The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
NOVEMBER 1995 SESSION FILED
September30, 1996
MICHAEL EUGENE SAMPLE, * No. 02C01-9505-CR-00131
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate Court Clerk
APPELLANT, * SHELBY COUNTY
VS. * Hon. Bernie Weinman
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * (Post-Conviction-- Death Penalty)
APPELLEE. *
LARRY McKAY, * No. 02C01-9505-CR-00139
APPELLANT, * SHELBY COUNTY
VS. * Hon. Bernie Weinman
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * (Post-Conviction-- Death Penalty)
APPELLEE. *
For Appellant Sample: For the Appellee
David M. Eldridge Charles W. Burson
606 W. Main Ave. Attorney General & Reporter
P.O. Box 1126 450 James Robertson Parkway
Knoxville, TN 37902 Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Harry R. Reinhart John H. Baker, III
536 South High Street Asst. Attorney General & Reporter
Columbus, OH 43215-5605 450 James Robertson Parkway
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
For Appellant McKay:
Jacob M. Dickinson, IV John W. Pierotti
648 Poplar Ave. District Attorney General
Memphis, TN 38105-4512
Reginald R. Henderson
David C. Stebbins Asst. District Attorney General
8 East Long Street, Suite 424 201 Poplar Ave.
Columbus, OH 43215 Memphis, TN 38103
OPINION FILED: ___________
REVERSED AND REMANDED
William M. Barker, Judge
OPINION
The appellants, Michael Eugene Sample and Larry McKay, appeal as of right
from the Shelby County Criminal Court’s judgments denying their petitions for post-
conviction relief.1 The appellants were each convicted in a joint trial of two counts of felony
murder and sentenced to death in November of 1982. Their convictions and sentences
were affirmed on direct appeal by the Tennessee Supreme Court, and a petition for writ
of certiorari was denied by the United States Supreme Court. State v. McKay & Sample,
680 S.W.2d 447 (Tenn. 1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1034 (1985). Initial suits for post-
conviction relief were denied by the trial court and affirmed on appeal. Larry McKay &
Michael Eugene Sample v. State, No. 25 (Tenn. Crim. App., Mar. 1, 1989, Jackson), perm.
to appeal denied, (Tenn. 1989). Subsequent petititions for post-conviction relief filed by
each were also denied by the trial court and affirmed on appeal. Michael E. Sample &
Larry McKay v. State, No. 02C01-9104-CR-00062 (Tenn. Crim. App., Feb. 15, 1995,
Jackson)(application for permission to appeal pending).2
Sample’s present post-conviction suit was filed on January 27, 1995, and
McKay’s suit was filed on February 1, 1995. The grounds for relief in both suits were
essentially the same: (a) that the State of Tennessee presented false testimony at trial and
suppressed exculpatory evidence; (b) that the death sentences were predicated on an
invalid aggravating circumstance under State v. Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317 (Tenn.
1992); (c) that the instructions defining reasonable doubt in the guilt and sentencing
phases were unconstitutional; and (d) that numerous errors committed by the trial court,
1
The appellants filed separate petitions and separate appeals. We have
consolidated the appeals pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure 16(b).
2
The opinion filed February 15, 1995, referred to the appellants’ “fourth
amended petition for post-conviction relief,” which was filed on June 13, 1989, and
denied by the trial court on March 12, 1991. Although the pleadings are not in this
record, it appears that Sample and McKay filed pro se petitions for post-conviction relief
on June 28, 1989, and September 16, 1992, and that these petitions were denied by
the trial court. This court alluded to additional petitions for post-conviction relief that
had been filed, but it did not address them in the opinion of February 15, 1995.
2
prosecutors, and trial counsel violated the Tennessee and United States Constitutions.3
The trial court dismissed Sample’s petition without an evidentiary hearing
after ruling that he could not proceed with a post-conviction petition while an appeal from
the denial of a prior post-conviction suit was pending with the Court of Criminal Appeals.
The trial court dismissed McKay’s petition on the ground that it had been filed after the
expiration of the three year statute of limitations then applicable to post-conviction cases.4
On appeal, the appellants argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their petitions
without a hearing. They reiterate the claims asserted in their petitions and also argue that
the trial court erred in denying their requests for state funded expert and investigative
services.
After a thorough review of the record and authority, we conclude that the trial
court erred in dismissing the petitions. The trial court’s judgments are reversed, and these
cases are remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
We will briefly summarize the convicting evidence. On August 29, 1981,
Melvin Wallace, Jr., entered the L & G grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee. He saw two
employees of the store, Benjamin Cooke and Steve Jones, both of whom he knew. He
saw a man he later identified at trial as McKay holding a gun to Cooke’s head, and he
realized a robbery was in progress. When Wallace ran for the door, a second man, whom
he identified at trial as Sample, shot him in the thigh and in the back. Wallace heard
Sample demand money and threaten to kill everyone in the store. Shots followed.
Wallace saw McKay shoot Cooke in the head. Wallace struggled with Sample, and
Sample tried to shoot him once more. McKay and Sample then fled from the store. Cooke
and Jones died from shots to the head but Wallace survived. Charles Rice testified that
3
The specific allegations will be set forth herein.
4
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-102 [repealed in Acts 1995, ch. 207 § 1].
3
he also saw the robbery in progress; he later identified Sample and McKay. The State
introduced physical evidence relating to the crime and evidence purporting to link the
appellants to other robberies committed in the area. The appellants were convicted of two
counts of murder in the perpetration of armed robbery.
I
Sample’s first issue is that the trial court erred in dismissing the petition due
to the pendency of an appeal from a previous petition for post-conviction relief. He argues
that the basis for dismissal was factually and legally erroneous. The State concedes that
the trial court erred. We agree.
The record indicates that this petition was filed on January 27, 1995. The
State’s answer to the petition was filed on February 10, 1995; it asserted only that the
appellant was not permitted to pursue the post-conviction case while a separate post-
conviction suit was pending before the Court of Criminal Appeals. The trial court dismissed
the petition on that basis on the same day, February 10, 1995. Five days later, our court
filed its opinion in Michael E. Sample & Larry McKay v. State, No. 02C01-9104-CR-00062
(Tenn. Crim. App., Feb. 15, 1995, Jackson). Sample filed a reply with the trial court,
asserting that the State’s answer was factually and legally incorrect. The trial court,
however, took no further action.
In Laney v. State, 826 S.W.2d 117 (Tenn. 1992), which is cited by both sides,
the trial court dismissed a petition for post-conviction relief because a previously filed
petition was pending on appeal. Our supreme court said that the Post-Conviction
Procedure Act did not “as a matter of law ban multiple suits attacking the same conviction.”
Id. at 118. Instead, where “separate and distinct” suits are filed, a trial court has the
jurisdiction to hear and determine the issues even if the appeal from a previous petition is
pending before a higher court. Id.
4
Accordingly, the trial court erred in dismissing the petition on this basis. The
court had the jurisdiction to consider Sample’s petition, and it erred in failing to do so.
II
Sample and McKay argue that they were denied their rights to a fair trial and
to due process under the Tennessee and United States Constitutions because the State
presented false testimony at trial and suppressed exculpatory evidence. They assert that
the grounds for relief were unknown and unavailable prior to the decision in Capital Case
Resource Center of Tennessee, Inc. v. Woodall, No. 01A01-9104-CH-00150 (Tenn. App.,
Jan. 29, 1992, Nashville). In Woodall, the Court of Appeals held that police investigative
records concerning a case under collateral attack were not exempt from disclosure under
the Tennessee Public Records Law. Id. slip op. at 5; see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 10-7-
501, et. seq. Thus, having obtained previously suppressed police records and statements,
the appellants argue that the trial court should have conducted a hearing to further develop
the issues.5
The State argues on appeal that Sample has not shown that he is entitled to
relief on the substantive allegations, but it concedes that the trial court should have
conducted further proceedings to consider the issue raised and any procedural defenses
available to the State. The State argues that McKay failed to allege factual grounds in
support of his claim and also failed to overcome procedural barriers to hearing the petition.
The State maintains that the trial court correctly dismissed McKay’s suit on the basis of the
statute of limitations.
5
The records containing the allegedly exculpatory evidence were attached
to the appellants’ post-conviction petitions. It is not clear from the petition exactly when
the information was obtained.
5
A
We will summarize the factual allegations made by both Sample and McKay
in support of their claims. They insist that the State’s key witness at trial, Melvin Wallace,
Jr., gave false testimony. Wallace testified, in pertinent part, that he wrestled with Sample,
got a “good look” at Sample’s face, and was “positive” of his identification of Sample at
trial. Wallace admitted at trial that he failed to identify Sample in a physical line-up, but he
said he was confused due to medication. Sample and McKay assert that they filed motions
requesting exculpatory evidence prior to trial and that they received a three page statement
Wallace made to authorities on August 31, 1981. They allege, however, that records
obtained under the public records law revealed that the State withheld the following
evidence:
(1) On August 30, 1981, Wallace told Memphis Police Sgt. J.D.
Welch that he did not notice subject #2 [allegedly Sample]
during the robbery.
(2) Wallace told Sgt. Welch that subject #1 [allegedly McKay]
was the one who stood over him and shot him [and not subject
#2, allegedly Sample, as Wallace testified at trial].
(3) On November 17, 1981, Wallace told Memphis Police
Officer J.D. Douglas that he could not identify the second man
[allegedly Sample] in the robbery. Wallace only saw one of the
men during the robbery, the one who shot him [allegedly
McKay].
(4) Wallace gave physical descriptions of the suspects,
including their height, weight, and skin complexion, that did not
match Sample or McKay.
The appellants allege that the State withheld additional exculpatory evidence that we
summarize below:
(1) Reports that indicated Sample’s and McKay’s fingerprints
were not found at the L & G grocery store.
(2) Information regarding other potential suspects who were
alleged to be near the scene at the time of the crime, including
Sammy House.
(3) Descriptions of the perpetrators given to the police
dispatcher that did not match Sample or McKay.
6
(4) Evidence that drugs were commonly sold from the L&G
grocery store, which provided other possible motives and
suspects for the crime.
(5) Descriptions of the perpetrators given to police officers by
Charles Rice that did not match Sample or McKay.
(6) Inconsistent statements made by Charles Rice about the
offense and what he observed.
(7) Exculpatory evidence relating to the other robberies in the
area which the State tried to link to Sample and McKay.
The appellants’ allegations clearly implicate constitutional rights. In Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), the United States Supreme Court held that the
prosecution has the duty to furnish exculpatory evidence to the accused upon request.
Exculpatory evidence may pertain not only to the guilt or innocence of the accused, but
also to the punishment which may be imposed if the accused is convicted of the crime.
State v. Marshall, 845 S.W.2d 228 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). Any “suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where
the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or
bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. at 87. The duty to disclose
extends to all “favorable information” regardless of whether the evidence is admissible at
trial. State v. Marshall, 845 S.W.2d at 233; Branch v. State, 4 Tenn. Crim. App. 164, 168,
469 S.W.2d 533, 536 (1969).
Similarly, it is well established that the State’s knowing use of false testimony
to convict an accused violates the right to a fair and impartial trial as embodied in the due
process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution and article
1, sections 8 and 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. Pyle v. Kansas, 317 U.S. 213, 216
(1942); State v. Spurlock, 874 S.W.2d 602, 617 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). When a witness
answers questions on direct or cross examination falsely, the prosecution has an
affirmative duty to correct the false testimony. Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 153
(1972); Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959); State v. Spurlock, 874 S.W.2d at 617.
7
Accordingly, the allegations made by Sample and McKay clearly stated
constitutional grounds for relief. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-105. The key issues were
whether the grounds were viable at this stage of the post-conviction proceedings. As we
will discuss, the trial court did not give due consideration to these key issues.
B
(1)
Under the Post-Conviction Procedure Act governing these petitions, a
petitioner could raise all constitutional claims except those which have been previously
determined, waived, or barred by the statute of limitations. The statutory definitions for
previous determination and waiver were as follows:
(a) A ground for relief is ‘previously determined’ if a court of
competent jurisdiction has ruled on the merits after a full and
fair hearing.
(b)(1) A ground for relief is ‘waived’ if the petitioner knowingly
and understandingly failed to present it for determination in any
proceeding before a court of competent jurisdiction in which
the ground could have been presented.
(2) There is a rebuttable presumption that a ground for relief
not raised in any such proceeding which was held was waived.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-112.
In House v. State, 911 S.W.2d 705 (Tenn. 1995), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___,
116 S.Ct. 1685 (1996), our supreme court held that “a ‘full and fair hearing’ sufficient to
support a finding of previous determination occurs if a petitioner is given the opportunity
to present proof and argument on the petition for post-conviction relief.” Id. at 706. With
regard to waiver, the court held:
[T]he rebuttable presumption of waiver is not overcome by an
allegation that the petitioner did not personally and therefore
‘knowingly and understandingly,’ waive the ground for relief.
Waiver is to be determined by an objective standard under
which a petitioner is bound by the action or inaction of his
attorney. Because there is no right to effective assistance of
counsel in post-conviction proceedings, an allegation of
ineffective assistance of prior post-conviction counsel does not
8
preclude application of the defenses of waiver and previous
determination.
Id. Thus, the court gave a broad interpretation to both statutory defenses.
The burden is on the post-conviction petitioner to allege facts in a petition to
overcome the application of procedural barriers. State v. Smith, 814 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tenn.
1991); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-104(10). If a competently drafted petition is
before the court, and “all pleadings, files and records of the case which are before the court
conclusively show that the petitioner is entitled to no relief, the court may order the petition
dismissed.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-109(a)(1). However, in reviewing a post-conviction
petition and determining whether it states a colorable claim for relief, the trial court must
treat the allegations in the petition as true. Skinner v. State, 4 Tenn. Crim. App. 447, 472
S.W.2d 903, 904 (1971).
Both Sample and McKay alleged numerous grounds in their petitions to rebut
these defenses, principally that they were unable to raise these issues prior to the Woodall
decision. Additionally, they assert that as convicted felons they were unable to obtain
public records even after the Woodall decision. See, e.g., In Re: Records Sought By
Daniel B. Taylor v. Neil, No. 01AO1-9211-CH-00439 (Tenn. App., Mar. 17, 1993), perm.
to appeal denied, (Tenn. 1993). Thus, they specifically assert that they did not personally
make a “knowing and understanding” waiver of the issues.6
With regard to Sample, the State asserts in its brief that an exculpatory
evidence issue was raised in Sample’s June 1989 petition and that the use of false
6
In this regard, Sample and McKay cite opinions from this court supporting
a subjective test for waiver. See Paul Gregory House v. State, No. 03C01-9110-CR-
00326 (Tenn. Crim. App., Mar. 28, 1994, Knoxville) & Donald Edward Johnson v. State,
No. 02C01-9111-CR-00237 (Tenn. Crim. App., Mar. 23, 1994). As noted above, the
supreme court’s opinion in House, which was released after the briefing of this appeal,
mandates an objective standard.
9
evidence issue was not raised on direct appeal or in a prior post-conviction petition.7 The
State correctly concedes, however, that Sample’s petition rebutted the application of
procedural barriers by asserting that the grounds for relief were unavailable before the
Woodall decision. In other words, if Sample’s allegations are accepted as true, the
grounds for relief were unavailable due to the State’s suppression of evidence. Thus,
Sample could not have had an opportunity to present the issues for a ruling “on the merits”
for the purpose of previous determination. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-112(a). Likewise, the
issues could not have been presented in a prior suit for the purpose of waiver. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-30-112(b)(1); see Wooden v. State, 898 S.W.2d 752, 754 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1994); Stephen C. Parker v. State, No. 01C01-9008-CR-00188 (Tenn. Crim. App., Feb. 26,
1991, Nashville), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 1991). Moreover, the trial court dismissed
Sample’s suit on a legally incorrect basis without giving any consideration to the allegations
or the possible statutory defenses. Accordingly, as the State concedes on appeal, the
defenses of waiver and previous determination were rebutted by Sample.
With regard to McKay, the State makes no concessions. Instead, the State
argues on appeal that the exculpatory evidence issue was raised in a petition filed in June
of 1989 and that the use of false evidence issue was raised in a prior petition filed on
September 16, 1992. As both suits were dismissed by the trial court, the State suggests
that the issues were previously determined. These contentions are not supported by the
record.8 Moreover, the State did not address McKay’s allegations that the grounds for
relief could not have been raised earlier or heard on the merits due to the State’s
suppression of the evidence and the unavailability of the evidence prior to Woodall. Thus,
7
We initially note that the State failed to raise the defenses of waiver and
previous determination in its answers to the petitions, which could render the defenses
waived on appeal. See State v. James Richard Perry, No. 03C01-9401-CR-00016
(Tenn. Crim. App., July 24, 1995, Knoxville). In any event, we conclude that the State
has not shown that these defenses were substantiated by the record.
8
Moreover, the State again failed to raise these defenses in its answer to
McKay’s petition. The pleadings attached to the State’s brief do not constitute evidence
for our consideration.
10
we conclude that McKay, like Sample, rebutted the defenses of waiver and previous
determination.
(2)
The State also argues that Sample and McKay filed their petitions after the
expiration of the three year statute of limitations then applicable to post-conviction cases.
While the State concedes that Sample’s suit should be remanded for further consideration,
it maintains that McKay’s suit was properly dismissed. The relevant statute provided:
[a] prisoner in custody under sentence of a court of this state
must petition for post-conviction relief under this chapter within
three (3) years of the date of final action of the highest state
appellate court to which an appeal is taken or consideration of
such petition shall be barred.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-102 [repealed by Acts 1995, ch. 207, §1]. The statute, which
took effect July 1, 1986, was applied prospectively by our courts. State v. Masucci, 754
S.W.2d 90 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988); Abston v. State, 749 S.W.2d 487 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988). Thus, defendants like McKay and Sample, whose cases were final prior to the
enactment of the statute, were given three years from July 1, 1986, in which to seek post-
conviction relief.
Sample and McKay allege that application of the statute would deny them a
reasonable opportunity to have the suppression of exculpatory evidence and the use of
false testimony issues considered inasmuch as they were not known or available until after
the expiration of the three year period. They cite Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d 204 (Tenn.
1992), in which the supreme court said:
[B]efore a state may terminate a claim for failure to comply with
procedural requirements such as statutes of limitations, due
process requires that potential litigants be provided an
opportunity for the presentation of claims at a meaningful time
and in a meaningful manner. The question, then, is ‘whether
the state’s policy reflected in the statute affords a fair and
reasonable opportunity for ... bringing ... suit.’ Pickett v.
Brown, 638 S.W.2d 369, 376 (Tenn. 1982), rev’d on equal
protection grounds, 462 U.S.1, 103 S.Ct 2199, 76 L.Ed. 2d 372
(1983). In other words, the test is whether the time period
11
provides an applicant a reasonable opportunity to have the
claimed issue heard and determined. Michel v. Louisiana, 350
U.S. 91, 93, 76 S.Ct. 158, 160, 100 L.Ed 83, 89 (1955).
Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d at 208 (emphasis added; citation omitted). As a result, the
court in Burford recognized that “it is possible that under the circumstances of a particular
case, application of the statute may not afford a reasonable opportunity” to litigate an
issue. Id.
Burford was clarified by the supreme court in Sands v. State, 903 S.W.2d 297
(Tenn. 1995). In certain cases, “due process prohibits the strict application of the post-
conviction statute of limitations to bar a petitioner’s claim when the grounds for relief,
whether legal or factual, arise after the ‘final action of the highest state appellate court to
which an appeal is taken’-- or, in other words, when the grounds arise after the point at
which the limitations period would normally have begun to run.” Id. at 301 (emphasis
added). The court set forth the following process in analyzing Burford situations:
(1) determine when the limitations period would normally have
begun to run; (2) determine whether the grounds for relief
actually arose after the limitations period would normally have
commenced; and (3) if the grounds are ‘later-arising,’
determine if, under the facts of the case, a strict application of
the limitations period would effectively deny the petitioner a
reasonable opportunity to present the claim. In making this
final determination, courts should carefully weigh the
petitioner’s liberty interest in ‘collaterally attacking
constitutional violations occurring during the conviction
process,’ Burford, 845 S.W.2d at 207, against the State’s
interest in preventing the litigation of ‘stale and fraudulent
claims.’ Id. at 208.
Sands, 903 S.W.2d at 301; see also Caldwell v. State, 917 S.W.2d 662 (Tenn. 1996).
Here, the appellants’ direct appeals were decided in 1984. The effective date
of the statute of limitations, as noted, was July 1, 1986. Given the prospective application
of the statute, the appellants had three years from the effective date in which to file post-
conviction petitions. They have alleged that the legal and factual grounds in support of
their exculpatory evidence and false testimony issues arose after the statute had
12
commenced to run and then expired. Thus, in accepting the allegations as true, it would
appear that the appellants have had no reasonable opportunity in which to litigate the
issues despite prior post-conviction suits. Moreover, in balancing the interests of the
parties, it is obvious that the rights affected-- due process and a fair trial-- implicate
personal trial rights of the appellants. See Caldwell v. State, 917 S.W.2d at 667-68. As
such, the grounds raised by Sample and McKay directly affect “the justice or integrity of the
conviction or sentence.” Id. at 667 (emphasis in original).
We note that a Brady issue was envisioned as a later arising ground in
Justice Daughtrey’s concurring opinion in Burford: “[L]egitimate grounds for relief might
come to light long after the three year period has run, as in the case of suppression of
material evidence by the prosecution that is concealed for many years after the trial.” See
Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d at 211 (Daughtrey, J., concurring). Similarly, in Arthur L.
Armstrong v. State, No. 01C01-9311-CR-00403 (Tenn. Crim. App., Dec. 8, 1994,
Nashville), a habeas corpus petitioner raised a late-arising exculpatory evidence issue.
Our court noted that the issue could not be raised in a state habeas corpus case but
indicated that the petitioner could again seek post-conviction relief. The court said:
The state concedes, and we agree, that under the rule of
Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d 204 (Tenn. 1992), the three-year
statute of limitations would not apply to a petition raising
allegations of a recently discovered Brady issue. In Burford,
the Supreme Court balanced the governmental interest in
preventing litigation of stale or fraudulent claims and the
interest of administrative efficiency against the private interests
of the defendant and concluded that the governmental
interests did not outweigh the infringement of a constitutional
right affecting life or liberty. 845 S.W.2d at 209. In a
concurrence to Burford, Justice Daughtrey hypothesized a
situation in which the suppression of material evidence by the
prosecution is concealed for many years after trial and
concluded that the application of a statute of limitations in such
a situation would be a violation of due process. Id. at 211.
Armstrong, slip op. at 7.
13
Likewise, in Wooden v. State, 898 S.W.2d at 753, a petitioner alleged in his
third petition for post-conviction relief that the state had suppressed exculpatory evidence.
He argued that the issue was not previously available because he had been denied access
to records under the Public Records Law. Our court, after discussing possible exceptions
to the three year statute of limitations under Burford, remanded the case to the trial court
with the following instructions:
Upon remand, the trial court should consider first whether the
evidence is in fact exculpatory. If so, it can then determine
whether the evidence supports the application of the Burford
due process exception to the statute of limitations. If each of
these questions is resolved in the affirmative, the trial court
may then consider appropriate relief.
898 S.W.2d at 755.
Accordingly, we conclude that the State has not shown that the statute of
limitations barred the appellants’ petitions, insofar as these grounds are concerned. To the
contrary, we believe that a hearing is necessary to further consider the issue.
C
In summary, we conclude that Sample and McKay have stated constitutional
grounds for relief with regard to the use of false testimony and suppression of exculpatory
evidence. The appellants’ allegations as to why the claims were not waived, previously
determined, or barred by the statute of limitations rebutted the application of these
statutory defenses. The State made no effort in the trial court to show that the defenses
were applicable and it has not substantiated its allegations on appeal. Moreover, the State
did not comply with its statutory duty to compile those portions of the record necessary to
resolve the issues. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-114.9 Thus, we conclude that the cases
must be remanded to the trial court for further consideration. If the appellants’ allegations
9
Both Sample and McKay raise the State’s failure to comply with its
statutory duty in this regard as separate issues on appeal. On remand, the State shall
comply with the relevant statutes. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-114.
14
are substantiated, and no statutory defenses are shown to apply, the trial court shall
consider the merits of the issues in accordance with the applicable authority.
III
Sample and McKay next argue that they were entitled to post-conviction relief
under State v. Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317 (Tenn. 1992). In Middlebrooks, our supreme
court held that “when a defendant is convicted of first-degree murder solely on the basis
of felony murder, the aggravating circumstance set out in Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-
203(i)(7)(1982) and §39-13-204(i)(7)(1991) does not narrow the class of death eligible
murderers sufficiently under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution because it duplicates the elements of
the offense.” Id. at 346.10 The appellants allege that the factor was erroneously applied
in their cases, that harmless error analysis is inappropriate when reviewing errors made
in a capital sentencing proceeding, and that, assuming a harmless error analysis must be
applied, the Middlebrooks error was not harmless under the facts and circumstances of
these cases.
Middlebrooks was decided on September 8, 1992. The constitutional rule
announced therein was later held to apply retroactively in post-conviction cases. Barber
v. State, 889 S.W.2d 185 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 1177, 130
L.Ed.2d 1129 (1995); see also Workman v. State, 868 S.W.2d 705 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1993). In Barber, the court said:
When an aggravating circumstance is improperly injected into
the process by which the juror must weigh aggravating and
mitigating circumstances to determine a sentence, the integrity
and reliability of the sentencing process is jeopardized
because the death penalty may not be reserved for only the
most culpable defendants. For this reason, we apply
Middlebrooks retroactively....
10
The court later clarified that its decision was based independently upon
Article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238
(Tenn. 1993), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 1339, 127 L.Ed.2d 687 (1994).
15
Id. at 187.
The State concedes that the issue has not been waived or previously
determined with regard to either Sample or McKay.11 Moreover, although Middlebrooks
was decided well after the statutory period of limitations had commenced and expired, the
State acknowledges that it is a later-arising ground involving significant liberty interests to
the appellants. As such, application of the three year statute of limitations would deny the
appellants a reasonable opportunity to have the claim litigated. See Sands v. State, 903
S.W.2d at 301; Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d at 208. Additionally, we note that the
appellants’ petitions were filed within three years of the Middlebrooks opinion. See
Lawrence Moore v. State, No. 03C01-9504-CR-00122 (Tenn. Crim. App., Feb. 14, 1996,
Knoxville)(petition filed within three years of opinion announcing a new constitutional rule);
Rudy Myers v. State, No. 01C01-9308-CC-00270 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jan. 20, 1994,
Nashville)(petition filed within three years of a new, retroactively applied constitutional rule).
Thus, the claim under Middlebrooks was a viable ground for post-conviction relief, and the
trial court erred in dismissing the petitions without considering the issues.
With regard to the substance of the issue, the appellants concede that the
original sentencing jury found aggravating circumstances in addition to the felony murder
factor.12 Nonetheless, the appellants contend that a new sentencing hearing is mandated
11
On appeal, the State notes that McKay and Sample filed pro se motions
to have a Middlebrooks issue included with a prior post-conviction appeal to this court.
A judge of this court granted the motion on October 23, 1992; however, the opinion filed
by this court on February 15, 1995, does not address Middlebrooks. Thus, the State
correctly concedes that the issue has not been waived or previously determined.
12
As to Sample, the jury also found that he created a great risk of death to
two or more persons other than the victims murdered, and that he committed the
murder to avoid, interfere with, or prevent a lawful arrest or prosecution. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(3) & (i)(6)(presently §39-13-204(i)(3) & (i)(6)). As to McKay,
the jury also found that he had a prior conviction for a felony involving violence to a
person, that he created a great risk of death to two or more persons other than the
victims murdered, and that he committed the murders to avoid, interfere with, or prevent
a lawful arrest or prosecution. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(2), (i)(3), & (i)(6)
(presently §39-13-204(i)(2), (i)(3), & (i)(6)).
16
under Tennessee constitutional and statutory law because an appellate court cannot
reweigh aggravating and mitigating factors or otherwise conduct a harmless error analysis.
Moreover, the appellants argue that even if a harmless error analysis is applied, the
Middlebrooks errors were not harmless under either Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18
(1967) or State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d at 260.13 The appellants cite Rickman v. Dutton,
864 F. Supp. 686 (M.D. Tenn. 1994) in support of their position.
In State v. Howell, our supreme court held that a Middlebrooks violation was
subject to a harmless error analysis. In undertaking such an analysis, an appellate court
should consider “the number and strength of the remaining aggravating circumstances, the
prosecutor’s argument at sentencing, the evidence admitted to establish the invalid
aggravator, and the nature, quality, and strength of mitigating evidence.” Id. at 261. The
court further said:
[E]ven more crucial than the sum of the remaining aggravating
circumstances is the qualitative nature of each circumstance,
its substance and persuasiveness, as well as the quantum of
proof supporting it. In that respect, the Tennessee statute
assigns no relative importance to the various statutory
aggravating circumstances. By their very nature, and under
the proof in certain cases, however, some aggravating
circumstances may be more qualitatively persuasive and
objectively reliable than others....
Id. at 260-61. Upon reviewing these factors, an appellate court may uphold a death
sentence if it concludes “beyond a reasonable doubt that the sentence would have been
the same had the jury given no weight to the invalid felony murder aggravating factor....”
Id. at 262 (citing Stringer v. Black, 503 U.S. 222 (1992)). Since its decision in Howell, the
13
As a corollary to this issue, the appellants argue that Chapman, and not
Howell, sets forth the proper test to determine harmless error, that is, whether the State
proves “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error...did not contribute to the verdict
obtained.” Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24. Moreover, the appellants argue that the test
formulated in Howell violates the Tennessee and United States Constitutions. In
Howell, our supreme court considered Chapman and other applicable United States
Supreme Court cases in formulating its harmless error analysis. Id. at 262 (citing,
Stringer v. Black, 503 U.S. 222 (1992), Sochor v. Florida, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S.Ct.
2114, 119 L.Ed.2d 326 (1992), Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738 (1990), &
Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249 (1988)). Thus, we view Howell as consistent with
the controlling authority, and we reject the appellants’ contentions.
17
supreme court has applied the harmless error analysis on numerous occasions. State v.
Smith, 893 S.W.2d 908, 925 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 116 S.Ct. 99, 133
L.Ed.2d 53 (1994); Barber v. State, 889 S.W.2d at 187-189; State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d
722, 738 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909, 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995);
State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 269-70 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 115
S.Ct. 743, 130 L.Ed.2d 644 (1995).
Thus, our supreme court has not only adopted a harmless error analysis for
this type of case, it has also applied the analysis on numerous occasions. As an
intermediate appellate court, we are bound to follow our supreme court precedent over the
federal district court case of Rickman v. Dutton, supra, which is cited by the appellants.
See State v. Bowers, 673 S.W.2d 887, 889 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984); see also Rotunda &
Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance & Procedure, 2nd, §1.6(c)(“because the
state courts are not ‘lower courts,’ they are not required to follow the interpretations of
lower federal courts, such as the Court of Appeals with jurisdiction over their state territory,
even on matters relating to the Constitution of the United States.”). We therefore reject the
appellants’ contentions with respect to the propriety and manner of a harmless error review
in death penalty sentencing procedures by an appellate court. Given the presence of a
Middlebrooks error, a harmless error analysis is not only appropriate but is mandated by
our supreme court.
While not conceding any of their other arguments, Sample and McKay
contend that the error was not harmless under Chapman or Howell. They argue that there
was significant mitigating evidence at trial, that the prosecution focused its arguments and
its evidence on the invalid aggravating factor, and that the evidence supporting the
remaining aggravating factors was weak or altogether insufficient. The State contends that
the error was harmless. Because of the scant record before our court and because of the
remand on other issues, we conclude that the issues should be considered first by the trial
18
court. The trial judge is in the better position to review the record of the proceedings, to
hear the arguments of the parties, and to undertake the initial review of the Middlebrooks
error under the analysis set forth in Howell.
IV
The appellants contend that they were entitled to post-conviction relief
because the jury instructions at trial equated “reasonable doubt” with “moral certainty” and
allowed the jury to convict if it could “let the mind rest easily on the certainty of guilt.” The
appellants argue that the instruction relieved the State of its burden of proof in violation of
the Tennessee and United States Constitutions. The appellants claim that the issue was
not raised earlier and is not barred by the statute of limitations because it is based on the
recent United States Supreme Court’s opinions in Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
and Sandoval v. California, 511 U.S. 1 (1994). In addition, the appellants rely on Rickman
v. Dutton, supra, in which the district court held that a similarly worded reasonable doubt
instruction was unconstitutional. The State, however, maintains that the appellants are not
entitled to post-conviction relief on this ground.
Although the State did not raise specific procedural defenses to this claim in
its answer to the petitions, we have concluded that it is without merit under prior opinions
of our court. In Pettyjohn v. State, 885 S.W.2d 364 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994), the post-
conviction petitioner raised a similar issue:
[T]he United States Supreme Court rendered an opinion in two
cases in which it analyzed the relationship of reasonable doubt
to the ‘moral certainty’ phrase. Victor v. Nebraska and
Sandoval v. California, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 1239, 127
L.Ed.2d 583 (1994). The Court indicated that the phrase
‘moral certainty’ may have lost its nineteenth century meaning
relative to the level of certainty humanly attainable in matters
relating to human affairs. It recognized that a modern jury,
unaware of the historical meaning, might understand the
phrase, in the abstract, to mean something less than the very
high level of determination constitutionally required in criminal
cases. However, although it expressed criticism of the
continued use of the ‘moral certainty’ phrase, the Court did not
actually hold that it was constitutionally inappropriate, but
19
looked to the full charge to the jury to determine if the phrase
was placed in such a context that a jury would understand that
it meant certainty with respect to human affairs.
Id. at 365-66 (emphasis added). The court concluded that “the instructions as a whole did
not make it reasonably likely that the jury understood the words ‘moral certainty’ either as
suggesting a standard of proof lower than due process requires or as allowing conviction
upon factors other than the evidence.” Id. at 366. Thus, the court held that the instruction
did not violate due process. Id. Similarly, our court has continued to reject Victor-Sandoval
claims. See State v. Sexton, 917 S.W.2d 263, 266 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v.
Michael Dean Bush, No. 03C01-9403-CR-00094 (Tenn. Crim. App., Feb. 12, 1996,
Knoxville)(presently before the supreme court pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
206(a)(1)); State v. Ricky Thompson, No. 03C01-9406-CR-00198 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jan.
24, 1996, Knoxville)(application for permission to appeal pending).
Accordingly, the appellants have failed to show a violation of constitutional
due process. We are aware that the federal district court granted habeas corpus relief on
this issue in Rickman v. Dutton, 864 F.Supp. at 710. As we noted in the preceding issue,
however, we are not required to follow Rickman over the decisions of our court. Thus, we
believe that the appellants are not entitled to post-conviction relief on this issue.
V
The appellants contend that the trial court erred in summarily dismissing
numerous grounds alleging deprivations of constitutional rights under the fifth, sixth, eighth
and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, sections 8, 9,
16, and 17 of the Tennessee Constitution. The appellants insist that they did not
“knowingly and understandingly” waive any of the issues and that the statute of limitations
should not apply to bar the claims from being heard.14 The problem with the appellants’
14
Because we hold that the issues were either waived or previously
determined, we need not address the appellants’ allegations with regard to the statute
of limitations.
20
claim is that they rely on the “subjective” test for waiver that the supreme court rejected in
House v. State, 911 S.W.2d at 707. As discussed earlier, House adopted a broad,
objective test for waiver that also imputes the actions or omissions of counsel to a post-
conviction petitioner. It is with this standard that we review the appellants’ issues.
The following issues asserted by Sample are waived because they were not
raised on direct appeal: that a .32 caliber handgun was obtained pursuant to an unlawful
search of a vehicle and that the prosecution engaged in misconduct through its questioning
of witnesses during the sentencing phase. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-112(b)(1) & (b)(2).
The following grounds argued by both Sample and McKay are likewise
waived: that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that it need not find the element of
malice to convict for felony murder; that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that
it had to find all of the elements alleged in the indictment to convict for felony murder; that
trial counsel were ineffective due to a conflict of interest; that the State introduced
prejudicial victim-impact evidence during the guilt phase of the trial; that trial counsel were
ineffective because the appellants were made to sit in the second row during the trial; that
the prosecution made improper closing arguments during the guilt and sentencing phases
of the trial; that Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(3) and (i)(6) were constitutionally defective
and not supported with sufficient evidence; that the trial court erred in instructing the jury
that its verdict should not be influenced by sympathy; that the trial court erred in instructing
the jury on the range of penalties for lesser included offenses; that the trial court erred in
instructing the jury that witnesses are presumed to tell the truth; that the jury’s verdict was
prejudiced by extraneous influences; that the trial court erred in excluding jurors for
religious reasons; that the trial court erred in excluding juror Bishop; that trial and appellate
counsel were ineffective for failing to raise the above errors; and that the cumulative effect
of the errors denied a fair trial. In sum, the issues were not raised on direct appeal or in
21
prior post-conviction suits. Thus, the issues are without merit. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-
112(b)(1) & (b)(2).
The following issues were raised by the appellants in earlier proceedings and
were previously determined: that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that it could
presume malice from the use of a deadly weapon and the death of the victim; that the trial
court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the effects of a non-unanimous verdict; that trial
counsel were ineffective; and that the trial court erred in failing to sever the trials. Similarly,
Sample’s contention that Wallace’s identification of him was unduly suggestive and,
therefore, unconstitutional, was addressed on direct appeal.15 Thus, the issues are without
merit. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-112(a).
Finally, we note that the appellants also allege that the foregoing issues
should not be procedurally barred due to the inactions of prior post-conviction counsel.
This claim has been foreclosed by House, in which the court held that the actions or
inactions of post-conviction counsel are imputed to a petitioner. Id. at 707. Moreover, the
ineffectiveness of post-conviction counsel is not a separate ground for post-conviction
relief. Id. at 712 (citing Murray v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1, 10 (1989) & Pennsylvania v.
Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 554-55 (1987)).
VI
Sample contends that the trial court erred in denying his “motion to proceed
ex parte in seeking investigative and expert services.” The motion asserted that funds for
investigative and expert services were necessary to prepare the post-conviction issues and
to conduct a full and fair hearing. The motion further asserted that statutory and
constitutional principles mandated that the need for the funds be shown in an ex parte
15
We would note, however, that the identification issue may be affected by
the trial court’s ruling as to the exculpatory evidence claim.
22
hearing.16 McKay did not file a specific motion for an ex parte proceeding; however, he
asserts that the trial court erred in denying his request for state funded expert and
investigative services. The State did not address the requests in its answers to the
petitions, and the trial court did not make a specific ruling in either case.
On appeal, the appellants rely in part on this court’s opinions in Owens v.
State, No. 02C01-9111-CR-00259 (Tenn. Crim. App., Mar. 25, 1994, Jackson) and Payne
v. State, No. 02C01-9204-CR-00094 (Tenn. Crim. App., Mar. 25, 1994, Jackson). This
court had held that a capital post-conviction petitioner is not entitled to an
ex parte proceeding but that, upon a sufficient showing, a petitioner may receive funds for
expert services needed to establish a constitutional violation. The State also relies on the
Owens--Payne cases; it argues that the appellants were not entitled to an ex parte hearing
and did not show a particularized need for state funded experts.
As noted by the parties, the supreme court granted applications to appeal in
both Owens and Payne, and it released its opinion after the briefing in this appeal. In
Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923 (Tenn. 1995), the supreme court ruled, as a matter of
statutory construction, that the ex parte provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated section
40-14-207(b) are to be applied in post-conviction death penalty cases. Id. at 928. The
court said:
To obtain an ex parte hearing, a capital post-conviction
petitioner must submit a written motion to the trial court,
alleging why under the particular facts and circumstances of
the case, investigative or expert services are necessary to
ensure the protection of the petitioner’s constitutional rights.
A bare allegation that support services are needed is not
sufficient. In addition, the motion must include: (a) the name
of the proposed expert or service; (b) how, when and where
the examination is to be conducted or the services are to be
performed; (c) the cost of the evaluation and report thereof;
16
The motion cited Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-14-207(b), the
sixth, eighth, and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, and article
I, sections six through eleven, fourteen, sixteen, and seventeen of the Tennessee
Constitution.
23
and (d) the cost of any other necessary services, such as court
appearances. Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 13, §2(b)(10). Once the
petitioner satisfies these threshold procedural requirements,
the trial court must conduct an ex parte hearing on the motion.
Id. at 928. Moreover, the court said that, upon showing a “particularized need” requiring
expert or investigative services to ensure the protection of a constitutional right, a petitioner
may receive state funding for such services. Id.
Obviously, Owens had not been decided when the appellants’ post-conviction
petitions were filed; however, supreme court Rule 13, §2(b)(10), which was cited in Owens,
governed requests for ex parte hearings. In this regard, we note that McKay did not even
request an ex parte hearing much less comply with Rule 13. Moreover, McKay made only
a bare allegation that he needed funds for expert and investigative services. McKay’s
request, therefore, fell far short of showing a particularized need for relief. Sample filed a
specific request for the ex parte hearing and cited numerous grounds in support of the
request, including the statute interpreted in Owens; however, he too failed to set forth
detailed allegations in support of the motion as required by Rule 13. Thus, we conclude
that neither Sample nor McKay showed he was entitled to relief on this ground.17
VII
In summary, the judgments in both cases are reversed and the cases are
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
17
Moreover, we note that the appellants allege that numerous issues should
be, in effect, re-litigated with the benefit of funds under Owens. We reject this
contention. There is nothing in Owens to suggest that any issues previously
determined or waived may be revived in this manner.
24
_________________________________
William M. Barker, Judge
___________________________
Paul G. Summers, Judge
___________________________
David H. Welles, Judge
25