“Major league baseball is followed by millions of people across this country on a daily basis….
How later courts described this case
- “Major league baseball is followed by millions of people across this country on a daily basis….
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
COREY TWIGG, et al., No. 4:23-CV-00067
Plaintiffs, (Chief Judge Brann)
v.
VARSITY BRANDS HOLDING CO.,
INC. et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
MARCH 7, 2025
I. BACKGROUND
On February 19, 2021, Plaintiffs Corey Twigg and Lori Twigg filed a five-
count Complaint against Defendants Varsity Brands Holding Co., Inc. (“Varsity
Brands”), BSN Sports, LLC (“BSN”), Sports Supply Group, Inc. (“SSG”), Spartan
Athletics Company, and Garware Technical Fibers Limited (“Garware”) in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.1 This case was
then transferred to the United States District Court for the Middle District of
Pennsylvania on January 13, 2023.2 Upon completion of discovery, cross-motions
for summary judgment were filed by the parties.3 Also pending before the Court are
1 Doc. 1 (Compl.).
2 Doc. 53 (Case Transfer).
3 Doc. 76 (Varsity Brands, BSN, SSG Motion for Summary Judgment); Doc. 81 (Plaintiffs’
Defendants’ challenges to Plaintiffs’ proposed experts under Federal Rule of
Evidence 702. These motions are now ripe for disposition; for the following reasons,
Defendants’ motions under Rule 702 are granted in part and all parties’ motions for
summary judgment are denied.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Summary Judgment Standard
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is appropriate
where “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”4 Material facts are those “that
could alter the outcome” of the litigation, “and disputes are ‘genuine’ if evidence
exists from which a rational person could conclude that the position of the person
with the burden of proof on the disputed issue is correct.”5 A defendant “meets this
standard when there is an absence of evidence that rationally supports the plaintiff’s
case.”6 Conversely, to survive summary judgment, a plaintiff must “point to
admissible evidence that would be sufficient to show all elements of a prima facie
case under applicable substantive law.”7
4 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).
5 EBC, Inc. v. Clark Bldg. Sys., Inc., 618 F.3d 253, 262 (3d Cir. 2010).
6 Clark v. Mod. Grp. Ltd., 9 F.3d 321, 326 (3d Cir. 1993).
7 Id.
In assessing “whether there is evidence upon which a jury can properly
proceed to find a verdict for the [nonmoving] party,”8 the Court “must view the facts
and evidence presented on the motion in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party.”9 Moreover, “[i]f a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails
to properly address another party’s assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c),” the
Court may “consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion.”10 Finally,
although “the court need consider only the cited materials, . . . it may consider other
materials in the record.”11
B. Federal Rule of Evidence 702
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 “has three major requirements: (1) the proffered
witness must be an expert; (2) the expert must testify about matters requiring
scientific, technical or specialized knowledge; and (3) the expert’s testimony must
assist the trier of fact.”12
8 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986) (quoting Schuylkill & Dauphin Imp.
Co. v. Munson, 81 U.S. 442, 448 (1871)).
9 Razak v. Uber Techs., Inc., 951 F.3d 137, 144 (3d Cir. 2020).
10 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e)(2); see also Weitzner v. Sanofi Pasteur Inc., 909 F.3d 604, 613-14 (3d
Cir. 2018).
11 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(3).
12 Kannankeril v. Terminix Int’l, 128 F.3d 802, 806 (3d Cir. 1997) (citing In re Paoli R.R. Yard
PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 741-42 (3d Cir. 1994)).
1. Qualifications
An expert must “‘possess specialized expertise.’”13 The United States Court
of Appeals for the Third Circuit has “‘interpreted this requirement liberally,’ holding
that ‘a broad range of knowledge, skills, and training qualify an expert as such.’”14
But “more specific opinions” require “more specific knowledge,”15 although the
Federal Rule of Evidence 104(a) standard the Court applies “does not require
perfection.”16
2. Reliability
“‘[A]n expert’s testimony is admissible so long as the process or technique
the expert used in formulating the opinion is reliable.’”17 To be reliable, “the
testimony [must] be based on the ‘methods and procedures of science,’ rather than
on ‘subjective belief or unsupported speculation.’”18 The Third Circuit has identified
“nonexclusive guidelines” to evaluate an expert’s methodology, 19 but many of these
13 Calhoun v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A., 350 F.3d 316, 321 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Schneider
v. Fried, 320 F.3d 396, 405 (3d Cir. 2003)).
14 Id. (quoting Paoli, 35 F.3d at 741).
15 Id. at 322.
16 Fed. R. Evid. 702, Advisory Comm. Notes 2023 Amendment.
17 Kannankeril, at 806 (quoting Paoli, 35 F.3d at 742).
18 Id. (quoting Paoli, 35 F.3d at 744).
19 Id. at 806 n.6 (citing Paoli, 35 F.3d at 742 n.8). These guidelines include “(1) whether a method
consists of a testable hypothesis; (2) whether the method has been subject to peer review; (3)
the known or potential rate of error; (4) the existence and maintenance of standards controlling
the technique’s operation; (5) whether the method is generally accepted; (6) the relationship of
the technique to methods which have been established to be reliable; (7) the qualification of
the expert witness testifying based on the methodology; and (8) the non-judicial uses to which
the method has been put.” Id.
factors “are not applicable” for experience based expertise.20 Instead, the expert
explains how their experience informs the conclusions reached.21
However, “[i]t will often occur that experts come to different conclusions
based on contested sets of facts.”22 “[B]y deciding the disputed facts, the jury can
decide which side’s experts to credit.”23 Under this guidance, “once the court has
found it more likely than not that the admissibility requirement has been met, any
attack by the opponent will go only to the weight of the evidence.”24
3. Fit
“The third element under Rule 702, namely, whether the expert testimony
would assist the trier of fact, ‘goes primarily to relevance.’”25 “The expert’s
testimony must ‘fit’ under the facts of the case so that ‘it will aid the jury in resolving
a factual dispute.’”26
20 Jones v. Swepi L.P., 643 F. Supp. 3d 547, 562 (W.D. Pa. 2022) (internal citations and
quotations omitted).
21 In re Lincoln Nat’l Coi Litig., 620 F. Supp. 3d 230, 244 (E.D. Pa. 2020) (quoting FED. R. EVID.
702, Advisory Comm. Notes 2000 Amendments).
22 FED. R. EVID. 702, Advisory Comm. Notes 2023 Amendments
23 Id.
24 Id.
25 Meadows v. Anchor Longwall and Rebuild, Inc., 306 F. App’x 781, 790 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting
Lauria v. Amtrak, 145 F.3d 593, 599 (3d Cir. 1998)).
26 Id.
C. Factual Background
1. The Accident
Corey Twigg (“Twigg”), an assistant baseball coach for Montoursville Area
High School (“the High School”),27 was pitching indoor batting practice on March
10, 2019 when a ball unexpectedly penetrated the net of the Collegiate L-Screen Net
with Hood (“the L-Screen”) he sat behind.28 Twigg sustained serious injuries after
the ball struck him in his right eye.29 He underwent three unsuccessful surgeries and
eventually lost his eye.30
Twigg claims he inspected the L-Screen before practice began by “tug[ing]”
on the net and visually inspecting it.31 Two members of the baseball team could not
corroborate Twigg’s claim,32 but one testified that “Twigg wouldn’t have got behind
an L-screen that had a hole in it.”33
27 Doc. 78 (Varsity Brands, BSN, and SSG Statement of Material Facts) at ¶ 6; Doc. 81
(Plaintiffs’ Statement of Material Facts) at ¶ 11; Doc. 87 (Garware’s Statement of Material
Facts) at ¶ 1.
28 Doc. 78 at ¶¶ 14-15; Doc. 81 at ¶ 19; Doc. 87 at ¶ 2. Garware admits to this distance in response
to Plaintiffs’ SMF. Doc. 93 (Garware Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment)
at ¶ 19.
29 Doc. 81 at ¶ 32.
30 Id.
31 Doc. 88 (Plaintiffs’ Exhibit List), Ex. E (Twigg Dep.) at 111:12-19.
32 Doc. 91 (Garware’s Brief in Opposition), Ex. C (Verrico Dep.) at 15:17-20, Ex. G (Wood
Dep.) at 15:8-11.
33 Doc. 88, Ex I (Wood Dep.) at 15:4-7.
2. The Safety Net
Garware manufactured the polyethylene safety net for BSN’s L-Screen
product.34 The net’s anticipated service life was “in excess of five years” under
“standard use” conditions.35 Prabhakar Chandrachud, the Director and President of
Garware USA,36 stated that products like this are “designed according to the
specification[s] given” by Garware’s customers.37 BSN and Garware discussed the
net’s design specifications from March 2016 through July 2016.38 During this period,
Garware also provided BSN with a prototype net,39 which BSN claims it tested by
pitching balls at it for approximately a week.40 Chandrachud acknowledged that
Garware’s customers may “demand” it test the netting.41 But he did not mention any
kind of simulated pitching testing for this product, and Garware’s records only show
that it tested the twine from production lots in November and December 2016
pursuant to the following International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”)
34 Doc. 87 at ¶ 19.
35 Doc. 88, Ex. R (BSN Rep. Dep.) at 58:16-22.
36 Garware USA is a wholly owned subsidiary of Garware Technical Fibers India. Doc. 91, Ex.
H (Chandrachud Dep.) at 9:14-19.
37 Id. at 45:2-3.
38 Id. at 56:23-57:1; Doc. 88, Ex. Q (Email Exchange).
39 Doc. 88, Ex. Q (Email Exchange).
40 Id., Ex. R (Piombino Dep.) at 57:10-18, 63:9-11
41 Doc. 91, Ex. H at 28:1-5.
standards: ISO 1805,42 ISO 2060,43 and ISO 206144 (“the 2016 test results”).45
Garware did not certify the 2016 test results as BSN did not request a test
certificate.46
Garware then sold the relevant batch of nets to BSN on January 31, 2017.47
BSN noted that the nets would “go generally into stock and go out of [its] inventory
as soon as a customer order came in.”48 A BSN Order Confirmation indicates that
the High School ordered two L-Screens on December 7, 2017, with an estimated
delivery date of December 11, 2017.49 The High School also received an invoice on
December 11, 2017 that provided a due date of January 10, 2018.50 The L-Screens
only came with instructions on how to assemble the metal frame and net.51
42 ISO 1805 (Fishing nets – Determination of breaking force and knot breaking force of netting
yarns). Doc. 88, Ex. M (Clark Initial Report) at 3.
43 ISO 2060 (Textiles – Yarn from packages – Determination of linear density (mass per unit
lengthy) by the skein method). Id.
44 ISO 2061 (Textiles – Determination of twist in yarns – Direct counting method). Id.
45 These lots had production dates of November 18, November 24, November 25, November 27,
November 29, December 1, December 2, December 4, December 5, December 6, December
7, December 17, December 19, December 20, December 21, and December 22, 2016. Doc. 88,
Ex. N (2016 test results). See also Doc. 91, Ex. H at 98:4-7.
46 Doc. 91, Ex. H at 94:15-95:3.
47 Doc. 78 at ¶¶ 8-9; Doc. 95 at ¶¶ 8-9.
48 Doc. 88, Ex. R at 83:13-15.
49 Doc. 88, Ex. A (Investigation File) at 34.
50 Id. at 15.
51 Id. at 35-45. See also Doc. 88, Ex. R at 44:14-18, 57:25-58:2; Doc. 91, Ex. H at 109:22-110:7;
3. The 2022 Test Certificate
Gareware also produced a test certificate that contained certified ISO test
results on nets produced in 2021 (“the 2022 test certificate”).52 This signed certificate
concluded that “[a]ll breaking strength results are as per specification.”53
4. The High School’s Use of the L-Screen
Twigg testified that the L-Screens were not used outside.54 But Jeremy Eck,
the head baseball coach, testified that he “can’t tell…if [the relevant] nets were
[used] inside [or] outside, but we do take L screens inside and outside based off of
the season.”55
Twigg was also “not sure” if these nets entered use in 2018 as the team
“cycle[s] through nets.”56 As to the length of use, again Twigg and Eck differed in
their estimations. Twigg claimed that indoor batting practice with the L-Screens only
began in February and March.57 When asked how he goes “about scheduling the use
of the batting cages in the auxiliary gym,” Eck testified that he reserves a time
“starting in November” that “will be our time until the baseball season starts and
[then] we go outside.”58
52 Doc. 88, Ex. P (2022 Test Certificate).
53 Id.
54 Id., Ex. E at 48:21-23.
55 Doc. 91, Ex. B (Eck Dep.) at 31:12-23.
56 Doc. 88, Ex. E at 111:12-19.
57 Id. at 32:21-33:2.
58 Id., Ex. F (Eck Dep.) at 20:4-21.
5. Zip Ties on the Net
Twigg testified that there were no zip ties on the net on the day of the
accident,59 and no zip ties are present in a photograph taken some point after the
accident.60 But Joel Verrico, the batter involved in the accident, testified that he
“believe[d] there were” zip ties around the L-Screen as they “put zip ties around all
of” their nets.61 He further clarified that they would only use zip ties if “only one
side had a hole” in the net.62
When viewing the L-Screen a week after the accident, the High School’s then-
Principal Daniel Taormina “noticed several zip ties holding the net to the frame.”63
Brandy Smith, the School District’s Business Manager, testified that she spoke with
Taormina about the baseball team’s use of zip ties before the accident, but she had
not personally seen the nets before the accident.64 According to Smith, Evelyn
Wynn, the School District’s Athletic Director, told her that zip ties were on the net
the day of the accident.65
59 Id., Ex. E at 48:6-8.
60 Id., Ex. H (Photo of Net).
61 Id., Ex. G at 21:15-16, 21:22-24.
62 Id. at 22:3-10.
63 Doc. 91, Ex. E (Taormina Dep.) at 18:14-24.
64 Doc. 78, Ex. F (Smith’s Dep.) at 26:3-10.
65 Id. at 27:5-22.
6. Use of the Net after the Accident
After the accident, the net was put back into service by zip tying another net
on top of it,66 but Twigg contends that the two nets were removed from use “on or
about May 9, 2019.”67 While Eck had double layered nets in the past, he was unsure
if that occurred with the net involved in this accident.68 An email from Wynn to
Jessica Reich, a Business Office Specialist for the School District, indicated BSN
“replaced the nets for” free and that “the new nets were placed over top of the
damaged nets by the coaching staff.”69
Reich also confirmed that two nets with zip ties were on the single L-Screen
frame after it was removed from the auxiliary gym in May 2019, and she directed
maintenance staff to remove the nets from the L-Screen and place them in a box for
storage in mid-May 2019.70
7. Other BSN Products
Another safety net sold on BSN’s website displayed the batter a short distance
from the net, and BSN also separately sold padding to attach to the L-Screen metal
frame with zip ties as a safety accessory.71
66 Doc. 81 at ¶ 34; Doc. 88, Ex. E at 119:19-120:10.
67 Doc. 88, Ex. L (Reich Dep.) at 24:25-25:4.
68 Id. at 36:6-8.
69 Id., Ex. K (Montoursville Emails).
70 Id., Doc. L (Reich Dep.) at 21:16-22:2, 29:20-32:9.
71 Id., Ex. C (BSN Answers to Request for Admissions) at No. 62; Doc. 112 (Daubert Hearing
Transcript) at 70:9-18.
8. Plaintiffs’ Expert Reports
a. Dale Clark’s Professional Background
Dale Clark is an engineer and metallurgist with over twenty years of
experience.72 His education and professional career have familiarized him with
general concepts of product design,73 forensic engineering, and failure analysis.74 He
has authored the “[m]aterials and mechanical engineering aspects” of a report that
evaluated the design of a fall restraint device75 and participated in various failure
analysis projects.76
b. Clark’s Initial Report
In his first report,77 Clark evaluated the results of mechanical and materials
testing performed on the netting to reach the following conclusions:
“[First,] the pitching net material does not currently meet the
minimum mechanical properties indicated by Garware.
[Second,] the pitching net material has undergone oxidative
degradation which may have reduced its mechanical properties.
72 Doc. 88, Ex. M at 2.
73 Doc. 112 at 79:19-25.
74 Doc. 88, Ex. M at 2.
75 Doc. 112 at 81:19-83:13.
76 Id. At the Daubert hearing, Clark indicated that he has performed testing analysis of
polyethylene pipes involved in water system failures; Cresline polyethylene pipes used in
hydronic systems; welded base plates from high power towers; and sporting equipment found
at trampoline gyms and rock-climbing facilities. Id. at 58:10-24.
77 When drafting the report, Clark reviewed ISO standards 1805, 1806, and 2061. Doc. 88, Ex.
M at 3. He also had access to depositions from the following individuals, amongst other
materials: Corey Twigg; Lori Twigg; Jessica Reich; Jeremy Eck; Don Piombino; and
Prabhakar Chandrachud. Id.
[Third,] given the short service li[f]e and limited environmental
exposure of the pitching nets, the severity of damage and
degradation observed suggests that the netting material is either
insufficiently durable to resist mechanical damage or
insufficiently stabilized to prevent oxidative degradation under
service conditions.”78
i. Mechanical Testing
Clark concluded that the net “failed to meet [in 2023] the minimum breaking
strength and knot breaking strength requirements” used by Garware after comparing
the 2016 test results to the Vartest test results.79
ii. Materials Testing
Clark also analyzed the results of the Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (“FTIR”) testing that was performed in 2021.80 These results indicated
that “the netting material had undergone some degree of oxidative degradation.”81
Clark based this conclusion on the carbonyl index, “a method for monitoring thermal
and ultraviolet degradation of polyolefin materials such as polyethylene.”82 This
technique “does not provide a precise quantitative measurement of degradation,” but
it instead qualitatively assesses the “presence of oxidative degradation in the
material.”83
78 Id. at 7.
79 Id.
80 FTIR “outputs a spectrum” that is then compared “to known spectra to identify chemical
species present in the sample testing” according to ASTM methodologies. Doc. 112 at 112:18-
24.
81 Doc. 88, Ex. M at 7.
82 Id. at 6.
83 Id. at 7.
iii. Clark’s Analysis of the Testing
Clark then performed a straightforward analysis. He noted that oxidative
degradation had occurred, which is “consistent with the drop in mechanical
properties.”84 Then, Clark made two factual observations: (1) the nets were “not
exposed to significant ultraviolet light or unusually high temperatures and [would]
not be expected to undergo substantial thermal or UV degradation”85 and (2) the net
had suffered only moderate use.86 Under these circumstances, Clark concluded that
“the netting material is either insufficiently durable to withstand the physical
requirements of its intended use or insufficiently stabilized to resist oxidative
degradation.”87
c. Clark’s Rebuttal Report
Clark’s rebuttal report contests parts of the expert report authored by Bruce
Snigger, a textiles specialist who claims the High School misused the net.88 Clark
highlighted the lack of instructions specifying a minimum safe distance from the
batter and noted that the net was within its intended service life.89 He also rebutted
84 Id.
85 Id. at 4, 7.
86 Id.
87 Id.
88 Doc. 88, Ex. V (Snigger Report).
89 Doc. 88, Ex. X (Clark Rebuttal).
the claim the net was damaged.90 As explained, Clark concluded the drop in
mechanical qualities occurred only after normal use of the net.91
i. The Vartest Testing
As to the mechanical testing performed, Clark emphasized that forensic
investigations always involve “used” materials and unknotting the yarn samples is
“a function of necessity when testing an end-use product.”92 Clark also noted that
the lack of any outliers in the testing to defend the adherence to the ISO 1805
methodology and indicated he could not address any issues with the twist rate
counting methodology.93
d. Clark’s Supplemental Report94
In his supplemental report,95 Clark discussed product design and warnings and
reached the following conclusion: “The subject L-screen net is defective per the
definition in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 16, Chapter II, Subchapter B,
Part 1115.”96
90 Id.
91 Id.
92 Id.
93 Id.
94 In this report, Clark also provided additional responses to the expert reports retained by
Defendants.
95 Clark had access to the following additional depositions when he prepared this report: Brandy
Smith; Daniel Taormina; Joel Verrico; Cameron Wood; and Evelyn Wynn. Doc. 88, Ex. Y
(Clark Supplemental Report) at 3-4.
96 Id. 13.
i. The Design Process
The design process requires the establishment of appropriate parameters to
ensure the product can function for its intended use and foreseeable use and misuse
conditions.97 For the L-Screen net, this process “would include determining how
strong and durable the netting material needs to be.”98
ii. Foreseeable Use and Misuse of the Net
Clark provided definitions of foreseeable use and misuse from the ISO and
the Consumer Product Safety Commission (“CPSC”).99 He further explained that
foreseeable use and misuse are evaluated by looking to “similar products” and
possibly discussing the product with end-users.100 With this understanding, Clark
contends that “any location of the subject L-screen net relative to the batter qualifies
as a foreseeable use and should be accounted for in the product’s design and
specifications.”101 He relies on the presence of short-range batting screens on BSN’s
97 Doc. 112 at 71:9-17. At the Daubert hearing, he provided examples of this process. He noted
that for fall protection gear, “you actually perform a drop test on it” as opposed to just
measuring the strength of the webbing. He also indicated “[t]he same is true for safety glasses.
They are not tested just by hardness, which is material property or strength. They are actually
impact tested.” Id. at 73:6-14.
98 Doc. 88, Ex. Y at 4.
99 The ISO defines foreseeable misuse as “improper or incorrect use of a product that is capable
of being known or anticipated in advance, based on a supplier’s best knowledge about the
product and human behavior.” Id. at 5. The CPSC defines foreseeable use to include “the use
intended by the manufacturer, and uses that were not intended but can reasonable be expected
to occur.” Id.
100 Doc. 112 at 74:4-13.
101 Doc. 88, Ex. Y at 6.
website, the lack of any “specified minimum safe distance for” BSN’s products, and
videos of batting practice to reach this conclusion.102
iii. Hazard Analysis
Hazard analysis “is the identification of potentially hazardous conditions and
relevant human factors which may affect the product safety.”103 This analysis should
progress along three levels: “design, guard, warn.”104 Clark readily acknowledged
that he does not design L-Screens and that he is unfamiliar with the practices of other
manufacturers.105 But he believed a “minimum safe working distance” should have
been identified through this process and the net should have been stabilized “against
oxidation” to prevent “deterioration.”106
iv. The Net is Defective
He proceeded to note that the “[f]ailure to address a hazard resulting from
manufacture or use of a product may render the product defective” under the
Consumer Product Safety Act (“CPSA”)107 and then concludes that “the subject L-
102 Id.
103 Id. at 7.
104 Id. at 7.
105 Doc. 112 at 84:18-20; 85:14-20.
106 Id. at 84:1-17.
107 Doc. 88, Ex. Y at 7-8. The relevant part of the Code of Federal Regulations (“CFR”) defines a
defect as “a fault, flaw, or irregularity that causes weakness failure, or inadequacy in a form or
function.” Id. This portion of the CFR further indicates that “a product may contain a defect
even if the product is manufactured exactly in accordance with its design and specifications, if
the design presents a risk of injury to the public. A design defect may also be present if the risk
of injury occurs as a result of the operation or use of the product or the failure of the product
to operate as intended.” Id.
screen net was defective either due to the design resulting in the net being
insufficiently strong or durable to function correctly under foreseeable use
conditions, or due to the lack of instructions or warnings addressing foreseeable use
and misuse of the product.”108
e. Stephen Pfriem’s Professional Background
Stephen Pfriem has ten years of experience as ICS Laboratories’ manager of
quality and compliance.109 He supports manufacturers and distributors of safety
products with quality control, design development, and compliance.110 Pfriem is
ordinarily familiar with the characteristics of these products as he assists with
“molding decisions,” “manufacturing production process decisions,” and evaluating
the “useful life” of the product as it ages.111
To prepare his report, Pfriem reviewed several deposition transcripts, the 2016
test results, the 2022 test certificate, the relevant ISO standards, and other safety
product standards.112
108 Id. at 8.
109 Doc. 88, Ex. T (Pfriem Report) at 1. ICS Laboratories specializes in “assessing the
performances, material characteristics, labeling, and other aspects of personal protective
equipment (PPE) used in occupational, educational, and recreational settings.” Id. at 1.
110 Doc. 112 at 18:5-8.
111 Id. at 44:8-15.
112 These included the transcripts for Piombino, Chandrachud, Twigg, and Lori Twigg. Doc. 88,
Ex. T at 2.
f. Pfriem’s Report
Pfriem offers two key opinions: (1) Defendants failed to properly develop
performance specifications for the net and (2) insufficient documentation exists for
the 2016 test results and the alleged simulated hazard testing performed by BSN.113
His first conclusion is based on the lack of “evidence that the specified break
strengths communicated by BSN/Varsity to Garware were based on a scientific
determination that said specifications corresponded to the net’s ability to resist the
force of a batted baseball”114 and the lack of minimum performance metrics in the
ISO standards relied upon by Defendants.115
As to the second conclusion, even though he did not have reason to doubt the
“trustworth[iness]”116 of the 2016 test results, this document lacked “many of the
metrologically expected details.”117 Further, “[s]imply testing the material
characteristics” of the net “is insufficient.”118 He is unaware “of any manufacturer
who willfully chooses to do partial testing of a component of their product instead
of complete testing of the product against a reasonably simulated hazard.”119 This
failure is a “departure from a basic principle of design qualification in industrial
113 Id. at 4-6.
114 Id.
115 Id.
116 Doc. 112 at 41:4-12.
117 Id. at 38:9-16.
118 Doc. 88, Ex. T at 6.
119 Doc. 112 at 36:17-22.
engineering.”120 While BSN claims to have done so, Pfriem “saw no records that
testing was done or what the testing really was” but acknowledged it “may have
informed the manufacturers’ confidence in the product” if it was actually
performed.121 “Therefore, the limited test protocol and available records…are
inexcusably basic and insufficiently connected, in a technically cogent manner, to
the known hazard.”122
D. The Daubert Challenges
1. Challenges to Pfriem
a. Pfriem’s Qualifications
Pfriem’s lack of a technical background does not render him unqualified to
provide an opinion in this case. He is intimately familiar with the subject of his
opinion: the norms of safety product testing and the expected accompanying
documentation. At the Daubert hearing, Pfriem clarified that he often advises
manufacturers and distributors of safety products on manufacturing and design
decisions.123 This experience qualifies him to expound on general principles of
designing a safety product, including protecting against known hazards and
verifying the “manufacturing process” through reliable records of testing.124
120 Id. at 37:21-22.
121 Id. at 37:18-25.
122 Doc. 88, Ex. T at 6.
123 Doc. 112 at 44:8-15.
124 Doc. 88, Ex. T at 7.
Through this role, as Defendants note, Pfriem naturally learns the characteristics of
the product he is evaluating. But this familiarity is merely a by-product of this work,
not a requirement for his assessment of the product’s testing protocols. Pfriem’s
purported failure to perform additional research into the L-Screen product does not
make him unqualified to provide his opinion in this case.125
While this does not directly impact Pfriem’s qualifications, I will address
Pfriem’s knowledge of simulated hazard testing performed by other manufacturers
of L-Screens.126 First, I reiterate that Pfriem would be qualified to evaluate the
adequacy of the testing protocols and the accompanying documentation without any
familiarity with the product. But Pfriem explained he became aware of other
manufacturers’ practices at the Daubert hearing, information he had not previously
disclosed.127 “Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B)(i) requires that expert
reports contain ‘a complete statement of all opinions the witness will express and
the basis and reasons for them[.]’”128 “If a party fails to provide information or
identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use
that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial,
125 Garware also contends that this lack of familiarity renders his opinion unreliable. My
observation that he is familiar with products at ICS Laboratories as a by-product of his work
similarly applies here. It is not necessary for him to have performed additional research into
L-Screen nets to evaluate whether the testing procedure and the accompanying documentation
met industry expectations for the development of a safety product.
126 Doc. 113 (Varsity Brands, BSN, SSG Supplemental Brief) at 4.
127 Doc. 112 at 35:1-7.
128 Parallel Networks Licensing, LLC v. IBM, Civ. A. No. 13-2072 (KAJ), 2017 WL 1405155,
2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 58394, at *3 (D. Del. Apr. 17, 2017) (quoting F .R.C .P. 26).
unless the failure was substantially justified or it is harmless.”129 But this is the exact
kind of testing that BSN claims to have performed, thereby rendering Pfriem’s lack
of disclosure harmless.130 The parties also had the opportunity at the Daubert hearing
to further explore this issue.131
b. Reliability of Pfriem’s Opinion132
First, I note that I have already rejected Defendants’ arguments that Pfriem
needed to familiarize himself with the L-Screen. Pfriem has sufficient expertise to
evaluate the design process employed by Defendants and a lack of L-Screen specific
knowledge would not render this evaluation unreliable. His opinion is also
unaffected by the High School’s subsequent use of the net, as his focus is on
Defendants’ actions during the net’s development. And, critically, Pfriem received
all the necessary information to form his opinion, even if that information came
solely from Plaintiffs’ counsel.133
Next, Defendants challenge the reliability of Pfriem’s discussion of the
adequacy of the testing performed. The ISO standards used by Defendants lack
minimum performance requirements.134 Consequently, accepting the ISO standards
129 FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c).
130 Doc. 88, Ex. R at 45:23-46:1.
131 Doc. 112 at 35:1-25.
132 Plaintiffs failed to respond to certain aspects of Garware’s motion challenging the reliability
and fit of Pfriem’s testimony. While I could grant the motion to the extent it is unopposed, I
decline to do so.
133 Doc. 88, Ex. T at 2.
134 Id. at 5.
as authoritative is not inconsistent with concluding that sufficient testing did not
occur. Nor do these observations require Pfriem to identify what performance
specifications would have been appropriate. In fact, doing so would improperly
extend beyond the scope of Pfriem’s opinion as he did not perform any mechanical
testing on the safety net.
His discussion of simulated hazard testing is similarly reliable. He used his
experience to identify an acceptable, feasible alternative testing method for safety
products.135 No additional knowledge of L-Screen netting is required under these
circumstances. Further, Pfriem properly declined to definitively state whether BSN’s
alleged simulated hazard testing is sufficient. Without any records, it is impossible
to evaluate the sufficiency of this alleged testing due to the level of detail Pfriem
articulated is required for adequate testing records. His recognition that other
manufacturers perform this kind of testing is not inconsistent with this response
given this lack of records.
Ultimately, Defendants appear to ask the Court to disregard the guidance
surrounding experience-based expertise. “[E]xpert testimony may be based on
experience so long as that experience provides appropriate validation for the
135 The feasibility of this testing method is demonstrated by two aspects of the record. First, Pfriem
points to recognized standards for the testing of baseball safety products that incorporate
simulating the relevant hazard. Id. at 2. Second, BSN itself claims to have performed this kind
of testing. Doc. 88, Ex. R at 57:10-18, 63:9-11; Doc. 112 at 36:9-22.
proposed testimony.”136 As this Court has already expounded at length, that is
precisely what Pfriem has done. Nor does BSN’s discussion of Meadows v. Anchor
Longwall & Rebuild, Inc.,137 a 2009 non-precedential decision from our Court of
Appeals, lend credence to this argument. The expert testimony at issue in Meadows
is fundamentally distinct from Pfriem’s proposed testimony. He does not offer any
opinions which would require replicating the conditions of the accident, examining
the safety net, or familiarizing himself with the design and manufacture of the
netting.
Finally, Garware challenges the following statement Pfriem made at his
deposition:
I believe the opinion I offered can generally be understood to be an
opinion on the cause of the accident, which is the under designed and
under testing or the inappropriate testing protocol that the net was
subject to prior to its release for consumer use based on the materials
that I reviewed.138
Accordingly, I take a moment to clarify that Pfriem may identify appropriate
testing protocols for safety products,139 the expected supporting documentation, and
the communication between Defendants on the development of performance
specifications. These aspects of his opinion would allow him to conclude that the net
136 Sense v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 661 F. App’x 771, 775 (3d Cir. 2016).
137 306 F. App’x 781 (3d Cir. 2009).
138 Doc. 79, Ex. L (Pfriem Dep.) at 69:6-12.
139 The Court uses the phrase “testing protocols” to encompass using consensus developed
standards or simulating the hazard the product is designed to protect against.
had been under tested to verify its design. But he is not allowed to testify that the
net, at the time of its production in 2016, would not have met the performance
specifications used by Defendants, as that is well outside the scope of his opinion.140
c. The Fit of Pfriem’s Opinion
Defendants’ arguments concerning the fit of Pfriem’s opinion are similarly
unpersuasive. After all, the fit “standard does not require plaintiffs to ‘prove their
case twice.’”141 The Twiggs do not need to “demonstrate…by a preponderance of
the evidence that the assessments of their experts are correct, they only have to
demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that they are reliable.”142 Here,
Pfriem has provided a well-developed opinion based upon his professional
experience.
Further, his recognition that the ISO standards are authoritative does not
render his opinion unhelpful. As I have already explained, his opinions are consistent
with his acceptance of the ISO standards as authoritative, and his use of other
standards simply serves to demonstrate the feasibility of simulated hazard testing.
Finally, I clarify an apparent misunderstanding as to the role of Pfriem’s
opinion. Defendants assert that his opinion does not fit the needs of this case as it
140 At the hearing, he testified that he “cannot tell you definitively that the net would not have
passed because it would be a total breach of the basic principles of objective metrology” when
asked whether he could state “that this particular net wouldn’t pass” any kind of simulated
hazard testing. Doc. 112 at 51:15-17.
141 ID Sec. Sys. Can., Inc. v. Checkpoint Sys., 198 F. Supp. 2d 598, 603 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (quoting
Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 145 (3d Cir. 2000)).
142 In re Paoli, 35 F.3d at 744.
does not address causation. But when evaluating fit, the Court asks, “whether [the]
expert testimony proffered…is sufficiently tied to the facts of the case that it will aid
the jury in resolving a factual dispute.”143 Here, that is clearly the case. Pfriem
notably questions the relevance of the 2016 test results and the occurrence of
simulated hazard testing. His opinion therefore would allow a jury to infer that
Defendants did not adequately test the design of the net. While this inference alone
would not establish causation, it need not do so to render Pfriem’s report admissible.
2. Challenges to Clark
a. Clark’s Initial Report
Defendants challenge the reliability of Clark’s report by contesting the
adequacy of the facts he relied upon and his observations of the net’s characteristics.
But Clark’s opinions are not unreliable simply because he received limited
information from Plaintiffs’ counsel.144 The state of the safety net at the time of the
accident is a strongly contested fact, and Clark’s opinion reliably flows from the
Plaintiffs’ factual narrative. The weight the jury gives Clark’s opinion will depend
on whose version of events it ultimately finds to be more credible.
i. Durability of the Net
As to Clark’s opinion concerning the durability of the net, he concluded the
net does not currently meet the minimum mechanical properties after comparing the
143 United States v. Schiff, 602 F.3d 152, 173 (3d Cir. 2010).
144 I note that this objection would similarly apply to Clark’s rebuttal report.
2016 test results to the Vartest test results.145 Under the Plaintiffs’ disputed factual
narrative, this decline in the net’s mechanical properties occurred after only minimal,
indoor use of the safety net and its subsequent storage by the High School.146 This
factual narrative enabled Clark to infer that the net was insufficiently durable to last
its intended service life. Relying on this inference does not render his opinion
speculative and it adequately accounts for the gap in time between the net’s
manufacture and the Vartest testing.147 That is so even with Clark’s acknowledgment
that further use would result in additional degradation,148 as he is entitled to rely
upon disputed facts in the record. Defendants may certainly challenge before the jury
Plaintiffs’ characterization of the use of the net, but that does not justify excluding
the Initial Report.
While Clark’s opinion does not directly speak to the net’s durability at the
time of its manufacture,149 this also does not render his opinion unreliable or risk
misleading the jury. Clark articulates a prolonged deterioration of the net’s
mechanical properties that occurred during the High School’s minimal use and
eventual storage of the net; he has not asserted that the net did not meet these
performance metrics in 2016, nor could he given the uncontested 2016 test results.
145 Doc. 88, Ex. M at 6-7.
146 Id. at 7-8.
147 Doc. 88, Ex. L at 30:4-12.
148 Doc. 112 at 105:21-106:2.
149 He reinforced this point at the Daubert hearing where he asserted that he is “not arguing…that
[the net] never met [the minimum performance specifications] or that it wouldn’t have brand
new.” Id. at 104:23-25.
Be that as it may, this opinion is still a reliable explanation of his analysis of the
mechanical testing under Plaintiffs’ preferred factual narrative. As Clark’s
conclusions reliably flowed from this analysis, no additional mechanical testing was
required.
ii. Stability of the Net
Clark’s observations on the stabilization of the net are derived from the results
of the FTIR testing. At the Daubert hearing, Clark explained a “carbonyl index of
less than [0.02] is considered to be pretty normal” and that it “probably” would not
“affect the properties.”150 He then explained that a “[c]arbonyl index of [0.1] is
generally accepted to be the material is embrittled and degraded and going to break
easily.”151 The carbonyl index numbers calculated from the samples of the net in this
case were 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06.152 BSN aptly points out that these values do not
indicate embrittlement, but Clark has not argued that. He simply indicated these
figures show “oxidative degradation has occurred” and that “a strongly stabilized
material” that would last “for many years of service…wouldn’t show carbonyls” and
that they “would be less than” 0.02.153 He then connects this assessment to disputed
facts of this case: the High School’s use of the net indoors within its anticipated
150 Id. at 113:19-23.
151 Id.
152 Id. at 114:2-5.
153 Id. at 114:15-20.
service life. This deterioration therefore supports the inference that the net was
insufficiently stabilized.
Clark did not perform a deliberate acceleration of the aging of the net’s
material,154 but again nothing compels the Court to require that analysis when his
opinion is adequately based upon disputed aspects of the record. He articulated what
the FTIR testing results indicated and then explained how a product with an extended
service life would not be expected to degrade.155 For the conclusions he reached, that
is all he had to do. He is not directly testifying to the level of degradation of the net
at the time of the accident. No alternative explanations for the degradation of the net
beyond insufficient stabilization and durability exist under Plaintiffs’ factual
narrative, and he has clarified that a properly stabilized product would not be
expected to show carbonyls within its expected service life.156
Clark also identified possible causes of degradation,157 none of which appear
to have been present for the use and storage of the net since its manufacture. This
would allow a juror to infer that the degradation occurred during its actual use by
the High School. Again, these disputed facts could certainly be challenged by
Defendants at trial, but they prevent exclusion of Clark’s analysis on this issue.
154 Id. at 114:6-14.
155 Id. at 114:2-20.
156 Id.
157 Id. at 113:14-18.
Finally, Defendants argue that Clark’s failure to adequately consider the
disputed facts of the case, due to Plaintiffs’ counsel’s initial selective disclosure of
information, renders his opinion unreliable. This criticism drives at Clark’s failure
to address an “obvious alternative explanation” for the cause of the accident: the
High School’s misuse of the net.158 If Clark had only authored the Initial Report in
this case, that would indeed be a problem. But Clark received the additional
information Defendants have deemed necessary when he prepared his Supplemental
Report.159 In that report, he notably disputed, at length, Bruce Snigger’s
characterization of the damaged state of the net that relied upon these additional
materials.160 In doing so, he defended the factual narrative he relied upon in his Initial
Report, thereby implicitly affirming its findings. Consequently, unlike the expert in
Miller v. United States, Clark did more than conclude Twigg’s “injury was caused
by the accident essentially because [Twigg] told him it was.”161 He analyzed the
results of materials and mechanical testing and then connected those conclusions to
the factual narrative he deemed persuasive. As became evident at the Daubert
hearing, Clark also articulated how this opinion would be altered by the disputed
facts favorable to Defendants’ description of the net.162 Under these circumstances,
158 Miller v. United States, 287 F. App’x 982, 984 (3d Cir. 2008).
159 When preparing his Supplemental Report, Clark had access to the Taormina, Smith, Wood,
Verrico, and Wynn deposition transcripts. Doc. 88, Ex. M at 3.
160 Id. at 8-11.
161 Miller, 287 F. App’x at 984.
162 Doc. 112 at 105:21-106:2.
exclusion of Clark’s opinion is not warranted as it is neither unreliable nor
misleading. Naturally, if jurors resolved the disputes over the High School’s use of
the net in Defendants favor, they would simply discard Clark’s opinion.
b. Clark’s Rebuttal Report
Clark appears to have relied only on the changes in the breaking strength and
knot breaking strength of the net in his analysis of the mechanical testing results.163
His inability to speak to the issues Snigger identified with Vartest’s adherence to the
ISO 2061 procedures does not affect the reliability of his opinion.
c. Clark’s Supplemental Report
i. Design
Clark testified to having a general background in design, but he did not
perform any research into the design and manufacture of L-Screen safety nets.164 As
such, he is not qualified to discuss specific design modifications that could be made
to the L-Screen safety net or different testing protocols that may be used.
Consequently, Clark is limited in his testimony regarding the design of safety
products to general design principles.
163 Doc. 88, Ex. M at 6 (“This is further supported by the mechanical testing data from Vartest,
which shows that the netting material does not meet the strength specifications indicated on
the Garware test certificate and Garware testing data”).
164 Doc. 112 at 83:14-17.
ii. Warnings
Based on his educational and professional experiences, Clark is qualified to
discuss warnings and how they fit into the product development process through the
safety hierarchy. Despite Defendants objections to the contrary, Clark is also
qualified to identify certain hazards that would be evaluated through the safety
hierarchy, including the distance of the net from the batter165 and the storage
conditions of the net.166 But Clark is not permitted to expand his testimony by
identifying other hazards, how the safety hierarchy would address these issues, or
what an appropriate warning would say.
iii. Foreseeable Use and Misuse
At the Daubert hearing, Clark described the intended use of a product as the
use a developer is “deliberately intending [the product] to be used for.”167 He then
contrasted this definition from foreseeable use and misuse, which are “defined
within text as considering human interaction and behavior, what else might someone
use it for.”168 He further acknowledged that “in engineering classes when they teach
about it and in various texts, they do reference, you need to go out and look at similar
165 His review of Defendants’ expert reports, the other BSN products identified by Plaintiffs, and
other, relevant safety standards renders him qualified to discuss this issue.
166 He is qualified to discuss this issue due to his experience with polyethylene products. I note
that Garware makes a separate challenge that Clark is not qualified to evaluate polyethylene
materials. His professional experiences clearly encompass experience with these products. See
Doc. 88, Ex. M at 1-2. Therefore, this objection is not persuasive.
167 Doc. 112 at 74:4-5.
168 Doc. 112 at 74:5-8.
product…perhaps discuss it with end users to see how they might use this product
to get a better understanding of what use conditions might exist.”169 He mentioned
familiarity with this concept from engineering texts such as ASM International.170
As Clark tied his understanding of these concepts to his educational and professional
background, rather than simply his review of the text of the Consumer Product
Safety Act (“CPSA”) and its associated regulations, he is qualified to generally
discuss these concepts.
In reaching this determination, I note that Clark is also limited in his testimony
on this point to these general principles and the hazards he is qualified to identify
through the safety hierarchy. That does not, however, preclude the Plaintiffs from
making arguments to the jury that disputed issues in the record, such as the presence
of zip ties on the nets, would qualify as foreseeable use and misuse should that be
supported by other record evidence.
iv. Defective Under the Consumer Product Safety
Act
Clark is unqualified to state the net is defective under the CPSA. He provided
no specific details as to how this Act had arisen in his prior cases.171 To reach the
conclusions he did regarding the CPSA, he noted that looked at “the definitions
provided in it” and evaluated “[w]hat do those say, what is required, what is the
169 Id. at 74:8-13.
170 Id. at 74:4-25.
171 Id. at 87:24-88:2.
design requirement according to the” CPSA.172 Clark’s argument that the CPSA is
an engineering methodology is unpersuasive as well. Even if that were the case,
asserting that the net is defective under the CPSA is an impermissible legal
conclusion.
d. The Fit of Clark’s Opinion
Finally, Defendants assert that Clark’s opinions are unhelpful as he does not
directly describe the net at the time of its manufacture. Again, the disputed factual
record, combined with Clark’s observations and conclusions, would allow a juror to
infer the net was insufficiently durable and stable at the time of its manufacture.
E. Summary Judgment Analysis
Plaintiffs asserted the following claims against all Defendants in their
Complaint: (1) a strict liability claim based on both a design defect and
manufacturing defect theory of liability; (2) a failure to warn strict liability claim;
(3) a negligence claim; (4) a loss of consortium claim; and (5) punitive damages.
Defendants have moved for summary judgment as to all claims,173 and Plaintiffs
have moved for summary judgment only as to their strict liability claims.
172 Id. at 88:7-10.
173 Varsity Brands and SSG also argued that they cannot be held liable for BSN’s involvement in
this case. Without any citation for these arguments, I decline to dismiss these two Defendants
at this stage.
1. The Strict Liability Claims
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has adopted Section 402A of the
Restatement (Second) of Torts as its framework for strict liability in the products
liability context.174 Under this framework, “[a] plaintiff may establish a ‘defective
condition,’ and thus assert a strict liability claim, by showing that the product
suffered from a design defect, failure-to-warn defect, or manufacturing defect.”175
a. Design Defect Claim
“A plaintiff may prove a ‘defective condition’ exists by showing either ‘(1)
the danger is unknowable and unacceptable to the average or ordinary consumer (the
‘consumer expectations standard’) or ‘(2) a reasonable person would conclude that
the probability and seriousness of harm caused by the product outweigh the burden
or costs of takin precautions’ (the ‘risk-utility standard’).”176 “Regardless of which
test is used, the duty is to provide a product free from a defective condition
unreasonably dangerous to the consumer, and liability may be incurred irrespective
of fault.”177 Critically, “[t]he duty involved in strict liability—to produce and/or
market a product without ‘a defective condition unreasonably dangerous’—is
different from the duty of due care in negligence.”178
174 Webb v. Zern, 220 A.2d 853, 854 (Pa. 1966).
175 Rosenberg v. C.R. Bard, Inc., 387 F. Supp. 3d 572, 576 (E.D. Pa. 2019).
176 Sikkelee v. Precision Airmotive Corp., 907 F.3d 701, 710 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Tincher v.
Omega Flex, Inc., 104 A.3d 328, 387, 389 (Pa. 2014)).
177 Sullivan v. Werner Co., 306 A.3d 846, 860 (Pa. 2023).
178 Id.
But these tests only address whether a product was defective; Plaintiffs still
must also show that “the defect proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury” and “the
defect existed at the time the product left the defendant’s control.”179
i. The Consumer Expectations Test
“The consumer expectation test defines a ‘defective condition’ as a condition,
upon normal use, dangerous beyond the reasonable consumer’s contemplations.”180
A “product is in a defective condition if the danger is unknowable and unacceptable
to the average or ordinary consumer.”181 “The nature of the product, the identity of
the user, the product’s intended use and intended user, and any express or implied
representations by a manufacturer or other seller are among considerations relevant
to assessing the reasonable consumer’s expectations.”182 This “test has been
characterized as reflecting ‘the surprise element of danger’ latent in a product’s
use.”183 But “a product whose danger is vague or outside the ordinary consumer’s
contemplation runs the risk of being subjected to arbitrary application of the strict
liability doctrine.”184 That said, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has also noted that
a product “should be strong enough to perform as the ordinary consumer expects.”185
179 Id.
180 Tichner, 104 A.3d at 387.
181 Id.
182 Id.
183 DeJesus v. Knight Indus. & Assocs., 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 121697, at *18 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 8,
2016) (quoting Tichner, 104 A.3d at 387).
184 Tichner, 104 A.3d at 388.
185 Id.
Unlike “the ordinary consumer of an automobile [who] simply has ‘no idea’
how [an automobile] should perform in all foreseeable situations, or how safe it
should be made against all foreseeable hazards,” an L-Screen safety net is “within
the common experience of ordinary consumers.”186 Not only is this a well-known
safety product commonly used in our national pastime,187 but the product’s purpose
is also self-evident: the net should be able to protect the individual behind it from
incoming balls.
Sufficient evidence in the record would enable a juror to conclude that the
safety net suffers from a design defect under this test. First, I note that Pfriem’s
testimony, although concerning the conduct of the manufacturer, is still relevant as
it questions the adequacy of the performance metrics used for the net. Next, under
Twigg’s description of the net, the product did not outwardly display any signs of
damage on the day of the accident, and the baseball team had used the net for a
limited time indoors.188 The net was also well-within the net’s expected service life.
The batted ball unexpectedly penetrated the safety net and struck Twigg in the eye.
186 Soule v. Gen. Motors Corp., 8 Cal. 4th 548, 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 607, 882 P.2d 298, 306 (Cal.
1994). I note that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court favorably cited this application of the
consumer expectations test in Tichner. Tichner, 104 A.3d at 388.
187 E.g., Gionfriddo v. Major League Baseball, 94 Cal. App. 4th 400, 411, 114 Cal. Rptr. 2d 307
(2001) (“Major league baseball is followed by millions of people across this country on a daily
basis….).
188 While this concerns conduct, as opposed to properties of the product, I make this observation
as it is relevant to ensuring that misuse of the product did not occur such that the chain of
causation is broken.
These facts sufficiently describe Twigg’s “use of the product” and the
“circumstances surrounding the injury.”!®? "
Clark’s testimony would clarify that the net’s mechanical and chemical
properties deteriorated within the expected service life of the net. Unlike “the
dangers of a saw’s rotating blade” or “[t]he fact that the speed of a zip line will
accelerate with any increased force,” the durability and stability of the net’s
materials are not “self-evident” to any user.!? A reasonable juror could conclude
that these deficiencies in the design of the net are not those that an ordinary consumer
“would reasonable anticipate.”"”!
Causation can be established through the general circumstances of the
accident and Plaintiffs’ expert testimony. The net was, according to Clark,
insufficiently stabilized or durable to withstand normal use conditions. These
deficiencies weakened the net such that the baseball that struck Twigg was able to
penetrate the net.
Finally, certain facts suggest that the defect existed at the time of its
manufacture and subsequent distribution by Defendants. Garware tested samples
from the relevant production lots and delivered the nets to BSN, which stored them
189 Campbell v. Gen. Motors Corp., 32 Cal. 3d 112, 184 Cal. Rptr. 891, 649 P.2d 224 (Cal. 1982).
Kurzinsky y. Petzel Am., Inc., No. 17-1234, 2019 WL 220201, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7561,
at *16 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2019). To emphasize this point, I contrast the circumstances of this
accident, where Twigg sat behind the safety net, to a hypothetical scenario where Twigg had
been standing behind the non-protected portion of the L-Screen. If he had done so, the danger
ol being struck would clearly be understood by an ordinary consumer.
38
until it received an order from a customer.192 Storage under these conditions would
not contribute to the net’s deterioration. While some defects may immediately reveal
their presence, the deterioration in this case, as described by Clark, was a gradual
process. Finally, a juror accepting Plaintiffs’ factual narrative could draw the
reasonable conclusion that the net must have been defective as the High School’s
use and storage of the net would not accelerate its deterioration under the conditions
identified by Clark. Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment are therefore
denied as to Count I.
But “[i]n Pennsylvania, evidence of misuse is generally admissible to defeat
causation in a strict products liability design defect case.”193 “Misuse involves a
plaintiff’s ‘unforeseeable, outrageous, and extraordinary use of a product.’”194 There
is testimony that would suggest the safety net was visibly damaged and had been
repaired in several places with zip-ties on the day of the accident. If jurors credited
this testimony, it would be reasonable for them to conclude that the High School’s
significant overuse of the net rendered the product unsafe, a development that bars
granting summary judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor on this issue.
192 Doc. 88, Ex. R at 83:13-15.
193 Wright v. Ryobi Techs., Inc., 175 F. Supp. 3d 439, 448 (citing Moyer v. United Dominion
Indus., Inc., 473 F.3d 532, 542 (3d Cir. 2007)).
194 Id. (quoting Nathan v. Techtronic Indus. N. Am., Inc., 92 F. Supp. 3d 264, 275 (M.D. Pa.
2015)).
ii. The Risk Utility Standard
The risk utility standard “states that a product is in a defective condition if a
‘reasonable person’ would conclude that the probability and seriousness of harm
caused by the product outweigh the burden or costs of taking precautions.”195 The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court has identified a nonexclusive list of risk-utility factors:
‘the gravity of the danger posed by the challenged design, the likelihood that such
danger would occur, the mechanical feasibility of a safer alternative design, the
financial cost of an improved design, and the adverse consequences to the product
and to the consumer that would result from an alternative design.’”196 The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court has further clarified that under the risk-utility test “the
focus of a design defect case must be limited to the characteristics of the product,
and not the conduct of the manufacturer or seller.”197
Neither Defendant moved for summary judgment as to this theory of design
defect liability, as opposed to summary judgment on the design defect claim as a
whole. Consequently, I do not perform a substantial analysis of Plaintiffs’ ability to
assert a design defect claim under the risk-utility test, but I do note that the
limitations the Court has imposed on Plaintiffs’ proposed expert testimony,
195 Tichner, 104 A.3d at 389.
196 Sullivan, 306 A.3d at 861 (quoting Barker v. Lull Engineering Co., 20 Cal. 3d 413, 143 Cal.
Rptr. 225, 573 P.2d 443 (Cal. 1978)).
197 Id.
particularly Clark’s ability to speak to the design of L-Screens, would significantly
hamper their ability to satisfactorily demonstrate several of these factors.
b. Manufacturing Defect Claim
“A manufacturing defect is a deviation from a product’s intended design.”198
Accordingly, “a ‘manufacturing or production defect is readily identifiable because
a defective product is one that differs from the manufacturer’s intended result or
from other ostensibly identical units of the same product line.’”199 Plaintiffs may
proceed by using either “direct or circumstantial evidence.”200 “Direct evidence
requires evidence of ‘a breakdown in the machine or component thereof’; and
circumstantial evidence requires plaintiff [to] rule out abnormal uses or secondary
causes of a malfunction—also known as the ‘malfunction theory.’”201
Like the design defect claim, I decline to grant any motion for summary
judgment regarding this theory of liability. A juror could reasonably discard Stephen
Pfriem’s opinions regarding the inadequacy of the product’s testing and the
development of product specifications. To do so, the juror would credit the
statements describing simulated hazard testing performed by BSN, suggesting that
198 Chandler v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 774 F. App’x 75, 754 (3d Cir. 2019).
199 Terrell v. Davol, Inc., Civ. A. No. 13-5074, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 103695, 2014 WL
3746532, at *7 (E.D. Pa. July 30, 2014) (quoting Lucas v. City of Visalia, 726 F. Supp. 2d
1149, 1154 (E.D. Cal. 2010)).
200 Muniz v. Stober, Civ. A. No. 18-4619, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 130926, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 5,
2019) (citing Smith v. Howmedica Osteonics Corp., 251 F. Supp. 3d 844, 851 (E.D. Pa. 2017)).
201 Id. (quoting Smith, 251 F. Supp. 3d at 851).
the performance specifications were sufficient. Accordingly, the issue with the
safety net in this case would not arise from its design.
Instead, the reasonable inference would be that this specific net had a defect
that caused it to unexpectedly deteriorate. Based on Clark’s testimony, the net
displayed oxidative degradation in 2021 and it did not meet the relevant mechanical
specifications in 2023. At the time of the accident and the time of the FTIR testing,
the net was well-within the sole estimation of the product’s service life. Although
the mechanical testing was performed outside of the expected lifetime of the safety
net, its removal from service means it would not have been further exposed to
conditions or use that would contribute to additional degradation. If a juror credited
Plaintiffs’ factual narrative to conclude the net had undergone only moderate, indoor
use and it did not display any visible signs of damage at the time of the accident, the
juror could then infer, as Clark opines, that the net was manufactured to be either
insufficiently durable or stabilized.
The causation and the existence of the defect inquiries remain unchanged from
the analysis conducted above. Consequently, I deny Defendants’ Motions for
Summary Judgment as they pertain to Plaintiffs’ manufacturing defect claim. But
again, the factual circumstances that suggest substantial overuse of the net requires
the Court to also deny Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment on this claim.
c. Failure to Warn Claim
A “plaintiff raising a [strict liability failure to warn] claim must establish only
two things: that the product was sold in a defective condition ‘unreasonably
dangerous’ to the user, and that the defect caused plaintiff’s injury. To establish that
the product was defective, the plaintiff must show that a warning of a particular
product was either inadequate or altogether lacking, and that this deficiency in
warning made the product ‘unreasonably dangerous.’”202 To establish causation,
“the plaintiff must demonstrate that the user of the product would have avoided the
risk had he or she been warned of it by the seller.”203 But “if the record shows that
the plaintiff was ‘fully aware of the risk posed by the product,’ such evidence will
defeat a failure to warn strict liability claim.”204
Sufficient factual disputes require the Court to deny all motions as to this
claim. The uncontested record indicates that the safety net arrived without any
warnings. Here, the Twiggs can demonstrate that this lack of warning made the
safety net “unreasonably dangerous” by relying on Clark’s hazard analysis testimony
and aspects of the record that suggest the net had not been misused. This would allow
202 Phillips v. A Best Prods. Co., 665 A.2d 1167, 1171 (Pa. 1995).
203 Phillips, 664 A.2d at 1171.
204 Shujauddin v. Berger Bldg. Prods., No. 19-0876, 2023 WL 2989952, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
67312, at *26 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 18, 2023) (quoting Zuzel v. Cardinal Health, Inc., 565 F. Supp.
3d 623, 639 (E.D. Pa. 2021)).
a juror to conclude that the product lacked warnings regarding its premature
deterioration.
Under Pennsylvania law, “the heeding presumption relieves a plaintiff
opposing summary judgment of his obligation to produce evidence to show that the
user of the product would have avoided the risk had he been warned of it and shifts
the burden of production to the defendant to rebut the presumption.”205 Defendants
contend this presumption is only applicable in certain toxic tort cases. The caselaw
is somewhat divided on this issue, but federal courts in this Circuit have consistently
applied the heeding presumption outside the toxic tort context.206 Accordingly, I will
similarly apply the presumption in this case. Without any evidence to rebut this
presumption, I decline to grant Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on this
claim.
But there are sufficient factual issues such that Plaintiffs’ motion must
similarly be denied. Although it is uncontested that the net did not include any
warnings, there is sufficient evidence that significant misuse of the net interrupted
the chain of causation.
205 Nelson v. Am. Honda Motor Co., No. 1:18-cv-000210, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93503, at *18
(W.D. Pa. May 17, 2021) (Lanzillo, M.J.) (citing Colegrove v. Cameron Mach. Co., 172 F.
Supp. 2d 611, 617 (W.D. Pa. 2001)).
206 E.g., Nelson v. Am. Honda Motor Co., No. 1:18-cv-000210, 2021 WL 2877919, 2021 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 93503, at *18-19 (W.D. Pa. May 17, 2021) (Lanzillo, M.J.), adopted by Nelson
v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 1;18-cv-210, 2021 WL 2646840, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119685
(W.D. Pa. June 28, 2021) (collecting cases).
2. Negligence Claim
Although Plaintiffs failed to respond to Defendants arguments regarding their
negligence claim, I decline to deem this claim abandoned. Given the lack of analysis
by Plaintiffs, I note that the three theories of their strict liability claims could also be
imported into a negligence claim;207 as Defendants only moved for summary
judgment on the claim as a whole, I end my analysis after evaluating a negligent
design claim. But I offer several short observations on the viability of negligent
manufacturing or negligent failure to warn claim.
a. Negligent Design
“To prevail on a negligent design claim, a plaintiff ‘must show that the
defendant had a duty to conform to a certain standard of conduct, that the defendant
breached that duty, that such breach caused the injury in question, and actual loss or
damage.”208 “Specifically, the plaintiff must show that the defendant ‘failed to
exercise reasonable care in the adoption of a safe design.’”209
“To determine whether the defendant owed a duty of care for a negligent
design claim, courts weigh the following factors: ‘(1) the relationship between the
parties; (2) the social utility of the [defendant’s] conduct; (3) the nature of the risk
207 Although the “Pennsylvania Supreme Court has suggested that there is less of a distinction
between the treatment of claims asserting negligent manufacturing, design and failure to
warn,” it is still “useful” to separate these claims out to the degree they are governed by
different portions of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Smith, 251 F. Supp. 3d at 852.
208 Shujaddin, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96999, at *15 (E.D. Pa. June 5, 2023) (quoting Berrier v.
Simplicity Mfg., Inc., 563 F.3d 38, 61 (3d Cir. 2009)).
209 Id. (quoting McGrain v. C.R. Bard, Inc., 551 F. Supp. 3d 529, 541 (E.D. Pa. 2021)).
imposed and foreseeability of the harm incurred; (4) the consequences of imposing
a duty upon the [defendant]; and (5) the overall public interest in the proposed
solution.’”210
Under these factors, it is evident that Defendants owed a duty of care in this
case. Garware and BSN jointly developed the performance specifications for the net
and both allegedly tested the net’s mechanical qualities. As such, both owed a duty
of care to Twigg, a foreseeable end user of this product. Further, the accident in this
case was caused by the very risk the L-Screen is designed to protect against. The
social utility in Defendants’ conduct appears to be low, as it is alleged they under-
designed the safety net, and imposing a duty upon Defendants would seemingly only
require additional testing in the design process.
The remaining elements of a negligent design claim are similarly met.
Plaintiffs have identified sufficient facts to suggest that Defendants breached their
duty by insufficiently testing the design of the net. The breach then caused the injury
in question as, under Plaintiffs’ factual narrative, the safety net degraded within its
established service life, thereby allowing the baseball to penetrate the net. Finally,
of course, Twigg suffered grievous harm.
Although Plaintiffs did not move for summary judgment on this claim, I
simply note the facts suggesting overuse of the net would again interrupt causation
210 Shujaddin, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96999, at *15 (quoting Althaus ex rel. Althaus v. Cohen,
756 A.2d 1166, 1169 (Pa. 2000)).
such that the Court could not grant any such motion. Although there appear to be no
issues as to a negligent manufacturing defect claim, Pennsylvania courts have
declined to extend the heeding presumption to negligent failure to warn claims.211
Therefore, Plaintiffs would have to introduce evidence to demonstrate that the injury
would have been avoided had he read a proper warning. From the Court’s review of
the record, it is questionable that the Twiggs could meet that burden.
3. The Remaining Counts
Finally, I address Defendants’ arguments concerning the two remaining
counts: a claim for loss of consortium and a claim for punitive damages. A loss of
consortium claim “is a derivative claim, which hinges on the success of the
underlying claim of the spouse.”212 As I have denied Defendants’ Motions for
Summary Judgment as to Twigg’s strict liability and negligence claims, it is
therefore appropriate to allow Lori Twigg to maintain her loss of consortium claim.
As to the punitive damages claim, I note that punitive damages are not an
independent cause of action. But I conclude that Plaintiffs have established a
sufficient record that a reasonable juror could impose punitive damages. Disputed
211 E.g., Berry v. Wyeth, 2005 WL 1431742, 2005 Phila. Ct. Com. Pl. LEXIS 271, at *22 (Phila.
Ct. Common Pleas 2005) (“…in Pennsylvania, a heeding presumption has been applied only
in strict liability actions. Pennsylvania has never applied the heeding presumption to a
negligence case”); Lineberger v. Wyeth, 72 Pa. D. &C. 4th 35 (Phila. Ct. Common Pleas 2005);
In re BioZorb Device Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 1:22-cv-11895, 2025 WL 27628, 2025 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 1163 (D. Mass. Jan. 3, 2025) (applying Pennsylvania law).
212 Balletta v. Spadoni, 47 A.3d 183, 201 (Pa. Commw. 2012).
facts in this case demonstrate that Defendants under-designed a key safety product
by failing to adequately test the net; based on the record before the Court, a
reasonable juror could conclude that Defendants acted recklessly in the manner in
which they discussed the design specifications of the net and tested the product.
III. CONCLUSION
Defendants’ Rule 702 challenges to Dale Clark are partially granted, but
Stephen Pfriem’s testimony is fully permitted. Given the significant factual
disputes that exist, in part due to Plaintiffs’ expert testimony, the Court must deny
all Motions for Summary Judgment in this case.
An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:
s/ Matthew W. Brann
Matthew W. Brann
Chief United States District Judge