“Allegations do not materially add to public disclosures when they provide 19 only background information and details relating to the alleged fraud — they must add 20 value to what the government already knew.”
How later courts described this case
- “Allegations do not materially add to public disclosures when they provide 19 only background information and details relating to the alleged fraud — they must add 20 value to what the government already knew.”
- holding that a 3 “database available on a government website” can qualify as a “report” under the public 4 disclosure bar when “readily available,” “free,” and “easily navigable”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Case No.: 23-cv-118-CAB-BLM
12 Plaintiff,
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO
13 ex rel. RELATOR LLC DISMISS SECOND AMENDED
COMPLAINT WITHOUT LEAVE
14 Relator, TO AMEND
15 v.
16
WILLIAM J. KELLOG, et al, [Doc. No. 37]
17 Defendants.
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19 On January 10, 2025, Defendants William J. Kellogg, La Jolla Beach and Tennis
20 Club Partners L.P., and La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club, Inc. (“Defendants”) filed a motion
21 to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. [Doc. No. 37.]1 On August 23, 2024, Plaintiff-
22 Relator Relator LLC (“Plaintiff”) filed an opposition. [Doc. No. 38.] The United States
23 did not file an opposition. On August 30, 2024, Defendants filed a reply. [Doc. No. 39.]
24 Pursuant to Civ.LR. 7.1.d.1, the Court finds the motion suitable for determination on the
25 papers.
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1 Defendant’s Request for Judicial Notice [Doc. No. 37-3] is GRANTED pursuant to Federal Rule of
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1 BACKGROUND
2 Defendant La Jolla Beach and Tennis Club L.P., a California limited
3 partnership (“La Jolla Borrower”) is a limited partnership that owns and operates the
4 La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club (the “Club”). Plaintiff alleges that the Club is an exclusive
5 members only private club in La Jolla, California. Plaintiff further alleges the La Jolla
6 Beach & Tennis Club, Inc. (“La Jolla Manager”), is the managing member of both La
7 Jolla Borrower and the Club and is responsible for its financial operations and
8 accounting. Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant William J. Kellogg (“Kellogg”) is
9 CEO of La Jolla Borrower and La Jolla Manager.
10 This case arises from Defendants’ application for a Paycheck Protection Program
11 (“PPP”) loan. [Doc. No. 36 at 3.] The federal government implemented the PPP in
12 response to the COVID-19 pandemic to provide eligible businesses with loans to cover
13 payroll and other specified business-related expenses. Id. at 4. Businesses wishing to
14 obtain a PPP loan were required to submit a loan application, which required businesses
15 to acknowledge PPP rules and certify their eligibility to receive a loan. Id. Certain
16 businesses were ineligible for PPP loans, such as private clubs and businesses which limit
17 the number of memberships for reasons other than capacity. Id. at 5, 19.
18 Plaintiff Relator initiated this case under seal on January 23, 2023. [Doc. No. 1.]
19 Relator alleged Defendants were ineligible to receive PPP loans as a private club and
20 business which limits the number of memberships for reasons other than capacity and
21 thus knowingly made false or fraudulent statements on their PPP application in violation
22 of the False Claims Act (“FCA”), 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A–B). Id. at 18-21. The
23 Department of Justice investigated the allegations and declined to intervene. [Doc. No.
24 11.] The Court unsealed the Complaint on January 17, 2024. [Doc. No. 11.] Defendants
25 filed a motion to dismiss the original complaint on June 14, 2024. [Doc. No. 25.] On July
26 5, 2024, Plaintiff Relator elected to file a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) [Doc. No.
27 26], and the motion to dismiss the original complaint was denied as moot [Doc. No. 28.]
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1 On July 26, 2024, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the FAC. [Doc. No. 29.]
2 After briefing by the parties, this Court issued an Order granting the motion to dismiss
3 the FAC due to the public disclosure bar, and gave Plaintiff leave to amend. [Doc. No.
4 35.]
5 On December 27, 2024, Plaintiff filed the Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”).
6 [Doc. No. 36.] The SAC adds allegations regarding an additional PPP loan obtained by
7 Defendants [¶¶ 12, 30], and provides more specificity of what is required to become a
8 member of the Club [¶20]. Finally, the SAC adds allegations that Plaintiff obtained
9 information from a former Director of Finance of the Club to the effect that “(i) plans for
10 major renovations were already in progress at the time of the subject loans, . . . and (ii)
11 Borrower had approximately $1 million still in the account designated for the loan
12 proceeds long after the time period Borrower was required to have used the proceeds for
13 employee expenses and so certified.” [SAC ¶5.]
14 Defendants now move to dismiss Relator’s SAC under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of
15 jurisdiction pursuant to the FCA’s public disclosure bar,2 and pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)
16 for failure to state a claim.
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18 LEGAL STANDARD
19 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits dismissal for “failure
20 to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In order to
21 state a claim for relief, a pleading “must contain ... a short and plain statement of the
22 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. 8(a)(2). Dismissal under Rule
23 12(b)(6) “is proper only where there is no cognizable legal theory or an absence of
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2 Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) is denied because the public disclosure bar has not been jurisdictional
26 for the last 14 years and instead is an affirmative defense. Prather v. AT&T, Inc., 847 F.3d 1097, 1102
(9th Cir. 2017). Because the public disclosure bar is an affirmative defense, a court may consider it on a
27 motion to dismiss only “where the ‘allegations in the complaint suffice to establish’ the defense.” Sams
v. Yahoo! Inc., 713 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007)).
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1 sufficient facts alleged to support a cognizable legal theory.” Shroyer v. New Cingular
2 Wireless Servs., Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).
3 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
4 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
5 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
6 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
7 allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
8 misconduct alleged.” Id. (citation omitted). However, “a plaintiff's obligation to provide
9 the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions,
10 and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550
11 U.S. at 555 (alteration in original) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). A court is not “required
12 to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact,
13 or unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th
14 Cir. 2001). “In sum, for a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss, the non-conclusory
15 factual content, and reasonable inferences from that content, must be plausibly suggestive
16 of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969
17 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).
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19 DISCUSSION
20 Once again, Defendants move to dismiss for two reasons: (1) the FCA's public
21 disclosure bar applies; and (2) Relator's claims fail to satisfy Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b).
22 [Doc. No. 37-1 at 12-24.] As will be discussed, the Court again agrees with Defendants
23 that the public disclosure bar applies. Therefore, the Court declines to address
24 Defendants’ remaining arguments.
25 A. Applicable Law.
26 “The FCA creates civil liability for ‘any person who (A) knowingly presents, or
27 causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval; [or] (B)
28 knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement material
1 to a false or fraudulent claim.’ ” United States v. Allergan, Inc., 46 F.4th 991, 993 (9th
2 Cir. 2022) (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)). “A private person, known as a qui tam
3 relator, may bring a civil action under the FCA in the name of the U.S. government.” Id.
4 at 994 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)). “The government may proceed with the action or
5 decline to take over the action; if the government declines, then the relator can still
6 pursue the action.” Id. (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(4)). “The FCA incentivizes
7 whistleblowers to come forward by offering successful relators up to thirty percent of the
8 recovery.” Id. (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)). However, “the FCA ... provides limits on
9 who can bring a qui tam action and the sources of information upon which they can base
10 their suit.” Id. “These ‘bars’ to suit are intended to prevent ‘parasitic’ or ‘opportunistic’
11 qui tam actions.” Id. (citation omitted).
12 B. Public Disclosure Bar.
13 The public disclosure bar is set forth in 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A), which provides:
14 The court shall dismiss an action or claim under this section, unless opposed
by the Government, if substantially the same allegations or transactions as
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alleged in the action or claim were publicly disclosed—
16 (i) in a Federal criminal, civil, or administrative hearing in which the
Government or its agent is a party;
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(ii) in a congressional, Government Accountability Office, or other
18 Federal report, hearing, audit, or investigation; or
(iii) from the news media, unless the action is brought by the Attorney
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General or the person bringing the action is an original source of the
20 information.
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Thus, the public disclosure bar is triggered when: “(1) the disclosure at issue
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occurred through one of the channels specified in the statute; (2) the disclosure was
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public; and (3) the relator's action is substantially the same as the allegation or transaction
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publicly disclosed.” Id. at 996 (citing United States ex rel. Solis v. Millennium Pharms.,
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Inc., 885 F.3d 623, 626 (9th Cir. 2018)) (internal quotations omitted).
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As this Court previously held regarding the FAC, the fact that Defendants obtained
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a PPP loan was disclosed on a federal website, PandemicOversight.gov, which qualifies
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1 as a “report” for purposes of the public disclosure bar. See U.S. ex rel. Rosner v.
2 WB/Stellar IP Owner, LLC, 739 F.Supp.2d 396, 405, 407 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (holding that a
3 “database available on a government website” can qualify as a “report” under the public
4 disclosure bar when “readily available,” “free,” and “easily navigable”). Searching for
5 “La Jolla Beach and Tennis Club Partners L.P.” on this site provides results showing that
6 the LJBTC Partnership did receive a PPP loan in April 2020 in the amount of
7 $4,200,165.00.3 The Government’s website shows the full name of the business that
8 received the loan, the loan amount, the date the loan was approved, the lender, the loan
9 amount forgiven, the date the loan amount was forgiven, the number of jobs reported, the
10 number of loans, the spending category, and the industry. Specifically, the website shows
11 that Defendant is in the Golf Courses and Country Clubs sector of the Arts,
12 Entertainment and Recreation industry. [Doc. No. 37-2 at 13, 81.] In addition, the
13 information regarding Defendant being an “exclusive” country club could also be found
14 in news media sources, including a news article discussing “exclusive” country clubs
15 receiving PPP loans while still collecting full dues – and listing Defendant as one such
16 potential club. [Doc. No. 37-2 at 66-8.] Thus, there were several qualifying public
17 disclosures.
18 In addition, the allegations of the SAC are “substantially similar” to the
19 information already disclosed by the U.S. Government on pandemicoversight.gov and by
20 various news media sources. In the Ninth Circuit, the following formula is used to
21 determine substantial similarity:
22 [I]f X + Y = Z, Z represents the allegation of fraud and X and Y represent its
essential elements. In order to disclose the fraudulent transaction publicly,
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the combination of X and Y must be revealed, from which readers or
24 listeners may infer Z, i.e., the conclusion that fraud has been committed.
Mateski v. Raytheon Co., 816 F.3d 565, 571 (9th Cir. 2016)
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1 As discussed above, the “X” is the information on the government website and the
2 news articles which discloses that Defendant is an “exclusive” country club and obtained
3 a PPP loan. The “Y” is the general PPP guideline publicly available on the SBA’s
4 sba.gov website which states that private clubs that limit membership for reasons other
5 than capacity are not eligible for PPP loans. In fact, the SAC specifically alleges that the
6 SBA regulations “are clear that private clubs that limit membership for reasons other than
7 capacity are not eligible whatsoever to obtain PPP loans” [Doc. No. 36 at ¶25], and that
8 “even a brief review of the rules would reveal that these types of clubs cannot take PPP
9 money” [Doc. No. 26 at ¶27]. Thus, by Plaintiff’s own allegations, such a prohibition
10 was clearly and publicly available prior to the filing of the complaint.
11 When “X” and “Y” are combined, the conclusion that fraud has been committed
12 (“Z”) can be inferred. In other words, the material elements of the alleged fraud – that
13 Defendants applied for a PPP loan despite being an “exclusive” club – were publicly
14 disclosed. From that information, “readers or listeners may infer . . . the conclusion that
15 fraud has been committed.” Mateski, 816 F.3d at 571.
16 There is nothing in the SAC that changes the Court’s analysis. While the SAC
17 contains more specifics about the alleged fraud and requirements for the Club’s
18 “exclusive” membership, the allegations remain substantially similar to the publicly
19 disclosed information. “[F]or a relator's allegations to be ‘based upon’ a prior public
20 disclosure, ‘the publicly disclosed facts need not be identical with, but only substantially
21 similar to, the relator's allegations.’ ” Mateski, 816 F.3d at 573 (citatons omitted). “Nor
22 does a disclosed allegation need to contain every specific detail to constitute a
23 disclosure.” Amphastar Pharms. Inc. v. Aventis Pharma SA, 856 F.3d 696, 704 (9th Cir.
24 2017).
25 Accordingly, the material elements of the allegedly fraudulent “transaction” were
26 disclosed in the public domain and Plaintiff’s claim and the prior disclosure are
27 substantially similar.
28 / / / / /
1 C. Original Source.
2 Given there has been a public disclosure, the case must be dismissed unless
3 Plaintiff is found to be an “original source” of the information and the Government does
4 not oppose dismissal. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A). Relator bears the burden of
5 establishing that it qualifies as an original source. United Statesex re. Solis v. Millennium
6 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 445 F.Supp.3d 786, 795 (9th Cir. 2020)(citations omitted). An
7 “original source” is defined in relevant part as an individual who “has knowledge that is
8 independent of and materially adds to the publicly disclosed allegations or transactions,
9 and who has voluntarily provided the information to the Government before filing an
10 action under this section.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(B).
11 This Court found that, in the FAC, Plaintiff did not cite any information that
12 materially adds to the public disclosures or shows that Relator had any independent
13 knowledge of the alleged fraud. [Doc. No. 35 at 7 (citations omitted).] In the SAC,
14 Plaintiff refers to information obtained from a former Director of Finance of the
15 Defendant entities. However, the information allegedly provided by the former Director,
16 while more detailed, does not “materially add to the public disclosures.” See United
17 States ex rel. Hastings v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA, Inc., 656 Fed. App'x 328, 331–32 (9th
18 Cir. 2016) (“Allegations do not materially add to public disclosures when they provide
19 only background information and details relating to the alleged fraud — they must add
20 value to what the government already knew.”).
21 Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to show that it is an “original source” for purposes of
22 circumventing the public disclosure bar.
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24 CONCLUSION
25 For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED
26 WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment
27 / / / / /
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1 || accordingly and CLOSE the case.
2 IT IS SO ORDERED.
3 Dated: March 24, 2025 € ZL
4
Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo
5 United States District Judge
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