims.” Id. at 89. The Court noted that Congress had used
language in multiple other statutes regarding when a claim “first accrues,” but it did not do
so here. Id. Moreover, the Court deemed it appropriate to presume that Congress intended
this meaning of accrual when “the EFAA applies to ‘sexual harassment dispute[s],’ 9
U.S.C. § 402, which are prototypical ‘hostile work environment’ claims[.]” Id. “Congress
knew that the accrual rules that apply to hostile work environment claims would come into
play in such cases.” Id. at 90. Thus, there was “nothing absurd about concluding that an
indivisible but continuing claim accrued both before the enactment of the EFAA and after,”
given that “hostile work environment claims accrue in just such a manner.” Id. Applying
these principles to the facts before it, the Court explained that “if Olivieri has alleged that
upon her return [after March 3] Defendants engaged in acts that are part of the same course
of conduct underlying her hostile work environment claims, those claims have accrued
after the EFAA’s effective date.” Id. at 92. She had “so alleged,” so the Act applied. Id.
Many other courts have likewise held that the Act applied in cases where the
relevant conduct occurred both before and after March 3, 2022, determining the accrual
date by applying the continuing violation doctrine. See, e.g., Cardenas v. F.D. Thomas,
Inc., No. 2:24-CV-01814-DAD-JDP, 2025 WL 418753, at *7-8 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2025)
(“[P]laintiffs’ complaint includes specific allegations of repeated sexual harassment that
started before enactment of the EFAA and continued throughout until each plaintiff’s
employment with defendant ended. . . . [P]laintiffs have alleged a continuing violation such
that their claim for sexual harassment hostile work environment accrued after enactment
of the EFAA.”); Hix v. Dave & Buster’s Mgmt. Corp., Inc., No. 3:23-CV-623-AR, 2023
WL 9425283, at *7 (D. Or. Nov. 14, 2023), report and recommendation adopted, 2024
WL 326592 (D. Or. Jan. 29, 2024) (holding that “[t]he EFAA [] applies to plaintiffs’ hostile
work environment claims” where there was “conduct straddling the EFAA’s effective date”
but “the cases are consistent with the view that a sexual harassment claim accrues on the
date of the last act that is part of the alleged hostile work environment”); Betancourt v.
Rivian Auto., LLC, No. 22-1299-JES-JEH, 2023 WL 5352892, at *5 (C.D. Ill. Aug. 21,
2023) (“The Plaintiff here has pled that she was subjected to sexual harassment and a
hostile work environment which started in December 2021 and continued until she left her
employment in April 2022. The alleged misconduct represents a continuing violation
- 11 -
which was ongoing on the date the EFAA was enacted with the result that the Arbitration
Agreement and joint-action waiver are nonenforceable.”); Watson v. Blaze Media LLC,
No. 3:23-CV-0279-B, 2023 WL 5004144, at *3 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 3, 2023) (“According to
Blaze, Watson could have brought her claims ‘as early as December 3, 2021.’ Thus, Blaze
argues, Watson’s ‘dispute or claims accrued prior to March 3, 2022.’ Because Watson
alleges a continuing violation under Title VII, the Court disagrees. . . . [C]ourts have
concluded that, for purposes of the EFAA, hostile work environment claims could accrue
on the date of the last act contributing to the violation.”) (record citations omitted); Delo v.
Paul Taylor Dance Found., Inc., 685 F.Supp.3d 173, 187 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (“The post-
March 3, 2022 allegations can thus be considered acts that ‘contribute’ to the hostile work
environment, and as such, Delo’s claim accrued after the EFAA’s enactment date.”); Doe
v. Second St. Corp., 105 Cal. App. 5th 552, 571-72 (2024) (“We agree with the federal
authorities cited above that the EFAA applies where a plaintiff alleges a course of sexually
harassing conduct that occurs both before and after the EFAA’s enactment. . . . [W]e
presume that when Congress used the word ‘accrue’ in the EFAA, it intended to import the
meaning of ‘accrue’ developed by federal and state courts over many years in the context
of sexual harassment claims—that is, that a sexual harassment claim asserting a continuing
violation ‘accrues’ on the date of the last act constituting such violation, even if the conduct
could have been actionable earlier.”).
Here, Ms. Ruiz has asserted a claim for hostile work environment sexual harassment
under the Tennessee Human Rights Act. “It is beyond dispute that the THRA applies to
claims of employment discrimination on the basis of hostile work environment sexual
harassment.” Spicer v. Beaman Bottling Co., 937 S.W.2d 884, 888 (Tenn. 1996), overruled
on other grounds by Booker v. The Boeing Co., 188 S.W.3d 639 (Tenn. 2006) (citing
Campbell, 919 S.W.2d at 31). Such a claim is governed by the one-year statute of
limitations in Tennessee Code Annotated section 4-21-311(d), which provides that “[a]
civil cause of action under this section shall be filed in chancery court or circuit court within
one (1) year after the alleged discriminatory practice ceases[.]” McCain, 2021 WL
2156912, at *4 (emphasis added). “The term ‘‘ceases’ connotes and contemplates an
ongoing course of conduct.” Id. at *5 (quoting Booker, 188 S.W.3d at 648). “Thus, by
using the word ‘ceases’ the General Assembly incorporated the continuing violation
doctrine into the THRA’s statute of limitations.”4 Jackson v. City of Cleveland, No. E2015-
4
We recognize that the EFAA provides that “[a]n issue as to whether this chapter applies with
respect to a dispute shall be determined under Federal law.” 9 U.S.C. § 402(b). However, the Act applies
“with respect to a case which is filed under Federal, Tribal, or State law.” Id. § 402(a). Here, the plaintiff
asserts a state law claim under the THRA. As we noted in Grimsley, “in cases where the underlying actions
involved state claims, courts have looked to state court interpretations of the terms ‘arise’ and ‘accrue’
which have been linked to injury and discovery.” 2023 WL 7327720, at *5. This Court likewise looked to
“[t]he meaning that Tennessee state courts ha[d] given these words[.]” Id. Likewise, in Zinsky, 2022 WL
2906371, at *3 (W.D. Pa. July 22, 2022), the plaintiff asserted sexual assault, and the district court looked
to state law to determine when the state-law claim accrued. See id. (“Under Texas law, the applicable law
under the Agent Contract, a state-law tort claim, like sexual assault, accrues when facts come into existence
- 12 -
01279-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 4443535, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2016) perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Dec. 15, 2016) (quoting Booker, 188 S.W.3d at 648).
“[T]he continuing violation doctrine applies when the discriminatory acts take place
over time.” Booker, 188 S.W.3d at 644. It “allows a plaintiff to challenge an ongoing,
continuous series of discriminatory acts in their entirety as long as one of those
discriminatory acts falls within the limitations period.” Spicer, 937 S.W.2d at 886. This
“relieves a plaintiff from the burden of proving that the entire violation occurred within the
limitations period.” Id. at 889. “[P]erhaps the most important factor supporting use of the
continuing violation doctrine in employment discrimination cases is the fact that ‘many
discriminatory acts cannot be viewed as discrete incidents, and often unfold rather than
occur, making it difficult to precisely pinpoint the time when they take place.’” Booker,
188 S.W.3d at 643 (quoting Spicer, 937 S.W.2d at 889). Discriminatory conduct outside
the statute of limitations period is not necessarily barred from redress, as “‘[t]he continuing
violation doctrine essentially allows a plaintiff to bring a claim for discriminatory conduct
that occurs outside the limitations period if the discriminatory conduct is sufficiently
related to conduct occurring within the limitations period.’” Word v. Knox Cnty., No.
E2018-01843-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 838534, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2020)
(quoting Booker, 188 S.W.3d at 643). Accordingly, “a hostile work environment claim
may be timely when only a single act that contributes to the hostile environment occurs
within the limitations period.” McCain, 2021 WL 2156912, at *5. “The discriminatory
conduct is treated as one continuing violation that ends within the limitations period.”5
that authorize a claimant to seek a judicial remedy. . . . Even if Texas law did not apply here, a Pennsylvania
tort claim accrues as soon as the right to institute and maintain a suit arises, which, in most tort actions, is
at the moment the injury is sustained. . . . Thus, under either Texas or Pennsylvania tort law, Ms. Zinsky’s
sexual assault dispute or claim arose or accrued before the date of enactment of the EFASASH Act.”)
(quotations omitted); see also Palmer, 2023 WL 4409038, at *8-9 (D.S.C. Mar. 7, 2023), report and
recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 4117366 (D.S.C. June 22, 2023) (“[T]he issue is whether the ‘dispute
or claim’ ‘ar[o]se or accrue[d] on or after’ March 3, 2022. It did not. South Carolina courts have clearly
defined when a claim arises or accrues.”). But see Hix, 2023 WL 9425283, at *8-9 (D. Or. Nov. 14, 2023),
report and recommendation adopted, 2024 WL 326592 (D. Or. Jan. 29, 2024) (“whether the ‘dispute or
claim [arose or accrued] on or after [March 3, 2022],’ is determined under federal law, even for claims
brought under state law”). As the Second Circuit explained in Olivieri, “[f]ederal law determines when
federal causes of actions accrue, just like state law determines when state-law claims accrue.” 112 F.4th at
87 (quotations omitted); see also Cardenas, 2025 WL 418753, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2025) (“The term
‘accrue’ means the same thing under the EFAA as it does in the statute-of-limitations context. As such,
where the plaintiff brings a state cause of action, the state’s rules regarding accrual apply[.]”) (quotations
omitted).
5
In Spicer, 937 S.W.2d at 889-90 (quotations and citations omitted), the Court explained:
[W]e find persuasive the rationale supporting the continuing violation doctrine and adopt
it in Tennessee. Courts have recognized, however, only two narrowly limited instances in
which the continuing violation doctrine applies. The first category arises where there is
some evidence of present discriminatory activity giving rise to a claim of a continuing
violation, for example where an employer continues to presently impose disparate work
- 13 -
Jackson, 2016 WL 4443535, at *5.
As the trial court aptly noted, Tennessee courts have historically considered three
factors to determine whether a defendant’s conduct was a series of discrete acts or a
continuing violation. Jackson, 2016 WL 4443535, at *6. The first factor is subject matter
– whether “the alleged acts involve the same type of discrimination, tending to connect
them in a continuing violation[.]” Id. (citing Spicer, 937 S.W.2d at 890). The second factor
is frequency – whether the alleged acts are recurring or more in the nature of an isolated
work assignment or employment decision. Id. The third factor, historically considered,
was permanence, meaning, whether the act had a degree of permanence that would trigger
an employee’s awareness of and duty to assert his or her rights. Id. However, after initially
recognizing these factors in Spicer, the Tennessee Supreme Court later overruled Spicer
“to the extent that it imposed a ‘discovery rule’ on continuing violation claims.” Booker,
188 S.W.3d at 649. The Court explained that continuing violations cease when they end,
not when the employee’s awareness of them should alert him or her to assert his or her
rights. Id. at 648. “Consequently, it appears that the ‘degree of permanence’ is no longer
a significant part of continuing-violation analysis.” Jackson, 2016 WL 4443535, at *6 n.5
(citing Booker, 188 S.W.3d at 648-49).
Returning to the facts of the case before us, we note that the employers’ arguments
on appeal are rather limited. They argue that the Act cannot apply to the sexual harassment
hostile work environment claim in this case because “some of the alleged conduct”
occurred prior to March 3, 2022. Because the complaint alleges that Ms. Ruiz was
“subjected to a sexually hostile work environment and sexual harassment” “[w]ithin a few
weeks” of starting work in January 2022, and some of the conduct admittedly occurred
prior to March 3, 2022, the employers argue the Act simply cannot apply because the
conduct had already begun by the date of enactment. The employers argue that a claim
assignment or pay rates between similarly situated employee groups. Key to establishing
this exception is proof that at least one of the forbidden discriminatory acts occurred within
the relevant limitations period.
The second category of “continuing violation” arises where there has been a
longstanding and demonstrable policy of discrimination such as an established and
repeated pattern of paying men more than women. To constitute such an established
pattern, the plaintiff must clearly demonstrate some overarching policy of discrimination,
and not merely the occurrence of an isolated incident of discriminatory conduct.
In Spicer, which involved a sexual harassment hostile work environment claim, our Supreme Court stated,
“there is no evidence of an overarching policy of discrimination; therefore, we have reviewed the record to
determine if there is evidence to support a present discriminatory activity, including proof that at least one
of the discriminatory practices occurred within the relevant limitations period.” Id. at 890. Likewise, in
McCain, this Court analyzed a sexual harassment hostile work environment claim in the same manner,
stating that there was no allegation of a longstanding policy of discrimination, so in order for the plaintiff
to meet her burden to show the application of the continuing violation doctrine under the discriminatory
activity theory, “[she] must show ‘that at least one of the forbidden discriminatory acts occurred within the
relevant limitations period.’” 2021 WL 2156912, at *4-5 (quoting Booker, 188 S.W.3d at 643).
- 14 -
“arises or accrues” at the time of the alleged harassment. Thus, they argue that “since the
dispute accrues at the moment of ‘the conduct at issue,’ the dispute arose at some point in
late January 2022 or early February 2022—which is before the EFAA was enacted.”
Because the complaint alleges that Ms. Ruiz was subjected to a hostile work environment
within weeks of starting work, the employers reason that “any purported judicial remedy
became available at some point at or near the end of January 2022 or early February 2022,
which would have been ‘a few weeks’ after Plaintiff-Appellee was hired.” The employers
argue that “[a]ny such alleged additional conduct that occurred after March 3 does not
constitute a separate sexual harassment dispute or claim,” as Ms. Ruiz only asserts one
count in her complaint, so any post-March 3 conduct is “simply additional alleged
evidence” in support of her single claim.
Notably absent from the employers’ analysis, however, is any application of the
continuing violation doctrine. In fact, the employers argue that the trial court erred in
applying the continuing violation doctrine because “the continuing violation doctrine does
not apply at all to this case.” Without any citation to authority in support of this argument,
the employers insist that “the continuing violation doctrine is wholly inapplicable because
the issue is not whether an otherwise untimely claim might be saved by the continuing
violation doctrine but whether a dispute or claim can be retroactively applied to a law that
was not even enacted at the time the alleged conduct arose or accrued.” However, the trial
court’s decision to apply the continuing violation doctrine is amply supported by caselaw
from numerous courts that have considered the precise issue before us, involving accrual
in the context of considering the effective date of the Act. See, e.g., Olivieri, 112 F.4th at
78 (“The term ‘accrue’ means the same thing under the EFAA as it does in the statute-of-
limitations context. Pursuant to the continuing violation doctrine, the statute of limitations
for hostile work environment claims runs from the time of the last act in the continuing
course of discriminatory or retaliatory conduct.”); Cardenas, 2025 WL 418753, at *7-8
(E.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2025); Hix 2023 WL 9425283, at *7 (D. Or. Nov. 14, 2023), report and
recommendation adopted, 2024 WL 326592 (D. Or. Jan. 29, 2024); Betancourt, 2023 WL
5352892, at *5 (C.D. Ill. Aug. 21, 2023); Watson, 2023 WL 5004144, at *3 (N.D. Tex.
Aug. 3, 2023); Delo, 685 F.Supp.3d at 187 (S.D.N.Y. 2023); Doe, 105 Cal. App. 5th at
571-72 (2024). Thus, we discern no error in the trial court’s decision to apply the
continuing violation doctrine to determine the accrual date for purposes of the EFAA.
Notably, the employers do not allege any error within the trial court’s analysis of the
continuing violation doctrine, regarding its findings as to the factors or otherwise. They
simply insist that the doctrine was “wholly inapplicable.” We disagree and find no support
for the employers’ position that the claim or dispute accrued “at the moment of ‘the conduct
at issue,’” meaning the initial conduct, such that “the dispute arose at some point in late
January 2022 or early February 2022.”
The employers next argue that this case contains allegations that are “similar if not
identical to those” in Castillo v. Altice USA, Inc., No. 1:23-CV-05040 (JLR), 2023 WL
8650270 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2023). According to the employers’ brief on appeal, the
- 15 -
Castillo plaintiff alleged that “sexual harassment began in 2021 – before the EFAA was
enacted on March 3, 2022 – and continued until 2023,” but the district court “held even if
the sexual harassment allegedly occurred after March 3, because her ‘dispute arose before
the EFAA’s enactment,’ ‘the EFAA does not render the Arbitration Agreement
unenforceable.” However, that is not the entire story. The Castillo court did note the
plaintiff’s argument that “post-March 3, 2022 conduct” contributed to a hostile work
environment such that her claims accrued after the Act was enacted. Id. at *7. However,
the Castillo court explained that the relevant count in the plaintiff’s complaint “does not
state a hostile-environment claim of sexual harassment to which Plaintiff’s continuing-
violations argument might apply.” Id. Instead, the alleged conduct underlying the claim
consisted of the disclosure of an intimate image, and that alleged conduct all occurred in
September 2021, “well before the EFAA came into effect.” Id. Her complaint alleged
“unlawful disclosure of an intimate image, in violation of New York City Administrative
Code Section 10-180.” Id. at *2. The dispute or claim as to that count arose or accrued
prior to the enactment of the Act.6 Id. at *7. Here, on the other hand, the count in Ms.
Ruiz’s complaint clearly alleges a hostile work environment claim of sexual harassment.
The allegations in Castillo are not similar or identical to those in this case.
The employers also suggest that the Act cannot apply to the case before us,
involving some conduct prior to its effective date, because it only applies prospectively,
not retroactively. However, the Olivieri court rejected a similar argument. “[G]iven the
ongoing nature of a hostile work environment claim, which is a singular claim predicated
on a series of acts over a course of time, to the extent that [the plaintiff] alleges post-
Effective-Date conduct, the application of the statute to a claim arising in part from that
conduct can’t properly be described as ‘retroactive.’” Olivieri, 112 F.4th at 91. The
defendants’ rights are affected not just by conduct arising before the EFAA’s enactment,
but “by conduct that occurred after its enactment.” Id.
Finally, the employers ask this Court to consider longstanding “liberal federal policy
favoring arbitration.” However, courts considering the passage of the Act have repeatedly
recognized that it “pulls back on the long-held presumption towards arbitration where
sexual harassment is concerned.” Steinberg, 2022 WL 3371323, at *2; see, e.g., Olivieri,
112 F.4th at 84 (“The EFAA is codified directly into the FAA and limits the scope of this
broad mandate to enforce arbitration agreements.”); Newton v. LVMH Moet Hennessy
Louis Vuitton Inc., 746 F.Supp.3d 135, 150 (S.D.N.Y. 2024) (“the EFAA directly amends
the FAA and its liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements to permit a party to
choose to invalidate the application of an arbitration agreement to a case that contains
claims that relate to a sexual harassment dispute”) (quotation omitted); Turner v. Tesla,
Inc., 686 F.Supp.3d 917, 925 (N.D. Cal. 2023) (“The EFAA, in contrast to the FAA,
6
The court also noted that, in any event, even if the harasser had called the plaintiff in September
2023, that act was not sufficiently related to the claim for disclosure of an intimate image two years prior.
Castillo, 2023 WL 8650270, at *7.
- 16 -
demonstrates Congress’s preference that plaintiffs alleging sexual harassment be permitted
to be heard in court and not be compelled to arbitration.”); Johnson, 657 F.Supp.3d at 558
(S.D.N.Y. 2023) (“the FAA’s mandates in support of its liberal federal policy favoring
arbitration agreements may be overridden by a contrary congressional command”)
(quotation omitted); Doe, 105 Cal. App. 5th at 572 (“Congress articulated an entirely
different intent when it amended the FAA by adopting the EFAA—to contract arbitrability,
not to expand it. In the EFAA context, therefore, a ‘heavy presumption’ of arbitrability is
not appropriate.”).
In conclusion, we affirm the trial court’s ruling that the underlying conduct alleged
in the complaint sufficiently asserted a claim for hostile work environment that did not
accrue until after March 3, 2022. Therefore, the claim or dispute arose or accrued after the
enactment of the Act, and the Act applies to her claim or dispute temporally.7
B. Application to the Entire Case
7
Because the Act applies with respect to any “dispute or claim that arises or accrues” on or after
the date of enactment, Pub. L. No. 117-90, § 3, 136 Stat. 26 (Mar. 3, 2022), we again recognize, as we did
in Grimsley, that some courts have alternatively focused on when a “dispute” arises. See Grimsley, 2023
WL 7327720, at *3 (“Though the vast majority of the courts that have considered this issue have rejected
arguments akin to those advanced by Ms. Grimsley, at least two courts have read the statute in a manner
broadly in accord with the conclusion she has advanced, emphasizing the importance of the act of filing.”);
see also Scoggins v. Menard, Inc., No. 2:24-CV-00377, 2024 WL 3860464, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 19, 2024)
appeal filed (6th Cir. Aug. 30, 2024) (“Courts adopting a broader reading of the historical note have
interpreted the language to provide two distinct calculations, either of which is sufficient trigger the EFAA:
when the ‘disputes ... arise’ and when the ‘claims ... accrue.’”). Some of these courts have concluded that
a dispute does not arise merely from the fact of an injury, and therefore, a dispute does not arise solely from
the alleged sexual conduct. See, e.g., Famuyide v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 111 F.4th 895, 898 (8th
Cir. 2024) (“Although the state-court lawsuit was not filed until July 2022, Chipotle maintains that a
‘dispute’ arose before March 3, 2022, and should be submitted to arbitration. Chipotle’s principal argument
is that a dispute arose on November 23, 2021, when Famuyide’s co-worker sexually assaulted her in the
restroom at the restaurant. The company maintains that a ‘dispute’ necessarily arises when the underlying
conduct occurs. At that point, however, Famuyide had not asserted any right, claim, or demand against
Chipotle, and Chipotle had not registered disagreement with any position of Famuyide’s. There was no
conflict or controversy between company and employee as of November 23, 2021, and no ‘dispute’ between
the parties that could have been submitted to arbitration at that time.”) However, in Grimsley, this Court
explained that, even accepting for purposes of argument the plaintiff’s “core contention that the terms
‘claim’ and ‘dispute’ and the terms ‘arise’ and ‘accrue’ should be interpreted as having different meanings,
we would still conclude that this case does not fall within the ambit of the Act” because “the term ‘dispute’
is linked with the underlying conduct giving rise to the claim, not to a dispute over arbitrability.” 2023 WL
7327720, at *5. We also observed that “Congress simply has not provided for the filing date as controlling
the effective date of the Act.” Id.
In the case at bar, the trial court made an “alternative finding” based on the filing date of this case,
but we need not reverse this matter due to the fact that the court conducted an alternative analysis
“considering only the timing of the underlying conduct alone and not the time of filing of a lawsuit based
upon that conduct.”
- 17 -
We now turn to the second issue presented on appeal. Having concluded that the
hostile work environment claim accrued after the Act was enacted, we must determine
whether additional claims asserted in the complaint must be submitted to arbitration, or
whether the Act applies to the entire case. The employers argue that under the FAA, when
a dispute presents multiple claims, some arbitrable and some not, the former must be sent
to arbitration even if doing so leads to piecemeal litigation.
Again, our research reveals that numerous courts have addressed this very issue.
Quite recently, it was considered by a federal district court in Tennessee in Bruce v. Adams
& Reese, LLP, No. 3:24-CV-00875, 2025 WL 611071 (M.D. Tenn. Feb. 25, 2025) appeal
filed (6th Cir. Mar. 13, 2025). In that case, the plaintiff asserted a claim under Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for “sexual harassment and hostile work environment,” in
addition to claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Id. at *1. She also brought
“her sexual harassment claim under the Tennessee Human Rights Act,” but the district
court stated that the claims would be analyzed solely under federal law because
“discrimination and retaliation claims under the THRA are reviewed under the same
standards as claims brought under Title VII.” Id. at *1 n.1 (citing Bailey v. USF Holland,
Inc., 526 F.3d 880, 885 n.1 (6th Cir. 2008)). The employer filed a motion to compel
arbitration. Id. However, it was undisputed that the recently enacted Ending Forced
Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, 9 U.S.C. §§ 401, 402,
was implicated by the plaintiff’s sexual harassment claim, as she began work in May 2022.
Id. at *1, *3. The issue before the court was whether the entire case must be tried in court
or whether the ADA claims had to be severed and referred to arbitration. Id. at *1.
The district court ultimately held that the arbitration agreement was “unenforceable
as to the entire case.” Id. at *2. The court noted that the Act provides:
Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, at the election of the person
alleging conduct constituting a sexual harassment dispute or sexual assault
dispute, . . . no predispute arbitration agreement . . . shall be valid or
enforceable with respect to a case which is filed under Federal, Tribal, or
State law and relates to the sexual assault dispute or the sexual harassment
dispute.
Id. at *13 (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 402(a) (emphasis added)). Given the use of the term “case,”
the court was required to decide, “if a single case includes claims of sexual harassment (or
sexual assault) and other kinds of claims, as here, does the EFAA preclude enforcement of
an otherwise applicable and enforceable arbitration agreement as to the whole case or just
the sexual harassment/assault claims.” Id. The court found that several other district courts
had addressed this issue. Id. “By a large majority,” the court explained, “the district courts
interpreting the EFAA so far (including at least two within the Sixth Circuit) have
concluded, based upon the statute’s use of the term ‘case,’ that the EFAA precludes
arbitration of the entire case, so long as the complaint includes a plausible sexual
- 18 -
harassment/assault claim.” Id. at *14 (collecting cases).
The district court recognized that “a very small minority of cases have held that,
when a litigant files a case with multiple claims, the EFAA invalidates the otherwise
enforceable arbitration agreement only as to the claims that are closely related to, or
intertwined with, the sexual assault or sexual harassment dispute.”8 Id. However, the
district court found that other courts had expressly rejected the minority approach “as
imposing an unmanageable standard.” Id. As one court had noted, such an approach
“‘would require courts to carve up every case to which the EFAA applies by reaching
judgment—with respect to each claim—on whether the claim relates to the sexual
harassment or sexual assault dispute.’” Id. (quoting Diaz-Roa v. Hermes L., P.C., No. 24-
CV-2105 (LJL), 2024 WL 4866450, at *13 n.9 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2024)). The minority
approach would not only be “antithetical to the language of the EFAA and its protective
intent, but it would also have the court address early in a case and in a definitive manner a
question that often is not easily answered on the pleadings.” Id. (quoting Diaz-Roa, 2024
WL 4866450, at *13 n.9). For example, the court noted, it may not be evident whether
evidence regarding the sexual harassment would be irrelevant to a claim that such person
had been deprived of wages. Id. (quoting Diaz-Roa, 2024 WL 4866450, at *13 n.9).
8
For instance, in Mera v. SA Hosp. Grp., LLC, 675 F.Supp.3d 442, 444 (S.D.N.Y. 2023), the
plaintiff asserted claims arising from an alleged hostile work environment created by sexual orientation
discrimination, along with claims arising from unpaid wages. The unpaid wage claims were “pled as to a
broad group of individuals in addition to Plaintiff,” “including servers, bartenders, barbacks, waiters,
bussers, and food runners among others, employed by Defendants,” which claims did “not relate in any
way to the sexual harassment dispute.” Id. at 447-48. The plaintiff argued that the Act rendered the
arbitration agreement unenforceable as to the entire case, but the district court disagreed. Id. at 447. The
court emphasized the following language in section 402: unenforceable “with respect to a case which is
filed under Federal, Tribal, or State law and relates to . . . the sexual harassment dispute.” Id. (quoting 9
U.S.C. § 402(a) (emphasis added)). The court interpreted that language to mean that the arbitration
agreement “is unenforceable only to the extent that the case filed by such individual ‘relates to’ the sexual
harassment dispute, see 9 U.S.C. § 402(a); in other words, only with respect to the claims in the case that
relate to the sexual harassment dispute.” Id. “To hold otherwise would permit a plaintiff to elude a binding
arbitration agreement with respect to wholly unrelated claims affecting a broad group of individuals having
nothing to do with the particular sexual harassment affecting the plaintiff alone.” Id.
Another case that appears to take the minority approach is Dixon v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc., No.
22-CV-131S, 2023 WL 2388504 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2023), appeal withdrawn, 2023 WL 6459811 (2d Cir.
Aug. 1, 2023). In that case, the district court first explained that the Act did not apply in that case because
it only applies to claims arising on or after March 3, 2022, and the plaintiff was terminated from her job in
2020. Id. at *7, *1. Then, in a single sentence without any citation to authority, the court summarily added,
“This Act also does not preclude arbitration of claims under other sex and age discrimination claims, such
as Dixon’s allegations of disparate treatment because of her age and gender, that do not allege sexual assault
or harassment.” Id. The employers rely heavily on Dixon in this case. They also argue that another court
relied on Dixon to require arbitration in a subsequent case. However, our review of that case reveals that,
although it involved arbitration, it did not mention sexual harassment or the Act. See Osorio v. CVS
Pharmacy, No. 22-CV-6575DGL, 2023 WL 8644130 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2023). The case was said to
involve “racial and disability discrimination and other matters relating to his employment.” Osorio v. CVS
Pharmacy, No. 22-CV-6575L, 2023 WL 3093872, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 26, 2023).
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Having considered both the majority and minority approaches, the district court decided to
follow “the clear majority of opinions on this issue.” Id. It therefore found, “based on the
unambiguous statutory language, that, because the plaintiff states a colorable sexual
harassment claim, the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable as to the entire case.” Id.
We likewise agree with the clear majority view on this issue. As one of the first
courts to address this issue explained, “[the Act] keys the scope of the invalidation of the
arbitration clause to the entire ‘case’ relating to the sexual harassment dispute. It thus does
not limit the invalidation to the claim or claims in which that dispute plays a part.”
Johnson, 657 F.Supp.3d at 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2023). A “case” is “[a] civil or criminal
proceeding, action, suit, or controversy at law or in equity.” Black’s Law Dictionary (12th
ed. 2024). “With the ordinary meaning of ‘case’ in mind, the text of § 402(a) makes clear
that its invalidation of an arbitration agreement extends to the entirety of the case relating
to the sexual harassment dispute, not merely the discrete claims in that case that themselves
either allege such harassment or relate to a sexual harassment dispute[.]” Johnson, 657
F.Supp.3d at 559. We also note, as other courts have, that Congress specifically used the
term “case” in this section while using the term “claim” in the section regarding the Act’s
effective date. Compare 9 U.S.C. § 402(a) with Pub. L. No. 117-90, § 3, 136 Stat. 26, 28
(Mar. 3, 2022). Courts have also found it significant that Congress chose to amend the
FAA directly with the EFAA, rather than for example, amending a separate statute such as
Title VII to bar arbitration of certain claims arising under it. Johnson, 657 F.Supp.3d at
560. The use of a direct amendment “reinforces Congress’s intent to override—in the
sexual harassment context—the FAA’s background principle that, in cases involving both
arbitrable and non-arbitrable claims, ‘the former must be sent to arbitration even if this will
lead to piecemeal litigation.’” Id. at 560 (quoting KPMG LLP v. Cocchi, 565 U.S. 18, 19
(2011)). Amending the FAA with language “broadly blocking enforcement of an
arbitration clause with respect to an entire ‘case’ ‘relating to’ a sexual harassment dispute
reflects its rejection—in this context—of the FAA norm of allowing individual claims in a
lawsuit to be parceled out to arbitrators or courts depending on each claim’s arbitrability.”
Id. at 561. Therefore, Johnson held that “where a claim in a case alleges ‘conduct
constituting a sexual harassment dispute’ as defined, the EFAA, at the election of the party
making such an allegation, makes pre-dispute arbitration agreements unenforceable with
respect to the entire case relating to that dispute.”9 Id.
Most courts considering the issue have agreed with Johnson. See, e.g., Puris v.
TikTok Inc., No. 24CV944 (DLC), 2025 WL 343905, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2025) appeal
filed (2nd Cir. Feb. 12, 2025) (“The defendants also argue that even if the EFAA applies to
some of Puris’s claims, the rest still must be arbitrated and should be severed accordingly.
9
In a footnote, the Johnson court noted that it “does not have occasion here to consider the
circumstances under which claim(s) far afield might be found to have been improperly joined with a claim
within the EFAA so as to enable them to elude a binding arbitration agreement,” as the claims asserted all
arose from the plaintiff’s employment and were clearly properly joined in a common lawsuit. Johnson,
657 F. Supp. 3d at 562 n.23. The same is true here.
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They are incorrect. . . . [T]he EFAA excludes the entire case -- not only certain claims --
from mandatory arbitration, so long as it ‘relates to’ the sexual harassment claim.”); Gill v.
US Data Mgmt., LLC, No. 2:24-CV-05255-MCS-MAR, 2024 WL 5402494, at *2 (C.D.
Cal. Dec. 2, 2024) (“Defendant asserts that, even if the part of the case constituting a sexual
harassment dispute is not arbitrable, the other claims may be severed and compelled to
arbitration. [] Again, not so. The EFAA broadly allows claimants to elect not to arbitrate
any ‘case which ... relates to ... the sexual harassment dispute.’ 9 U.S.C. § 402(a). Had
Congress intended sexual harassment claims to be severed and litigated in court separately
from the otherwise arbitrable cases in which they arise, it would not have used the word
‘case.’”); Clay v. FGO Logistics, Inc., 751 F.Supp.3d 3, 20 (D. Conn. 2024) (“When a
covered ‘dispute’ or ‘claim’ arises or accrues after March 3, 2022, . . . any arbitration
agreement that would otherwise govern that dispute or claim may be invalidated with
respect to all claims in the case by the person alleging the covered dispute or claim. . . .
The EFAA’s holistic application to ‘case[s]’ applies across the board.”); Bray v. Rhythm
Mgmt. Grp., LLC, No. CV TDC-23-3142, 2024 WL 4278989, at *8 (D. Md. Sept. 24, 2024)
(“Congress would not have used the term ‘case,’ and instead would have used the term
‘claim,’ had it intended to limit the EFAA's reach to sexual harassment claims only and to
require severance and arbitration of other claims within the same case. . . . In so ruling, the
Court rejects Defendants’ claim that the Court must subject the remaining claims to an
analysis of whether they are sufficiently related to the sexual harassment claim, factually
or legally, to be covered by the EFAA. The EFAA imposes no such requirement.”);
Newton, 746 F.Supp.3d at 150 (S.D.N.Y. 2024) (“Despite the FAA’s background principle
that, in cases involving both arbitrable and non-arbitrable claims, the former must be sent
to arbitration even if doing so leads to piecemeal litigation, the EFAA’s provision that a
litigant may elect to invalidate an arbitration agreement for any “case” requires courts to
render such agreements unenforceable for an entire case. . . . This is so even if only some
or one of the claims a party asserts specifically relate to sexual harassment and/or sexual
assault.”) (quotations omitted); Williams v. Mastronardi Produce, Ltd., No. 23-13302,
2024 WL 3908718, at *1 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 22, 2024) (“This Court shall follow the current
majority view, that is based upon the statute’s express language, and rules that the EFAA
precludes arbitration of this whole case.”); Scoggins, 2024 WL 3860464, at *7 (S.D. Ohio
Aug. 19, 2024) (“Traditionally, in the context of the FAA, if a dispute presents multiple
claims, some arbitrable and some not, the former must be sent to arbitration even if this
will lead to piecemeal litigation. But the EFAA did away with this presumption by directly
amending the FAA as opposed to amending a separate statute. The choice to do so
reinforces Congress’s intent to override—in the sexual harassment context—the FAA’s
background principle that, in cases involving both arbitrable and non-arbitrable claims, the
former must be sent to arbitration.”) (quotations omitted); Baldwin v. TMPL Lexington
LLC, No. 23 CIV. 9899 (PAE), 2024 WL 3862150, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2024)
(“Johnson’s holding has been widely followed by courts in this District” and “has also been
followed outside this District”); Molchanoff v. SOLV Energy, LLC, No. 23CV653-LL-
DEB, 2024 WL 899384, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2024) (“[B]ecause Plaintiff’s 2022
retaliation claim alleges conduct constituting a sexual harassment dispute—as defined by
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9 U.S.C. 401(4)—, and because the case as a whole relates to that dispute, the EFAA bars
enforcement of the arbitration agreement between Plaintiff and PeopleReady as to all
claims in this case[.]”); Watson, 2023 WL 5004144, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 3, 2023) (“If a
plaintiff alleges a sexual harassment dispute, a predispute arbitration agreement is
unenforceable as to the entirety of the case relating to the sexual harassment dispute, not
merely the discrete claims in that case that themselves either allege such harassment or
relate to a sexual harassment dispute.”) (quotation omitted); Delo, 685 F.Supp.3d at 180
(S.D.N.Y. 2023) (“where a dispute presents multiple claims—some related to sexual
harassment, others not—the EFAA blocks arbitration of the entire case, not just the sexual
harassment claims”); Casey v. Superior Ct. of Contra Costa Cnty., 108 Cal. App. 5th 575,
588 (2025) (“Consistent with other state appellate courts that have considered the issue, we
hold that where a plaintiff’s lawsuit contains at least one claim that fits within the scope of
the EFAA, the arbitration agreement is unenforceable as to all claims asserted in the
lawsuit. The EFAA provides that it applies to ‘a case’ []—as opposed to a claim—that a
plaintiff brings alleging sexual harassment, meaning that the EFAA applies to an entire
case.”) (quotation omitted); Liu v. Miniso Depot CA, Inc., 105 Cal. App. 5th 791, 800
(2024), review denied (Dec. 31, 2024) (“Under the EFAA, when a plaintiff’s lawsuit
contains at least one claim that fits within the scope of the act, the arbitration agreement is
unenforceable as to all claims asserted in the lawsuit.”); Doe v. Second St. Corp., 105 Cal.
App. 5th at 575-77 (“Johnson has been widely followed. . . . We adopt Johnson’s well-
reasoned analysis.”).
In any event, the result would be the same under either the majority or minority
approach in this case, as all of the claims asserted by Ms. Ruiz are closely related or
intertwined with the sexual harassment hostile environment claim. She asserts retaliation
after her reports of sexual harassment; intentional and negligent infliction of emotional
distress due to the harassment; negligence, gross negligence, and recklessness in failing to
protect her from the conduct of the employee; negligent supervision, training, and retention
that ultimately led to the sexual harassment; and battery. All of these claims are intertwined
with the sexual harassment claim. Thus, the arbitration agreement is unenforceable with
respect to the entire case, as it relates to the sexual harassment dispute.10
10
Because the Act applied to Count I for sexual harassment/hostile work environment based on the
nature of the claim and its accrual date, it was not necessary to consider whether any of the other claims
asserted would independently constitute a sexual harassment dispute within the meaning of the Act. But
see Olivieri, 112 F.4th at 92 (“Defendants briefly argue . . . that the EFAA does not apply to Olivieri’s
retaliation claims because such claims do not fall within the definition of a ‘sexual harassment dispute.’. . .
The argument . . . is meritless. The EFAA defines a ‘sexual harassment dispute’ as ‘a dispute relating to
conduct that is alleged to constitute sexual harassment under applicable Federal, Tribal, or State law.’ . . .
[R]etaliation resulting from a report of sexual harassment is ‘relat[ed] to conduct that is alleged to constitute
sexual harassment.’”); Johnson, 657 F. Supp. 3d at 551 n.13 (“The statutory term ‘sexual harassment
dispute’ includes not only claims of sexual harassment, but also disputes ‘relating to conduct that is alleged
to constitute sexual harassment under applicable Federal, Tribal, or State law.’ See 9 U.S.C. § 401(4). An
example would be a lawsuit bringing a claim against an employer for retaliating against a plaintiff who had
reported sexual harassment.”); Delgado v. Apple Georgia, LLC, No. 4:24-CV-82 (CDL), 2024 WL
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IV. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the chancery court is hereby
affirmed and remanded. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellants, Butts Foods, L.P.,
and Quirch Foods LLC, for which execution may issue if necessary.
_________________________________
CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JUDGE
4993645, at *6 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 5, 2024) (stating that a case that includes a viable “state law [] negligent
retention/supervision claim based on sexual harassment would be a ‘sexual harassment dispute’ within the
meaning of the EFAA”).
It was also unnecessary to consider the accrual dates of any other claims. But see Clay, 751
F.Supp.3d at 17, 20 (“Clay’s hostile work environment and sexual harassment claims did not accrue after
the EFAA’s effective date. But Clay’s retaliation claim did. . . . Because Clay’s retaliation claim is a sexual
harassment dispute, and because the case as a whole relates to that dispute, I conclude that the EFAA bars
enforcement of the arbitration agreement as to Clay’s entire case.”); Molchanoff, 2024 WL 899384, at *4-
5 (rejecting a plaintiff’s argument that her 2020 sexual assault claims arose or accrued on or after the
effective date of the EFAA, but “because Plaintiff’s 2022 retaliation claim alleges conduct constituting a
sexual harassment dispute—as defined by 9 U.S.C. 401(4)—, and because the case as a whole relates to
that dispute, the EFAA bars enforcement of the arbitration agreement between Plaintiff and PeopleReady
as to all claims in this case”).
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