The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED
JUNE 1994 SESSION
November 8, 1996
Cecil W. Crowson
Appellate Court Clerk
JAMES J. BENSON, )
)
Appellant, ) No. 01C01-9401-CC-00026
)
) Williamson County
v. )
) Hon. Donald Harris, Judge
)
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) (Post-Conviction)
)
Appellee. )
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
William M. Leech, Jr. Charles W. Burson
William H. Farmer Attorney General of Tennessee
511 Union Street and
Nashville, TN 37219-1760 Amy L. Tarkington
Assistant Attorney General of Tennessee
450 James Robertson Parkway
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Joseph D. Baugh, Jr.
District Attorney General
Williamson County Courthouse
P.O. Box 937
Franklin, TN 37065-0937
OPINION FILED:_________________
AFFIRMED
Joseph M. Tipton
Judge
OPINION
The petitioner, James J. Benson, appeals as of right from the W illiamson
County Circuit Court's denial of post-conviction relief. He is presently in the custody of
the Department of Correction, serving as a Range II, multiple offender, an effective
sentence of one hundred and twenty-eight years for convictions of two counts of
aggravated kidnaping and one count each of armed robbery, conspiracy, and accessory
before the fact to armed robbery, receiving a sentence of sixty years for each of the
crimes except the conspiracy, for which he received a sentence of eight years. The
convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal on September 7, 1987, and
reaffirmed on a petition to rehear on February 16, 1990. State v. Bobby Mitchell,
Richard Cook, and James Benson, W illiamson County, No. 87-185-III (Tenn. Crim. App.
Sept. 27, 1989), app. denied, (Tenn. April 2, 1990).
The petitioner asserts that the trial court erred in its denial because he
was denied his right to a fair trial before an impartial judge. He asserts that he is entitled
to his convictions being vacated because:
(1) The trial court erred in finding that the petitioner
did not carry his burden of proving that the trial judge in his
original trial solicited a bribe from him during the pendency of
his prosecution.
(2) The trial court erred in finding that the petitioner
knowingly and voluntarily waived the claim of solicitation of a
bribe by not raising it prior to his trial.
(3) The trial court erred in applying the harmless
error standard to the bribe solicitation in this case.
BACKGROUND
The petitioner's convictions arose out of an October 22, 1985, incident in
which two armed masked men entered the home of George Khoury, a well-known
Davidson County jeweler who resided in W illiamson County, and held the Khoury family
at gunpoint. W hile one of the men remained with the Khoury family, the other drove Mr.
Khoury to his jewelry store in the Green Hills area of Davidson County and took
2
$350,000.00 worth of jewelry from the store's inventory. Upon returning to the Khoury
home, the two armed men bound the family with duct tape and took another $35,000.00
worth of jewelry from Ms. Khoury, $40.00 from the home safe, and $70.00 from Mr.
Khoury's billfold.
An informant, to whom one of the petitioner's codefendants had given a
watch from the Khoury jewelry store, informed investigators of the identity of the three
men who were involved in this crime. On November 1, 1985, after seeing Mr. Benson
apparently loading something into the car at his home, Davidson County officers made a
warrantless stop of his car. From the car the officers seized a pair of sunglasses, a
pistol and four motel receipts from motels located in Knoxville and Chattanooga,
Tennessee, Chamblee, Georgia, and Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. A search warrant was
obtained for the petitioner's residence. Officers found no jewelry, but confiscated a
Gray sweatshirt and brown cotton work gloves which were later identified as being worn
by one of the men involved in the robbery.
All three codefendants were charged in both Davidson and
W illiamson Counties with offenses growing out of this robbery. By consent, all three
were tried jointly before Judge Sterling Gray, Jr., who sat by interchange in W illiamson
County. On June 6, 1985, petitioner's counsel filed motions to suppress the physical
evidence taken from his automobile. Hearings were held on these motions on July 11,
July 31, and August 4, 1986. On December 8, 1986, some four months later, Judge
Gray denied all of the petitioner's motions. The petitioner's case went to trial, the jury
found him guilty of the aforementioned offenses, and Judge Gray sentenced the
petitioner to an effective sentence of 128 years.
In October of 1985, the T.B.I. initiated an investigation concerning
allegations of bribery and corruption on the part of Judge Gray and his court officer, Irvin
3
Oten. The investigation resulted in indictments being returned against Judge Gray and
Oten, and on November 17, 1987, Judge Gray offered his resignation. On May 19,
1988, Oten pled guilty to one count of aiding and abetting bribery of a judicial officer. He
received a three-year prison sentence which was suspended, and he was placed on
probation for three years. On January 19, 1988, Judge Gray fatally wounded his wife
and committed suicide. The case was officially closed on June 27,1989.
POST-CONVICTION HEARING
At the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, the petitioner testified that on
August 4, 1985, Court Officer Irvin Oten met him in the restroom of the W illiamson
County Courthouse and initiated a conversation by telling him that he looked like he
needed a little help. The petitioner told him that yes, he guessed he did, and Oten
replied that "everything has a price." W hen the petitioner questioned him further, Oten
responded, "$30,000.00 in jewelry."
The petitioner testified that his lead attorney1 had noticed him talking with
Oten and had become extremely upset, warning the petitioner to stay away from Oten.
The petitioner admitted that he had not told his attorneys what Oten had said to him. He
then testified that later that day, Oten had again followed him into the bathroom and had
given him a piece of paper with the phone number of a grocery store where he could be
reached after hours. Counsel again noticed the interaction, and, according to the
petitioner, "blew his stack," informing the petitioner that he would "get off" the case if the
petitioner had any other contact with Oten.
The petitioner testified that some two weeks later, out of curiosity, he had
called the number given to him by Oten but that Oten had not been there and the
1
The petitioner was represented by two partners in a Knoxville law firm . References will be to the
lead attorney or counsel and to cocounsel.
4
petitioner had not left a name or number. He then testified that on November 19, 1986,
he had received a message while at the Dayton Golf and Country Club that Judge Gray
had called for him and had asked that the petitioner return his call at 8:00 that evening.
The petitioner stated that he had called Judge Gray from a Chinese restaurant in
Chattanooga that evening and that Gray had asked him if he would "be able to handle
the business informed by Oten." According to the petitioner, he told Gray that he did not
have the money and Gray responded that he should think about it because the charges
against him were serious and he had not yet ruled on the petitioner's motions. The
petitioner testified that he had previously known Gray because his ex-wife had been a
court reporter for Judge Gray and that he had spoken with Gray over the phone on
several occasions when Gray had called for his ex-wife.
The petitioner said that Gray had called the petitioner's mother's home on
the morning of December 19, 1986, and had asked that the petitioner call him. The
petitioner returned the call from his aunt's home, and an exhibit of the aunt's phone
records was introduced into evidence to substantiate the call. The petitioner stated that
Gray had reminded him that he would be going to court the following month and that
help could still be had. Gray asked if the petitioner had any jewelry because he would
like to give his wife some jewelry for Christmas. The petitioner denied having any
jewelry, and Gray then asked for half of the money that he supposed the petitioner had
gotten for the jewelry. Again the petitioner told Gray that he had no money.
The petitioner testified that he had no other contact with Gray or Oten until
the trial began on January 12, 1986. W hen questioned as to why he had not told his
attorneys about the bribe solicitation, he stated that he had been scared that his
attorneys would not believe him and might withdraw from his case, as one of the
attorneys had earlier threatened. He then testified that on November 7, 1987, after his
appeal had been briefed and argued but not decided, he had spoken with another of his
attorneys and had told him that he had indeed been solicited for a bribe by Oten and
5
Gray. He stated that the attorney had told him that he would discuss the case with his
other attorney.
On cross-examination, the state questioned the petitioner about the call
made from the petitioner's aunt's house on December 19, 1986. After denying that he
had talked to Judge Gray about anything besides Gray wanting jewelry or money, the
petitioner admitted that he did not really remember if he had talked to Gray about not
being able to appear in court that day on counsel's motion to withdraw. The petitioner
acknowledged that a motion was heard in Judge Gray's court on the morning of
December 19, 1986, concerning counsel's motion to be relieved of counsel because the
petitioner had not paid all of counsel's fees. He then stated that he had driven to
W illiamson County, arriving between 12:00 and 12:30 p.m., only to learn that the motion
had already been heard and denied.
The petitioner again stated that he had not told his counsel about the bribe
solicitation for fear that they would withdraw from the case. W hen he had told his
attorney about the solicitation, he stated that his attorney told him that he believed that
the appeal would be successful and that the solicitation of a bribe complaint would have
to be brought up at a later date. The petitioner admitted that he had never objected to
the trial being held in Judge Gray's court and that he had not told anyone about the bribe
solicitation. He further admitted that at the time he had informed counsel of the
solicitation, there had been lots of publicity in the news surrounding an alleged bribe
scandal involving Judge Gray and "Bonehead" Scales, a defendant in another case.
W ade Lee Phelps, owner of W ade’s Drive-In Market, then testified that the
number the petitioner had said Irvin Oten had given him had been the number of his
market at which Oten had worked during 1986, the time of the alleged bribe solicitation.
Jerry Sue W ard, a former waitress at the Dayton Golf and Country Club, testified that
while working at the club, she had answered the phone and had taken a message for the
6
petitioner from Judge Gray in which Gray had asked that the petitioner return his call.
She testified that she had written down the number Gray had given her on a piece of
paper and had given the petitioner the message later that afternoon. Larry Travis, a
member of the Dayton Golf and Country Club, testified that he had heard Ms. W ard
repeat Judge Gray's number and message when the call had come in. He distinctly
remembered that it had been in the late fall of 1986 about mid-afternoon when the call
had come in and that many of the men sitting around the club had teased the petitioner
about receiving a call from a judge.
Petitioner’s former attorneys then testified in the petitioner’s behalf. Both
counsel testified that they had filed a motion to suppress evidence seized in search of
the petitioner’s car, his person, and his residence. His counsel detailed the facts
surrounding the three-day suppression hearing in which the arresting officers stated that
they had gotten all of their information to justify the search of the petitioner's car and
home through three unnamed informants ten days after the crime had taken place. The
counsel stated that in his opinion, the information was stale and that there had been no
basis of knowledge or reliability for the search. He testified that he had fully anticipated
that the motion to suppress would be granted. He further testified that the last argument
on the motion had taken place on August 4, 1986, and that the ruling had not been
made by Judge Gray until December 8, 1986, some four months later, an unusually long
delay. He also testified that a motion in limine had been filed to limit a co-conspirator’s
statement that was made clearly outside the time limits of the conspiracy. According to
the petitioner’s counsel, the motion was denied after another unusual delay. He then
testified that when the petitioner had told him about the attempted bribe solicitation, the
case was already on appeal and that he had advised the petitioner that no mechanism
was available to raise the issue at that time.
The petitioner’s lead attorney testified about the incident between the
petitioner and Oten that took place during the suppression hearing. He recalled being
7
very concerned and upset about the communication. Both attorneys testified that they
had feared that someone was trying to “set up” the petitioner for additional charges
because they believed that their motions to suppress would be successful.
Davidson County Deputy District Attorney General Tom Thurman was
called by the petitioner to testify that on October 17, 1985, he had been offered a bribe
by Irvin Oten on behalf of a defendant in another case, but he added that at that time, he
thought Mr. Oten was joking. He also testified about the investigation and arrest of
Judge Gray, stating that Gray had denied all accusations until learning that Oten had
been “wired” when they spoke the night before about the bribe solicitation of “Bonehead”
Scales. Gray had told Thurman that at that time there were no more bribe solicitations
“in the pipeline.” On cross-examination, Thurman stated that at no time during the two-
year investigation of Gray had there been any information concerning a bribe solicitation
in the petitioner’s case.
Davidson County Criminal Court Judge Thomas Shriver testified that he
had been the district attorney general and had initiated the investigation of Irvin Oten
and Judge Gray in October, 1985, after he received several complaints concerning
alleged bribe solicitations in Judge Gray’s court. He testified that attorney Arnold
Peebles had informed his office that Judge Gray could be bribed and that upon inquiry,
his assistants informed him of other similar allegations concerning Gray. Judge Shriver
stated that the defendant in Mr. Peeble’s case had been a male Caucasian. Also, he
acknowledged that although the investigation of Judge Gray and Oten had been ongoing
at the time of the petitioner’s trial, no special measures had been taken to monitor Judge
Gray’s cases.
Special Agent Richard W right with the T.B.I. testified concerning his
investigation of Judge Gray and Irvin Oten. W right testified that he had received a call
from General Shriver in October, 1985, concerning a purported bribe payment by
8
Howard Scales to Irvin Oten. He testified that when Irvin Oten had been arrested in
November, 1987, he had admitted involvement in only two other cases, but that W right
had known that he was not telling the truth because his office had posted surveillance
when Oten had accepted money in another case. He also testified that Irvin Oten’s
father had been involved in a solicitation attempt and that he had later been convicted of
that offense. He stated that in the course of the investigation he had learned that Gray
had borrowed money from bondsmen and had written several bad checks. He admitted
that at the time of the Benson case, his office had not taken any steps to insure that
inappropriate gestures were not made by Gray or Oten. He stated that at the time of
Judge Gray’s death, the state had indictments in four cases but that to his knowledge,
there had never been any allegation of misconduct in the petitioner’s case. On cross-
examination he stated that all allegations involving bribery in Judge Gray’s court had
involved members of the black community.
Other witnesses called by the petitioner included Mark Beverage, a former
assistant district attorney, who testified that Irvin Oten had inappropriately approached
him on occasion to discuss individual defendants and their cases. Harry Owens, former
chief accountant with the Davidson County Criminal Court Clerk’s office, testified that he
had been unaware of Judge Gray’s financial difficulties until several checks that Gray
had cashed through the clerk’s office were returned for insufficient funds. Forest Brent,
a Davidson County bail bondsman, testified that Judge Gray had borrowed $700.00 from
him and that Gray had never repaid him. Bill Thompson, another T.B.I. agent who had
assisted in the investigation of Gray and Oten, testified that he had learned that Judge
Gray had often sent court officers to retrieve his bad checks and to place illegal numbers
bets for him. Floyd Price, the former assistant district attorney who had represented the
state in Benson’s original trial, testified he had not been made aware of any investigation
concerning Oten or Gray during the trial. He also testified that he recalled having
participated in serious plea negotiations involving a ten to fifteen-year sentence for the
petitioner.
9
Irvin Oten was the first witness called by the state. He testified that he had
served as Judge Gray’s court officer from September, 1982, until the time of his arrest.
He stated that he had pled guilty to the offenses in which he took part in soliciting bribes
and that he was currently on probation. Oten admitted that he had taken money from
two defendants who had cases pending in Judge Gray’s court, but adamantly denied
that he had ever spoken with the petitioner. He stated that his job had been to oversee
the prisoners being held in the room behind the courtroom, and since the petitioner had
been on bond, he would have not had a reason to be in contact with him. He also stated
that he would never talk to anyone in the bathroom because it was a public place and
because the prisoners in the backroom demanded all of his attention.
On cross-examination Oten testified that he had no prior convictions, but a
presentence report which revealed that he had been convicted of passing worthless
checks was used to impeach him. He admitted that Judge Gray had sent him to place
numbers bets and pick up his bad checks at least once a week.
Ed Yarbrough, the attorney who had represented Irvin Oten in his plea
negotiations, testified that the district attorney’s office had promised Oten that if he
would be truthful and assist them in their investigation of Judge Gray, he would not be
incarcerated. He stated that he had advised Oten at that time to cooperate and report
any other cases in which a bribe had been solicited.
After the evidentiary hearing, the trial court filed an order and a supporting
memorandum with its findings and conclusions. The court concluded that the petitioner
failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that either Judge Gray or his court
officer had solicited a bribe from the petitioner and that the only direct evidence of such
a solicitation had come from the petitioner himself. The court noted that the solicitation
allegation was refuted by the deliverer of the alleged offer, Irvin Oten, but that both
10
witnesses were convicted felons. The court found that there was credible evidence that
the petitioner spoke with Oten on at least one occasion and that the petitioner had
phoned Gray’s office on December 19, 1985. He then noted that the petitioner was
scheduled to appear in court on that same day and that it was more probable that rather
than returning a purported phone call made by Gray, the petitioner was phoning the
judge’s office to advise the court that he would be late for his appearance when, in fact,
he did appear three and one-half hours late. He then found that because the
circumstances surrounding and the purpose of the December 16 call “were
fabricated, . . . little credence [could] be given petitioner’s assertions that a bribe was
solicited from him.” He then stated that “even if the petitioner had proven the attempt to
solicit a bribe, his failure to disclose it before trial would prevent his being entitled to
relief.”
The court emphasized that the petitioner had been found guilty by a jury
and that he had been represented by two preeminent criminal defense attorneys. He
pointed out that the conviction was reviewed by the court of criminal appeals who found
that there was “ample, indeed overwhelming evidence from which any rational trier of
fact would conclude that all the appellants, . . . were guilty of all these crimes beyond a
reasonable doubt.” He noted that Judge Gray’s ruling on the motion to suppress
evidence had also been reviewed by the appellate court in some detail and had been
sustained and that the court had conducted a de novo review of the petitioner’s
sentence, without a presumption of correctness, and had affirmed it. In conclusion, the
trial court stated that even though the appellate court had conducted an “exhausted
review” of the case, “this court has again reviewed the transcript of the trial proceedings
and has not found exercise of discretion by Judge Gray that was inappropriate or may
have unfairly prejudiced the petitioner.” The court then dismissed the petition for post-
conviction relief.
SUFFICIENCY OF SOLICITATION EVIDENCE
11
The petitioner first contends that the trial court’s conclusion that the
petitioner failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Judge Gray solicited a
bribe from him is erroneous. He concedes that the only direct evidence of the
solicitation is the testimony of the petitioner and Irvin Oten, but he argues that the
unrebutted testimony of Jerri Sue W ard and Larry Travis that Judge Gray telephoned the
petitioner at the Dayton Golf and Country Club and the unrebutted testimony of the
petitioner’s attorneys and the attorneys’ investigator that there was contact between the
petitioner and Oten on two occasions strongly supported the petitioner’s allegations. He
also notes the unusually long delay in Judge Gray’s ruling on the petitioner’s pretrial
motions.
The state argues that there is ample evidence to support the trial court’s
conclusions. It points to an inconsistency in the petitioner’s testimony concerning the
November 19,1986, telephone call supposedly made to Dayton Golf and Country Club in
which Judge Gray asked that the petitioner return his call at 8:00 p.m. The petitioner
testified that he returned the call at 8:00 p.m. from a Chattanooga restaurant, which
would have been 7:00 p.m. Nashville time, which the state contends was inconsistent
with Gray’s purported message. The state also refutes the December 19, 1986,
telephone call by noting that Judge Gray announced at the hearing that day on the
attorney’s motion to withdraw that he had talked to the petitioner that morning when the
petitioner had called to say that he might not be in court on time. The state argues that
Oten stated that he had never had any contact with the petitioner and that when Tom
Thurman had confronted Gray with the evidence against him, Gray had told him there
were “no more cases in the pipeline.” Lastly, the state emphasizes that all of the cases
in which bribes were alleged involved members of the Afro-American community.
In a post-conviction proceeding, the burden is on the petitioner to prove the
factual allegations in his petition by a preponderance of the evidence. Brooks v. State,
12
756 S.W .2d 288, 289 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988).2 On appeal, we are bound by the trial
court’s findings of fact unless we conclude that the evidence in the record preponderates
against those findings. Black v. State, 794 S.W .2d 752, 755 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we conclude that the
evidence in the record on appeal preponderates against the findings of the trial court
from which it concluded that the petitioner had not carried his burden of proving by a
preponderance of evidence that Judge Gray and Irvin Oten solicited a bribe from him.
The state’s only direct evidence that the petitioner was not solicited for a bribe was the
testimony of Oten. However, the record is replete with instances in which Oten had
falsely represented facts to T.B.I. officers. Oten testified more than once that he had
never spoken to the petitioner under any circumstance, however this testimony is in
direct contradiction to that of the petitioner’s attorneys and the attorneys’ investigator in
this case. Oten also testified falsely concerning his prior record.3
In its brief, the state makes much of the fact that Judge Gray had only
solicited bribes from the black community. However, former District Attorney General
Thomas Shriver testified that he had first been made aware of improper conduct in
Judge Gray’s court by Arnold Peebles, and the defendant in that case had been white.
Officers involved in the investigation of Gray and Oten admitted that no special
precautions had been taken to monitor the cases in which Judge Gray was presiding at
the time, even after most allegations against Judge Gray had been revealed.
The trial court did not address Judge Gray’s unusually long delay in ruling
on the petitioner’s pretrial motions. It also made no mention of the unrebutted testimony
of Jerri Sue W ard and Larry Travis that Judge Gray had telephoned the Dayton Golf and
2
For post-conviction cases filed as of May 10, 1995, petitioners have the burden of proving
factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence. T.C.A. § 40-30-210(f).
3
The record on appeal includes a video tape record of the evidentiary hearing.
13
Country Club asking for the petitioner. In conclusion, we hold that the weight of the
evidence in this case preponderates against the trial court’s finding that the petitioner did
not carry his burden in proving that he had been solicitated for a bribe.
WAIVER
The petitioner next asserts that the trial court erred in finding that the
petitioner had waived the ground for relief based upon Judge Gray’s improper conduct
by failing to raise it prior to trial. In his reply brief, the petitioner argues that he did not
personally and intentionally relinquish his right to present the bribe solicitation as a
ground for review of his conviction and sentence because he timely brought it to the
attention of his attorneys. The state argues that even if the petitioner had told his
attorneys about the solicitation attempt at the appellate stage of the proceedings, the
petitioner would still have waived the issue because he failed to bring it to their attention
at the trial stage. W e agree, first noting the conspicuous absence from the petitioner’s
excellent briefs of any real attempt to justify his failure to notify his attorney before trial of
the solicitations.
Pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-30-112(b)(1), "[a] ground for relief is 'waived' if the
petitioner knowingly and understandingly failed to present it for determination in any
proceeding before a court of competent jurisdiction in which the ground could have been
presented." Furthermore, there is "a rebuttable presumption that a ground for relief not
raised in any such proceeding which was held was waived." T.C.A. § 40-30-112(b)(2).4
In this respect, our supreme court addressed the issue of waiver under the post-
conviction act. The court held as follows:
4
For post-conviction cases filed as of May 10, 1995, T.C.A. § 40-30-112 has been replaced by
T.C.A. § 40-30-206(g), (h). 1995 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 207, § 3.
14
W e further conclude that the rebuttable presumption of waiver
is not overcome by an allegation that the petitioner did not
personally and therefore, “knowingly and understandingly”
waive the ground for relief. W aiver is to be determined by an
objective standard under which a petitioner is bound by the
action or inaction of his attorney.
House v. State, 911 S.W .2d 705, 706 (Tenn. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 1685
(1996).
In this case, the petitioner had the opportunity both pretrial and in his
motion for a new trial to raise the solicitation issue. According to the petitioner, he was
first solicited for a bribe during hearings on pretrial motions. He admitted that he did not
tell his attorneys of the contact, supposedly because he was afraid they would withdraw
from the case. He also admitted that he had not asked that Judge Gray be recused and
that he had never objected to Judge Gray presiding over the trial.
The trial court concluded that the petitioner’s explanation, that he “feared
the ire of his attorneys,” did not provide a legally sufficient reason to excuse his failure to
raise the issue earlier. W e agree. Accordingly, the petitioner has not overcome the
presumption of waiver, and this issue is without merit.
HARMLESS ERROR ANALYSIS
Lastly, the petitioner asserts that the trial court erred in applying the
harmless error standard to the facts in this case. He cites State v. Bobo, 814 S.W .2d
353, 358 (Tenn. 1991), for the proposition that constitutional “violations which are
defects in the structure of the trial mechanism defy harmless error analysis.” He also
cites Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 535, 47 S. Ct. 437, 71 L.Ed.749 (1927), in which the
United States Supreme Court held that where a court has a financial interest in its
decision, the harmless error standard does not apply. The petitioner asserts that the
judicial corruption surrounding Judge Gray at the time of his trial so infected the integrity
15
of the judicial process that he should, per se, be granted a new trial by an impartial and
disinterested judge.
In its memorandum in support of its order dismissing the post-conviction
petition, the trial court concluded that after reading the transcript of the trial proceedings
it found that Judge Gray’s exercise of discretion had not been inappropriate or had not
unfairly prejudiced the petitioner. It noted that while there was valid evidence that Judge
Gray had been performing official acts for personal motive, and that his abuses of office
had been known to law enforcement authorities, the facts did not necessarily suggest
that Gray had acted improperly in this case. As stated previously, the court emphasized
that the defendant had been found guilty by a jury, that the petitioner had been
represented by two preeminent criminal defense attorneys, and that this court had
reviewed the petitioner’s convictions and the sentences and had found them to be
correct and appropriate. However, even in finding no prejudice, it went on to conclude
that the petitioner’s failure to raise timely the alleged impropriety constituted waiver.
W hile this court wholeheartedly agrees with the petitioner’s position that
Judge Gray’s conduct directed toward defendants from whom he solicited bribes was
illegal and that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United
States Constitution guarantees every defendant the right to a fair trial with a
disinterested and impartial trial judge, we must agree with the trial court that the
petitioner in this case waived any right to challenge the partiality of the trial judge.
T.R.A.P. 36(a), in pertinent part, states that “[n]othing in this rule shall be construed in
requiring relief be granted to a person responsible for an error or who failed to take
whatever action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an
error.” In State v. Simerly, 612 S.W . 2d 196, 197 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980), this court
concluded that even constitutional issues could not be considered on appeal when there
was no contemporaneous objection and they were not presented in the motion for a new
16
trial. Adopting language from Hill v. State, 513 S.W .2d 142, 143 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1974), the court quoted the following:
“W hile recognizing the authority that holds constitutional
questions may be raised at any time, we believe that rule
applies only to fundamental constitutional defects in the
convicting process not waived or not subject to waiver. To
apply the rule to questions of evidence admissibility would
undercut the very function of the trial process, for if it would
become a tactical matter of defense to allow a bit of
constitutionally inadmissible evidence into the record, in the
hope for an acquittal but secure in the knowledge that a new
trial would result... Search and seizure, fifth amendment, due
process, equal protection, right to counsel, or one of the many
constitutional provisions lies at the bottom of most trial
proceeding questions. We cannot say that constitutional
questions enjoy an immunity from not being raised at the
trial without by so doing destroying the trial process itself.”
State v. Simerly, 612 S.W .2d at 197 (emphasis added).
In Holmes v. Eason, 76 Tenn. 754 (1882), our supreme court held that a
judgment rendered by a justice of the peace who was related to one of the parties within
the prohibited degree, without objection made by the other party on that ground, was not
void but merely voidable. The court reasoned that an objection should be made before
trial, “[f]or otherwise, the parties would be allowed to experiment with the court by tacit
acquiescence, and raise the objection when the result of the trial proved to be
unfavorable.” Id. at 756-57.
W e agree with the above rationale. In the case at bar, the petitioner did
not inform his attorneys of the bribe solicitation until the case was on appeal, supposedly
because he feared the anger of his attorneys and the fact that they might withdraw from
his case. Had the issue been raised immediately after the first solicitation attempt, a
motion for recusal would have been appropriate. Instead, the petitioner waited to come
forth with this complaint until the motion for new trial had been heard and denied and the
proceedings were in the appellate stage. A plausible inference from the petitioner’s
delay in raising this issue is that he was contemplating raising the money. By not
contesting the partiality of the trial court immediately, the petitioner may have been
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keeping his options open, realizing that if he received an unfavorable verdict and
sentence, he could raise the issue on appeal and obtain a new trial.
W hile recognizing the critical importance of maintaining the integrity of our
criminal justice system, we cannot accept the petitioner’s argument that even after failing
to raise his claim timely, his convictions should be vacated and he should be granted a
new trial. Rather, as we have previously stated, we hold that the petitioner waived his
right to raise this issue at this time.
CONCLUSION
In consideration of the foregoing and the records of the original trial, the
direct appeal, and the post-conviction proceeding, we conclude that the evidence in the
record on appeal preponderates against the trial court’s conclusion that the petitioner
had not proven by a preponderance of the evidence his allegation that he was solicited
for a bribe by the trial court and its officer. However, we further conclude that the
petitioner has waived his right to raise this issue at this time. Accordingly, the judgment
of the trial court in its denial of post-conviction relief is affirmed.
_____________________________
Joseph M. Tipton, Judge
CONCUR:
___________________________
David H. W elles, Judge
___________________________
Stephen M. Bevil, Special Judge
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