Preston Marshall and Rusk Capital Management, L.L.C. v. Maropco, Inc. and E. Pierce Marshall, Jr.

Opinion issued February 27, 2025

In The

Court of Appeals

For The

First District of Texas

————————————

NO. 01-22-00573-CV

———————————

PRESTON MARSHALL, INDIVIDUALLY AND RUSK CAPITAL

MANAGEMENT, L.L.C., Appellants

V.

MAROPCO, INC. AND E. PIERCE MARSHALL, JR., Appellees

On Appeal from the 11th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 2015-35950

OPINION

Appellants, Preston Marshall (“Preston”) and Rusk Capital Management,

L.L.C. (“Rusk Capital”) (collectively, “appellants”), challenge the trial court’s

judgment, entered after a bench trial, in appellants’ suit against appellees,

MarOpCo, Inc. (“MarOpCo”) and E. Pierce Marshall, Jr. (“Pierce Jr.”)

(collectively, “appellees”), for wrongful termination, breach of contract, tortious

interference with existing contracts, violation of privacy rights, conversion,

trespass to chattel, harmful access by computer,1 misappropriation of trade secrets,

breach of fiduciary duty, constructive fraud, fraud, fraudulent inducement,

fraudulent concealment, fraud in a stock transaction,2 conspiracy, and declaratory

relief.3 In seventeen issues, appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of appellees on certain claims, interpreting a jury

waiver provision, finding in favor of MarOpCo on certain claims and

counterclaims, and awarding certain tangible property, attorney’s fees, and

disgorgement.

We affirm.

1

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 143.001–.002; see also TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 33.02.

2

See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01.

3

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001–.011.

2

Background4

In their eleventh amended petition, appellants alleged that Preston worked

for MarOpCo, an “administrative services provider for a group of businesses

owned, operated, and/or managed by” Preston’s family (the “Marshall family”), as

well as its parent company, Trof, Inc. (“Trof”), in varying capacities for nineteen

years. Elaine Marshall (“Elaine”), Preston’s mother, is the president and chief

executive officer (“CEO”) of MarOpCo and Trof. For over thirty years, MarOpCo

and Trof maintained an office located at 7600 Tidwell, Suite 800, Houston, Texas

(the “Tidwell office”), where Preston worked.

Preston’s Employment with MarOpCo and Trof

According to appellants, in July 2006, Preston became the executive vice

president of Trof and was responsible for managing the company’s “day to day

operations,” establishing pay structures for employees, performing banking duties,

signing promissory notes, contracts, and other documents, keeping books and

4

At the outset, we note that this case contains a voluminous record. The Court has

reviewed the complete record in this appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; Obernhoff

v. Nelson, No. 01-17-00816-CV, 2019 WL 4065017, at *18 n.19 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 29, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). Yet, “[b]ecause the parties

are familiar with the facts of the case and its procedural history, we do not recite

them in this opinion except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court’s

decision and the basic reasons for it.” Sullivan v. Arguello Hope & Assocs.,

PLLC, No. 03-18-00144-CV, 2018 WL 6424200, at *1 n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin

Dec. 7, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). Additionally, we note that this is not the first

instance the parties have been before this Court. See, e.g., Hunter v. Marshall, No.

01-16-00636-CV, 2018 WL 6684840 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 20,

2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

3

records, negotiating contracts and loans, serving as the chief operating officer, and

“having general management authority.” Prior to being named executive vice

president, Preston served Trof in a consulting capacity for ten years.

On September 17, 2010, Preston signed an employment agreement with

MarOpCo (the “2010 employment agreement”) and became its president. Preston

performed his duties and responsibilities for MarOpCo pursuant to the 2010

employment agreement until December 2014. According to Preston, his

employment relationship with MarOpCo was “at will.” (Internal quotations

omitted.)

On December 5, 2014, Preston received a new employment agreement (the

“2014 employment agreement”) for the position of vice president of MarOpCo.

Under the terms of the 2014 employment agreement, Preston could not have

counsel review the agreement or negotiate any of its terms, and he was required to

sign the agreement within ten days. The 2014 employment agreement reduced

Preston’s base salary by approximately fifty percent, and MarOpCo reserved the

right to terminate his employment at any time without cause. However, the 2014

employment agreement entitled Preston, if his employment was terminated, to be

paid all accrued salary, benefits, and unused paid time off. Preston was led to

believe that MarOpCo’s other vice president, Pierce Jr., Preston’s brother, had

received an employment agreement identical to the 2014 employment agreement.

4

While employed by MarOpCo and Trof, Preston worked at the Tidwell

office, and in addition to his duties and responsibilities for MarOpCo and Trof, he

maintained oversight of his personal affairs and other businesses and charitable

entitles (collectively, the “other entities”)5 at the Tidwell office. According to

appellants, in performing his duties and responsibilities on behalf of his personal

affairs and the other entities, Preston used and relied on files, correspondence,

records, reports, documents, and other data and information that he maintained at

the Tidwell office. Appellants alleged that Preston’s actions in overseeing his

personal affairs and the other entities at the Tidwell office were known and ratified

by MarOpCo and Trof.

In 2014, while employed by MarOpCo and Trof, Preston created Rusk

Capital, an equity investment firm focusing on the purchase of oil and gas

producing properties, including Idzig, LLC (“Idzig”), an entity owned by Elaine

and Pierce Jr., administered by MarOpCo and managed by Preston. Appellants

5

These other entities included: Marshall Heritage Foundation (f/k/a Marshall

Museum and Library); Marshall Legacy Foundation; Eleanor Pierce Stevens

Foundation; EPS/EPM Charitable Reminder Unitrust; Eleanor Pierce (Marshall)

Stevens Living Trust; Eleanor Stevens Revocable Gift Trust; Bettye Morgan

Charitable Remainder Unitrust; Bettye Morgan Supplemental Charitable

Remainder Unitrust; Ada Estes Charitable Remainder Unitrust; Ada Estes

Supplemental Charitable Remainder Unitrust; Peroxisome Charitable Lead Trust;

Citrine Commerce L.L.C.; Lysosome L.L.C.; Chondriosome Stiftung;

Khozraschyot Capital Management L.L.C.; Lednik Capital Management L.L.C.;

Glacier Holdings L.L.C.; Rusk Capital; and CarTech Systems LLC.

5

alleged that Preston, the sole owner and manager of Rusk Capital, created the

company with the express knowledge of MarOpCo, Trof, and their agents.

According to appellants, the Marshall family attorney, Edwin K. Hunter,

was the impetus behind Rusk Capital’s creation because he told Preston that Elaine

had suggested the idea. In February 2014, Hunter advised Preston to “create an

entity whose sole purpose w[ould be] to purchase Idzig . . . from Elaine and

Pierce[] Jr.” Under Hunter’s proposal, Preston would either buy all the

membership interests in Idzig or create Rusk Capital, which Preston would control,

to purchase Idzig’s assets. Based on Hunter’s suggestion, Preston created Rusk

Capital and agreed to pursue the opportunity to purchase Idzig.6

After Rusk Capital was created and before Preston’s employment with

MarOpCo was terminated, Rusk Capital maintained its principal office at the

Tidwell office. Accordingly, Preston purchased, used, and/or relied on computers,

computer servers, and other property maintained at the Tidwell office for purposes

of conducting Rusk Capital’s business. For instance, Preston purchased a

computer server on behalf of Rusk Capital (the “Rusk Capital server”) to store data

for the company, his personal affairs, and the other entities.7 And Preston and/or

6

According to appellants, during the negotiations for the purchase of Idzig by Rusk

Capital, Elaine removed Preston as the managing member of Idzig, and the

transaction between Rusk Capital and Idzig never closed.

7

Appellants noted that because a MarOpCo-owned server “had reached maximum

capacity, was affected by frequent age-related hardware failures, [was] out of date,

6

Rusk Capital became the sole licensees of several software applications purchased

for the use of Rusk Capital, Preston’s personal affairs, and the other entities.

Because Rusk Capital gathered and analyzed information about potential

investors and investment opportunities related to oil and gas producing properties,

it maintained trade secrets and proprietary and confidential information at the

Tidwell office, including, but not limited to, employee records and information

about actual and potential investors, investment opportunities, business strategies,

business analysis, and due diligence.

Termination of Preston’s Employment

On May 22, 2015, while employed by MarOpCo and Trof, Preston received,

at the Tidwell office, a letter from Elaine (the “May 22, 2015 letter”), instructing

him to “consent to the transfer of funds related to various entities from one bank to

another.” After the transfer, Preston “would have no signatory authority on any of

the newly established accounts and would no longer receive monthly statements on

such accounts.” Preston complied with the letter’s instructions related to the

transfer of funds for all entities, except for one, Ribosome, L.P. (“Ribosome”),

based on a fiduciary duty that he believed he owed to Chondriosome Stiftung

(“Chondriosome”), an entity that owned “substantially all the funds” in the

and was unable to meet the demands of MarOpCo’s business, Rusk Capital

allowed MarOpCo to transfer files from the MarOpCo server to the Rusk [Capital]

[s]erver.” Rusk Capital also permitted MarOpCo “to continue to store data and

information on the Rusk [Capital] [s]erver.”

7

Ribosome account. The May 22, 2015 letter also instructed Preston to execute a

prepared affidavit related to certain litigation in Louisiana. Preston refused to

execute the affidavit because “it was based on false, material statements

concerning Preston’s relationship to various entities and was intended to interfere

with litigation that was completely unrelated to MarOpCo, Trof or Elaine.”

Instead, “it was solely for the benefit of Pierce[] Jr. and . . . Hunter.”

On June 11, 2015, Preston received a letter (the “June 11, 2015 termination

letter”), terminating his employment with MarOpCo and Trof, effective

immediately, purportedly because he did not follow the instructions in the May 22,

2015 letter. The June 11, 2015 termination letter also stated that Preston no longer

had access to the Tidwell office, but that Preston “could resume his employment

with Trof and MarOpCo if he agreed to transfer the money that belonged to

Chondriosome.” The letter noted that Preston had been conducting personal

business at the Tidwell office.

Appellants further alleged that MarOpCo then “directed the lease

management company of the Tidwell office to deactivate all access entry cards in

Preston’s possession and to change the locks on the secured doors.” And the Rusk

Capital server and computer system were disconnected.

Thereafter, MarOpCo removed and took possession and control of

appellants’ property, computers, server, files, office equipment, furniture, and

8

confidential and proprietary information, including, but not limited to: “records,

files, and data used and relied on by Preston to carry out his personal affairs and to

meet his fiduciary obligations with respect to the [other] [e]ntities” and

communications between Preston and his attorneys. As a result, Pierce Jr. obtained

copies of, and misused appellants’ property and confidential and privileged

information in litigation involving Preston. Hunter and Pierce Jr. made “copies of

the servers and computers [located at the Tidwell office] and the information

contained therein along with physical paper files.” Hunter, MarOpCo, and Pierce

Jr. misused the information and data from the Rusk Capital server.

Preston and the Marshall Family

As to Preston’s relationship with his family, appellants alleged that Preston

worked closely with his father, E. Pierce Marshall Sr. (“Pierce Sr.”), for MarOpCo

at the Tidwell office before Pierce Sr.’s death. During that time, Preston was

“involved in all aspects of administering the multitude of entities, litigation and tax

matters as well as setting up the entities that could control Pierce Sr.’s wealth.” “In

addition to working on estate planning, Preston helped Pierce[] Sr. organize other

aspects of the Marshall family business,” and according to appellants, Pierce Sr.

“told numerous people on several occasions that he wanted Preston to manage

various pieces of the family enterprise after he had passed.” Pierce Sr.’s

“preference that Preston, in conjunction with [Elaine], handle business and estate

9

affairs for the Marshall [f]amily had been . . . expressed directly by Pierce[] Sr.”

before his death.

Following Pierce Sr.’s death, in 2006, Preston was placed in a position

where he “would likely manage most of the Marshall [family] business one day.”

But Preston, “out of love and loyalty for [Elaine], attempted to follow her

directives, within the bounds of law.” Preston “taught all of the employees of

MarOpCo that Elaine was the boss.”

Appellants’ Claims Against MarOpCo and Pierce Jr.

Appellants brought claims against appellees for wrongful termination,

breach of contract, tortious interference with existing contracts, violation of

privacy rights, conversion, trespass to chattel, harmful access by computer,8

misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of fiduciary duty, constructive fraud,

fraud, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent concealment, fraud in a stock

transaction,9 conspiracy, and declaratory relief.10

As to appellants’ claim for wrongful termination against MarOpCo,

appellants alleged that Preston was an at-will employee of both Trof and

MarOpCo, and Preston’s employment with both Trof and MarOpCo was

8

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 143.001–.002; see also TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 33.02.

9

See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01.

10

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001–.011.

10

terminated solely because he refused to commit illegal acts—a felony offense

under Texas Penal Code section 32.45, which would require Preston to “commit a

misapplication of fiduciary property,” and a felony offense under Texas Penal

Code section 37.03, which would require Preston to “make a false statement under

oath in connection with an official proceeding.” Because Preston failed to comply

with MarOpCo’s directives by refusing “to commit illegal acts,” his employment

was terminated.

As to appellants’ breach-of-contract claim against MarOpCo, appellants

alleged that the 2014 employment agreement required that MarOpCo pay Preston

“all his accrued salary, benefits and personal time off if he was terminated without

cause” or “with cause.” However, according to appellants, MarOpCo “failed to

pay Preston in accordance” with the 2014 employment agreement, and thus,

breached the contract. Appellants also alleged that MarOpCo breached the 2014

employment agreement by not providing Preston with “written notice” and

opportunity to “cure the complained[-]of conduct.”

As to appellants’ claim for tortious interference with existing contracts

against Pierce Jr., appellants alleged that Pierce Jr. willfully and intentionally

interfered with the 2010 and 2014 employment agreements. Specifically, Pierce Jr.

caused MarOpCo to terminate the 2010 employment agreement “in favor of the

2014 [e]mployment [a]greement [which] . . . greatly reduced [Preston’s] base

11

salary.” Additionally, appellants alleged that Pierce Jr. “caused MarOpCo to

breach the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement with Preston.”

As to appellants’ claim for violation of privacy rights against appellees,

appellants alleged that appellees violated their privacy rights “by knowingly taking

possession of [appellants’] private data,” including certain privileged information.

According to appellants, appellees “strategically searched Preston’s privileged

emails and then published those emails in a public forum.”

As to appellants’ conversion claim against appellees, appellants alleged that

they owned or had possession of physical property located at the Tidwell office,

including the Rusk Capital server, two computers, flash drives, and other electronic

equipment and images; appellees unlawfully and without authorization removed

appellants’ property from the Tidwell office and assumed and exercised control

over the property in a manner that was inconsistent with appellants’ rights as

owners. Appellees also, without right or permission, took “one or more electronic

images of [appellants’] privileged [information] and transferred that image onto an

external hard drive.” And they took and used Preston’s privileged email

communications and a hard drive containing such information “in a manner that

[was] inconsistent with Preston’s ownership rights and/or right of possession.”

As to appellants’ trespass-to-chattel claim against appellees, appellants

alleged that appellees wrongfully interfered with their use and possession of their

12

property located at the Tidwell office, thereby depriving appellants of the use of

their property for a substantial period of time. And appellees were continuing to

prevent appellants from accessing their property.

As to appellants’ claim for harmful access by computer against appellees,

appellants alleged that they owned and/or operated a “secure computer system

(computers, servers, networks), which store[d] information that [was] only

accessible by certain authorized individuals, including Preston.” The computer

system contained and stored appellants’ confidential records and documents,

containing information about investment opportunities, potential investors,

investment strategies, and employees. The computer system also contained other

confidential information owned by Preston, including records and documents

protected by his right to privacy, the attorney-client privilege, and the

work-product privilege. Appellees “knowingly accessed, disassembled, imaged[,]

and physically moved [appellants’] secure computer system and databases”

without appellants’ consent. Appellees also accessed Preston’s confidential and

privileged information, “made an image of that information and copied th[at]

image onto an external hard drive,” and used the information and hard drive to

their advantage and to appellants’ detriment.

As to appellants’ misappropriation-of-trade-secrets claim against MarOpCo,

appellants alleged that they “own[ed] all right, title and interest in their trade

13

secrets and confidential and proprietary information” and MarOpCo

“misappropriated [appellants’] trade secrets through improper means in violation

of” the Texas Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“TUTSA”).11 According to appellants,

“MarOpCo knowingly obtained [appellants’] trade secrets and confidential and

proprietary information . . . when MarOpCo unlawfully exercised dominion and

control over [appellants’] computer systems and secure databases, without

authority or right.” Appellants alleged that MarOpCo’s conduct was willful and

malicious and resulted in damages to appellants.

As to appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty and constructive-fraud claims

against Pierce Jr., appellants alleged that Pierce Jr. owed Preston fiduciary duties

because of their purported “co-beneficiaries” status in a trust. According to

appellants, Pierce Jr. owed a duty “of refraining from instigating a breach of trust,

persuading the trustee to violate his trust, or taking part with the trustee in a

breach.” Because Pierce Jr. violated his duties, he also committed constructive

fraud.

As to appellants’ fraud, fraudulent-inducement, and fraudulent-concealment

claims against appellees, appellants alleged that Pierce Jr. “made material

misrepresentations and/or omissions to [appellants],” Pierce Jr. “knew the

representations were false when he made them, or made them recklessly, as a

11

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 134A.001–.008.

14

positive assertion, without knowledge in their truth,” Pierce Jr. intended for

appellants “to rely on the misrepresentations and/or omissions,” and appellants

relied on the false representations to their detriment by entering into the 2014

employment agreement.

As to appellants’ claim for fraud in a stock transaction against MarOpCo,

appellants alleged that MarOpCo “made false representations of past and/or

existing material facts regarding putting Preston in possession of [certain

disclaimed] Trof shares”; the false representations were made to induce Preston

into entering the 2014 employment agreement; and Preston relied on the

representations in entering into the agreement.

As to appellants’ conspiracy claim against appellees, appellants alleged that

appellees engaged in a conspiracy “to gain wrongful access to [appellants’]

computer equipment, to convert Preston’s [p]rivileged [i]nformation, to violate

[appellants’] privacy, to limit Preston’s access to important data, and to wrongfully

remove Preston from his positions at Trof and MarOpCo.”

As to appellants’ claim for declaratory relief against MarOpCo, appellants

sought various declarations, including declarations that “the restrictive covenants”

found in the 2014 employment agreement were unenforceable, Preston was

“entitled to permanent access to all data [appellees] removed from the . . . Tidwell

15

office,” Preston was “entitled to receive information and documents” related to

certain entities, and Preston was to be “reinstated as an officer of Trof.”

Appellees’ Answer and MarOpCo’s Counterclaims

Appellees answered, generally denying the allegations in app2ellants’

petition and asserting various affirmative defenses.12 MarOpCo also asserted that

it was entitled to attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to the 2014 employment

agreement for defending against appellants’ breach-of-contract claim.

MarOpCo then filed counterclaims against appellants. In its first amended

counterclaim, MarOpCo alleged that Preston previously served as the vice

president of MarOpCo and he owed fiduciary and contractual duties to MarOpCo.

According to MarOpCo, under the 2014 employment agreement, Preston, among

other things, agreed to devote his full time and energies to serving as vice

president, act in MarOpCo’s best interests at all times, perform the duties assigned

to him by MarOpCo, keep secret and confidential information secret, not make any

statement or disclosure that would be a detriment to MarOpCo, not compete with

MarOpCo, and promptly deliver and return all of MarOpCo’s property upon

termination. Under the 2014 employment agreement, Preston also agreed that

certain items of property belonged to MarOpCo and that he would not allow a third

party to use such property without written approval from MarOpCo. Notably, the

12

Appellees filed separate answers.

16

Rusk Capital server, workstations, software, and other data that Preston “claim[ed]

to own,” “all constitute[d] improvements, trade secrets, data, documentation, ideas

and writings, and applications that [were] the exclusive property of MarOpCo.”

MarOpCo further alleged that Preston previously worked at the Tidwell

office for MarOpCo. Because confidential information and documents were

maintained at the Tidwell office, Elaine, MarOpCo’s president and CEO, expressly

instructed Preston to not allow “any company she did not own or control [to] use”

the Tidwell office. (Emphasis omitted.) Preston received letters regarding her

directive.

Additionally, MarOpCo alleged that Preston’s employment with MarOpCo

was terminated for insubordination, and on June 11, 2015, Preston was notified in

writing that he was no longer authorized to access the Tidwell office. The June 11,

2015 termination letter also demanded that Preston return all MarOpCo’s property,

but Preston failed to do so. In contravention to the June 11, 2015 termination

letter, Preston “bypassed building security and entered the [Tidwell] office by

falsely telling the cleaning staff [that] he had [the] authority to do so.”

Further, after termination of Preston’s employment, MarOpCo discovered

that Preston had engaged in significant additional misconduct both before and after

his termination, including, but not limited to: using a service to “wipe clean”

MarOpCo’s computers and server; physically destroying MarOpCo’s computer

17

equipment and server; purchasing a new server, i.e., the Rusk Capital server, and

computer workstations for the Tidwell office; wrongfully assuming control over

MarOpCo’s electronic data; co-mingling MarOpCo’s electronic data with data he

claimed belonged to him or Rusk Capital; hiring an employee to work for Rusk

Capital and giving the employee access to the Tidwell office; acquiring, disclosing,

and misappropriating MarOpCo’s confidential information, assets, trade secrets,

and electronic data; forming Rusk Capital to compete in the same business as

MarOpCo; devoting substantial energy and time to pursuing other personal

business ventures; attempting to transfer software licenses belonging to MarOpCo

to Rusk Capital; claiming control over MarOpCo’s electronic data; destroying and

deleting vast amounts of MarOpCo emails; and appropriating the maropco.com

domain name.

MarOpCo brought counterclaims against Preston for breach of contract,

breach of fiduciary duty, breach of duty of loyalty, violation of the Computer

Fraud and Abuse Act,13 harmful access by computer,14 and trespass. MarOpCo

brought counterclaims against appellants for conversion and misappropriation of

trade secrets. MarOpCo sought damages, disgorgement, exemplary damages, and

attorney’s fees and costs.

13

See 18 U.S.C. § 1030.

14

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 143.001–.002; see also TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 33.02.

18

Appellants answered, generally denying the allegations in MarOpCo’s

counterclaim and asserting certain affirmative defenses.

Summary Judgments

Appellees filed multiple summary-judgment motions on appellants’ claims

against them.15 Initially, appellees moved for summary judgment on appellants’

claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent concealment, fraud in a stock

transaction, and tortious interference with existing contracts,16 arguing that they

were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law on appellants’ fraud-based

claims because the 2014 employment agreement contained a waiver-of-reliance

provision in which Preston agreed that he had “not relied on any representation or

inducement made by any officer, employee or representative” of MarOpCo;

Preston also agreed that the 2014 employment agreement constituted his “entire

agreement and understanding with MarOpCo; no other representation or

inducement had been made to him, . . . he was relying on his own judgment and

investigation in executing” the 2014 employment agreement; and Preston

“confirmed that any prior agreement similar to th[e] subject matter [had been]

revoked.” (Emphasis omitted.) Additionally, appellees argued that they were

15

Appellees filed separate summary-judgment motions in the trial court, but for ease

of this opinion, we will discuss appellees summary-judgment arguments together,

unless distinction is necessary. Further, we only reference the motions for

summary judgment to which appellants have assigned error on appeal.

16

Appellants only brought a claim for tortious interference with existing contracts

against Pierce Jr.

19

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on appellants’ fraud-based claims because

Preston could not “show that [any of] his alleged reliance was justified,” Elaine’s

alleged promise to give Preston Trof stock in the future was unenforceable, and

Preston was not entitled to damages for the value of the Trof shares. Further, as to

appellants’ fraud-in-a-stock-transaction claim, appellants argued that the claim

must fail “because the [2014 employment agreement was] not a transaction for the

sale of stock.” Finally, as to appellants’ claim for tortious interference with

existing contracts against Pierce Jr., Pierce Jr. argued that the claim failed as a

matter of law because Elaine, and not Pierce Jr., terminated Preston’s employment

due to his wrongful conduct and Pierce Jr., as an agent and officer of MarOpCo at

the time of Preston’s termination, could not be held liable for tortious interference

with the 2010 and 2014 employment agreements.17

The trial court granted appellees summary judgment on appellants’ claims

against them for fraud, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent concealment, fraud in a

stock transaction, and tortious interference with existing contracts, and dismissed

those claims with prejudice.

MarOpCo then moved for summary judgment on Preston’s claim for

wrongful termination, arguing that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

that claim because “an employer may terminate its at-will employee for good

17

Appellants filed a response to appellees’ summary-judgment motion.

20

cause, bad cause, or no cause at all” and Preston’s employment was not terminated

because Preston refused to commit an “illegal act.” (Internal quotations omitted.)

Instead, according to MarOpCo, it “fired Preston for other entirely legitimate

reasons”: (1) Preston “refused to give up control of MarOpCo bank accounts” and

“refused to consent to signatory changes for the Idzig account, which resulted in

Frost Bank freezing it”; (2) Preston “open[ly] refus[ed] to pay company invoices

approved by [Elaine,] MarOpCo’s president”; (3) Preston “disobeyed express

instructions by using [the Tidwell] office for his businesses that were not owned or

controlled by [Elaine]” and Preston “hired an employee of Rusk Capital,” Sheldon

Black, “to work out of [the Tidwell] office”18; (4) Preston “secretly sold affiliated

assets to himself”; and (5) Preston “refused to stop seeking documents from

[Elaine’s] lawyers.”19

MarOpCo attached to its summary-judgment motion, among other things, a

letter, dated December 5, 2014, which Elaine sent Preston. That letter stated:

Attached is the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement and its

exhibit for your engagement as [v]ice [p]resident of MarOpCo . . . for

2015. This needs to be executed with the original signature being

18

MarOpCo noted in its summary-judgment motion that Rusk Capital’s employee,

Black, used the address of the Tidwell office in his signature block on Rusk

Capital documents, which “directly contravened [Elaine’s] instruction to Preston

that he should ‘be sure no entities, other than those [that] she own[ed] or

control[led] ha[d] the Tidwell [office] address listed on any document.’” Black

also “used MarOpCo’s office space and facilities to work for Rusk Capital.”

19

Appellants filed a response to MarOpCo’s summary-judgment motion.

21

returned to . . . the Dallas office, no later than December 15,

2014. . . .

This contract offer supersedes the existing employment

contract, which will now terminate on January 1, 2015. If I do not

receive the executed employment agreement as describe in this letter,

compensation from MarOpCo . . . will cease on January 1, 2015. This

is not an offer to negotiate. No revisions will be considered or

accepted. An identical letter and agreement as it relates to the

[e]mployment [a]greement is being submitted to the other [v]ice

[p]resident of MarOpCo . . . .

....

Finally, please be aware that I do not authorize the use of the

Tidwell [office] for any entity that I do not control. Please be sure no

entities, other than those I own or control have the Tidwell [office]

address listed on any document.

(Emphasis added.)

MarOpCo also attached to its summary-judgment motion the 2014

employment agreement, signed by Preston and Elaine. The 2014 employment

agreement provided, in pertinent part:

2. Performance of Duties. [Preston] agrees that during the

Employment Term, [he] shall (a) devote [his] full time, energies and

talents exclusively to serving in the capacity of Vice President of

[MarOpCo], (b) act at all times in the best interests of [MarOpCo],

and (c) perform the duties assigned to [him] by the President of

[MarOpCo] faithfully, efficiently and in a professional manner.

....

5. Termination and Compensation Due Upon Termination. . . .

22

(a) Termination Without Cause. [MarOpCo] shall have the

right to terminate [Preston’s] employment at any time during

the Employment Term without Cause . . . .

....

(d) Termination for Cause. [MarOpCo] shall have the right to

terminate [Preston’s] employment at any time during the

Employment Term for Cause. . . .

Additionally, MarOpCo attached the June 11, 2015 termination letter that

Elaine sent to Preston, terminating his employment with MarOpCo. In the

termination letter, Elaine stated:

As President, [CEO], and Sole Director of MarOpCo . . . [,] I

notify you that your employment by [MarOpCo] is hereby

terminated. . . .

Sadly, you have consistently dismissed my instructions. This

has impeded operations and created unnecessary financial

burdens. . . .

. . . I understand that you have an employee using the [Tidwell]

office for your personal business. This person has no authority to be

on the MarOpCo premises. Do not remove property from the

[Tidwell] office[]. . . .

The trial granted MarOpCo summary judgment on Preston’s claim for

wrongful termination and ordered that claim dismissed with prejudice.

Appellees next moved for summary judgment on appellants’ claims for

violation of privacy rights, misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion, trespass

to chattel, harmful access by computer, conspiracy, and declaratory relief, asserting

23

that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on appellants’ claims and no

evidence supported certain elements of appellants’ claims.20

As to appellants’ claims for violation of privacy rights, including their claim

for public disclosure of private information and “intrusion upon seclusion,”

appellees argued that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on those

claims because a “public-disclosure claim . . . require[d] evidence that the

information ultimately publicized contain[ed] highly intimate or embarrassing facts

about a person’s private affairs,” there were no allegations of Rusk Capital’s

“private matters” being publicly exposed or intruded upon, “MarOpCo did not

intrude upon [appellants’] seclusion, solitude, or privacy,” “there exist[ed] no

expectation of privacy as a matter of law for an employee communicating using his

employer’s email and other systems,” “any alleged intrusion would not be highly

offensive to a reasonable person,” and appellants could not prove that Preston

suffered an injury from an alleged intrusion. (Internal quotations omitted.)

Appellees also asserted that appellants had no “evidence to support their claim for

violation of privacy based on public disclosure of private facts” or their claim “for

violation of privacy based on intrusion upon seclusion.”

20

Appellees filed separate summary-judgment motions on appellants’ claims for

violation of privacy rights, misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion, trespass

to chattel, harmful access by computer, and conspiracy, but Pierce Jr. joined and

“incorporate[d] fully” the arguments from MarOpCo’s matter-of-law and

no-evidence summary-judgment motion. Pierce Jr. also asserted additional

arguments in his summary-judgment motion.

24

As to appellants’ misappropriation-of-trade-secrets claim, appellees

explained that appellants had alleged in their petition that “MarOpCo [had]

knowingly obtained [appellants’] trade secrets and confidential and proprietary

information . . . when MarOpCo unlawfully exercised dominion and control over

[appellants’] computer systems and secure databases.” In other words, appellants

had asserted that MarOpCo had “misappropriated their ‘trade secrets’ by taking

their ‘computer systems and databases.’” But appellants could not (1) “identify

any trade secrets with specificity,” (2) “prove their ownership of any such ‘trade

secret,’” (3) any trade secrets developed by Preston during his employment with

MarOpCo were the property of MarOpCo, (4) appellants had not “disclosed [any

purported] trade secrets to MarOpCo,” (5) and appellants could not identify any

injury. Appellees also asserted that appellants “ha[d] no evidence to support [the

elements of] their claim for misappropriation of trade secrets.”

As to appellants’ conversion claim, appellees explained that appellants had

alleged that “MarOpCo removed electronic equipment belonging to Preston and

Rusk [Capital which was] stored at the [Tidwell] office, and that MarOpCo kept

electronic images on a hard drive of emails that Preston exchanged using his

maropco.com email address.” But appellants’ conversion claim failed as a matter

of law because there existed “no genuine issue that Preston d[id] not own, possess

or have any right to immediate possession of any property from the [Tidwell]

25

office.” Preston was “already on notice that all information, documents, or emails

stored on a MarOpCo[-]owned computer, the MarOpCo server, or through a

MarOpCo.com email address [were] explicitly the property of [MarOpCo]” and

appellants should have had “no expectation of privacy for said documents or

emails.” (Internal quotations omitted.) The 2014 employment agreement made

clear that MarOpCo owned everything that Preston created during his employment.

Additionally, MarOpCo “lawfully and with authorization accessed [appellants’]

alleged property,” and appellants had failed to disclose any damages for

conversion. Appellees also asserted that appellants had “no evidence to support

their claim for conversion.”

As to appellants’ trespass-to-chattel claim, appellees stated that appellants

had alleged in their petition that appellees had “wrongfully interfered with

[appellants’] use and possession of their ‘property,’ without specifying what

property they [were] referring to.” According to appellees, they were entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on appellants’ trespass-to-chattel claim because

MarOpCo owned all property at the Tidwell office and all data, information, and

communications transmitted across its email domain and systems, appellants had

no expectation of privacy in their alleged property stored at the Tidwell office

without authorization, and appellants had failed to disclose any damages.

26

Appellees further asserted that appellants had “no evidence to support their claim

for trespass to chattel.”

As to appellants’ claim for harmful access by computer, appellees explained

that appellants had alleged in their petition that “MarOpCo accessed and took

control of [appellants’] computer system stored at the [Tidwell] office[] with an

intent to harm [appellants], in violation of the Texas Harmful Access by Computer

Act (‘THACA’).” But appellees argued that they were entitled to judgment as a

matter of law on appellants’ claim because appellants could not prove that

MarOpCo knowingly accessed the computer system without the effective consent

of the owner as required by the THACA. Because MarOpCo was the owner of all

property at the Tidwell office and all communications transmitted across its email

domain, its access of the Rusk Capital server, which was storing without

authorization all MarOpCo’s data, was not knowingly. Further, MarOpCo had the

effective consent of appellants to access its own data, and appellants had not

proved that they were harmed. Appellees also asserted that appellants had “no

evidence to support their claim” for harmful access by computer.

As to appellants’ conspiracy claim, appellees noted that appellants had

alleged in their petition that appellees had “engaged in a conspiracy to gain

wrongful access to [appellants’] computer equipment, convert Preston’s

supposedly privileged information, violate [appellants’] privacy, limit Preston’s

27

access to data, and wrongfully remove Preston from his positions at Trof and

MarOpCo.” Appellees argued that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of

law on appellants’ conspiracy claim because it was “based on other claims that

fail[ed] as a matter of law,” appellants had failed to prove that appellees were

liable under an underlying tort theory, and appellants had failed to timely disclose

any damages. Further, appellees asserted that appellants had “no evidence to

support their conspiracy claim.”

As to appellants’ claims for declaratory relief, appellees explained that

appellants had requested declarations21 that were “not [the] proper subject matter

for declaratory relief” as they did not “relate to rights under a written instrument,

statute, ordinance, contract or franchise; an interest in a trust or estate; or sales and

use taxes of another state.” Further, even if the requested declarations were proper,

appellees asserted that “Preston [was] not entitled to [any of the] data that

was . . . located at the [Tidwell] office” as a matter of law and “no justiciable

controversy exist[ed].”22

21

These requests for declaratory relief were made in appellants’ eighth amended

petition—appellants’ live pleading at the time appellees filed their

summary-judgment motion. Appellants, in their eighth amended petition, sought

declaratory relief as to the enforceability of the restrictive covenants found in the

2014 employment agreement, declarations relating to their “data-related claims,”

including a declaration that Preston was “entitled to permanent access to all data

removed from the [Tidwell] office” as well as a declaration that Preston should be

reinstated as an officer of Trof.

22

Appellants filed a response to appellees’ summary-judgment motion.

28

The trial court granted appellees summary judgment on appellants’ claims

for violation of privacy rights, misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion,

trespass to chattel, harmful access by computer, conspiracy, and declaratory relief

and dismissed those claims with prejudice.

Finally, Pierce Jr. moved for summary judgment on appellants’ claim for

breach of fiduciary duty against him, arguing that he was entitled to judgment as a

matter of law because appellants “fail[ed] to specify any acts by which Pierce Jr.

allegedly breached any duty and fail[ed] to identify any alleged damages resulting

from any breach.” Instead, appellants’ petition only alleged that “Pierce [Jr.] owed

Preston fiduciary duties” and “Pierce [Jr.] breached those duties.” (Internal

quotations omitted). Pierce Jr. further argued that he was entitled to judgment as a

matter of law because he did not owe Preston a duty under Texas law as Preston

was unable to establish a formal or informal fiduciary relationship. And to the

extent that Preston relied on “a purported formal ‘co-beneficiary’ fiduciary

relationship,” that type of fiduciary relationship was not recognized under Texas

law, and Pierce Jr. and Preston were not actually co-beneficiaries of a single trust.

Pierce Jr. also argued he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim because Preston could not “show that

any conduct of Pierce Jr. caused any damage” to Preston and Preston had “never

disclosed the amount [or] any method of calculating damages related to”

29

appellants’ claim of breach of a co-beneficiary fiduciary relationship. (Internal

quotations omitted.) Finally, Pierce Jr. asserted that Preston had no evidence of the

existence of a fiduciary duty, causation, or damages as a result of any alleged

breach.

The trial court granted Pierce Jr. summary judgment on appellants’ claim for

breach of fiduciary duty and dismissed that claim with prejudice.

Bench Trial

After the bench trial, the trial court ordered that appellants “take nothing on

their claims” against appellees in the suit. Further, the trial court rendered

judgment in favor of MarOpCo on its counterclaims against appellants for breach

of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, and trespass. The trial court

ordered that MarOpCo was entitled to recover $446,397 from Preston, “as

disgorgement of salary paid to Preston,” $10 from Preston, “as nominal damages”

for breach of the 2014 employment agreement, and $10 from Preston, “as nominal

damages” for “trespass by Preston . . . on the property of MarOpCo.” The trial

court also ordered that MarOpCo was entitled to “a constructive trust over the

[Rusk Capital] server and two workstations purchased by Rusk Capital,” “the

possession and return of all computer devices and equipment at issue in th[e] suit,”

“including the MarOpCo-owned laptop that Preston . . . used during his MarOpCo

employment,” and “the immediate return of all MarOpCo.com email files in

30

[appellants’] possession as well as all originals and copies of data, documents,

materials, and information they received . . . in th[e] suit.” As to attorney’s fees,

the trial court ordered Preston to pay MarOpCo $10,213,889 “in legal fees and

litigation expenses for the proceedings in th[e] case up through the date of th[e]

final judgment” as well as contingent appellate attorney’s fees.

The trial court also issued findings of fact as follows:

1. MarOpCo . . . is an administrative services provider for a group

of businesses, trusts, and foundations controlled primarily by

Elaine[,] . . . who is the President and Sole Director of

MarOpCo.

2. [Elaine] had the right to assign duties to MarOpCo employees.

3. MarOpCo’s business includes providing administrative services

for its affiliates, including, but not limited to, [Elaine],

Ribosome . . . , Tanzanite Trading, LLC, Trof . . . , the EPM

Testamentary Lead Trust, the E. Pierce Marshall estate, the

EPM Marital Income Trust, the Harrier Trust, the Osprey Trust,

and Telomere, LLC.

4. MarOpCo’s business includes maintaining and managing files

for various entities, including, but not limited to, the Marshall

Heritage Foundation, the Marshall Legacy Foundation, the

Eleanor Pierce Stevens Foundation, the EPS/EPM Charitable

Remainder Unitrust, the Stevens Revocable Gift Trust, the

Bettye Morgan Charitable Remainder Unitrust, the Peroxisome

Charitable Lead Trust, Citrine Commerce LLC, Lysosome

LLC, and Chondriosome Stiftung.

5. Preston . . . was an officer of MarOpCo from 2006 until his

termination on June 11, 2015.

6. Rusk Capital . . . is a single member LLC formed and

controlled by Preston . . . .

31

7. Rusk Capital does not invest any funds of [Elaine] nor have any

other connection with [Elaine].

8. [Pierce Jr.] is Chief Legal Officer and Vice President of

MarOpCo.

9. The most recent written employment contract (the “[2014]

[e]mployment [a]greement”) between MarOpCo and

Preston . . . was executed on December 12, 2014 for a term of

one year.

10. Under the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement, Preston . . . was a

Vice President of MarOpCo and was to be paid $525,000 per

year, plus benefits.

11. The [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement was terminable at will.

12. During Preston[’s] . . . employment, the Houston office of

MarOpCo was located at Suite 503 and later at Suite 800, 7600

West Tidwell, Houston, Texas 77040 ([the] “[Tidwell]

[o]ffice”).

13. Under the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement,

Preston . . . agreed to keep confidential and not disclose to any

third party MarOpCo’s non-public business information absent

the express consent of MarOpCo’s President.

14. The [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement required Preston . . . to

devote his “full-time energies and talents exclusively to

serving” as Vice President of MarOpCo, to “act at all times in

the best interests” of MarOpCo, and to “perform the duties

assigned” to him by MarOpCo’s President, [Elaine], “faithfully,

efficiently, and in a professional manner.”

15. The [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement established ownership of

data and documents by providing that documentation relating to

the present or planned business of MarOpCo or any of its

affiliates “shall remain the sole and exclusive property of

[MarOpCo].”

32

16. The laptop that Preston . . . used while employed at MarOpCo

was owned by MarOpCo.

17. MarOpCo’s President specifically informed and instructed

Preston . . . that he had no expectation of privacy related to

MarOpCo.com emails or documents, data, or information

stored on MarOpCo-owned computers.

18. Without the permission of MarOpCo’s President, [Elaine],

Preston . . . gave access to MarOpCo’s [Tidwell] [o]ffice and

MarOpCo’s files and data to . . . Black, an employee of Rusk

Capital.

19. The President of MarOpCo expressly prohibited the use of the

[Tidwell] [o]ffice of MarOpCo for any other business that she

did not own or control.

20. [Elaine] neither owned nor controlled Rusk Capital.

21. When Preston . . . did work at MarOpCo’s [Tidwell] [o]ffice, he

worked on other business interests owned by him, including for

Rusk Capital.

22. While working for MarOpCo, Preston . . . transferred or caused

to be transferred MarOpCo’s confidential information to a new

server that Preston . . . purchased through Rusk Capital without

the knowledge or authorization of MarOpCo.

23. Preston . . . effected that transfer for the purpose of denying

MarOpCo access to its own data.

24. Preston . . . improperly and extensively commingled

MarOpCo’s data and other property with what Preston . . . and

Rusk Capital claimed to be their property.

25. . . . Black was given access to MarOpCo materials, information,

data, and documents.

33

26. On June 11, 2015, MarOpCo sent a termination letter to

Preston . . . , signed by [Elaine].

....

27. After Preston[’s] . . . termination, MarOpCo took precautions to

secure the MarOpCo [Tidwell] [o]ffice and MarOpCo’s

documents, data, emails, information, and computer equipment

and revoked Preston[’s] . . . access to MarOpCo’s [Tidwell]

[o]ffice.

28. On June 15, 2015, without authorization from MarOpCo,

Preston . . . improperly gained access to MarOpCo’s [Tidwell]

[o]ffice.

29. After his termination, Preston . . . improperly retained copies of

MarOpCo.com emails.

30. After Preston[’s] . . . termination, MarOpCo returned to

Preston . . . hard-copy personal documents and personal

belongings.

31. Preston . . . , individually, failed to present evidence concerning

his claim of ownership of or entitlement to any specific or

identifiable documents, data, emails, materials, or information.

32. After his termination and without MarOpCo’s authorization,

Preston . . . improperly accessed MarOpCo’s email system.

33. The MarOpCo-owned laptop that Preston . . . used while he was

employed by MarOpCo included emails transmitted on

Preston[’s] . . . MarOpCo.com email account between

Preston . . . and his attorney, Kenneth Michael Wright (“Mr.

Wright”).

34. The emails were all found on Preston[’s] . . . MarOpCo-owned

laptop.

35. Preston . . . presented no evidence that he ever personally paid

attorney fees of the law firm Lundy, Lundy, Soileau & South[,]

34

LLP related to any opposition of the motion to recuse in the

Stevens Case.

36. Preston . . . waived any privilege he may have had by

transmitting emails to and from his lawyer on a MarOpCo.com

email account.

Claims of Data Ownership, Including Conversion, Trespass, and

Harmful Access by Computer

37. Neither [Elaine] nor Pierce [Jr.] . . . ever agreed to a joint legal

representation with Preston . . . by any lawyer or law firm,

including . . . Hunter . . . and Hunter, Hunter & Sonnier, LLC

(the “Hunter Firm”).

38. Preston . . . and Pierce [Jr.] . . . ha[d] been adverse in legal

proceedings since 2013.

39. Preston . . . , individually, ha[d] not been represented by the

Hunter Firm.

40. The copies of Marshall Family Meeting minutes and the binders

for those Meetings located at MarOpCo’s [Tidwell] [o]ffice,

which were managed and maintained by MarOpCo employees,

and the audio recordings of such Meetings are the property of

MarOpCo.

Breach of [2014] Employment Agreement

41. MarOpCo did not fail to comply with the [2014] [e]mployment

[a]greement.

42. MarOpCo had the right to terminate the [2014] [e]mployment

[a]greement at will.

43. Preston . . . failed to comply with the [2014] [e]mployment

[a]greement.

44. The failure to comply with the [2014] [e]mployment

[a]greement by Preston . . . was not excused.

35

Conversion

45. Preston . . . had no reasonable expectation of privacy in any

documents, emails, materials, information, or data that he

placed or caused to be placed on the computer equipment of

MarOpCo or transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email

address.

46. Rusk Capital had no reasonable expectation of privacy in any

documents, emails, materials, information, or data that it placed

or caused to be placed on the computer equipment of MarOpCo

or transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email address.

47. Preston . . . , individually, ha[d] no ownership or other interest

in any documents, emails, materials, information, or data that

he placed or caused to be placed on the computer equipment of

MarOpCo or transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email

address.

48. Rusk Capital ha[d] no ownership or other interest in documents,

emails, material, data, or information that Preston . . . placed or

caused to be placed on the computer equipment of MarOpCo or

transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email address.

49. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital acted inconsistently with their

alleged claims of ownership over the server and computer

equipment when the equipment was used for MarOpCo

business and when they placed, or caused to be placed,

MarOpCo documents, emails, material, data, or information

onto the computer equipment and server.

50. MarOpCo did not wrongfully exercise dominion or control over

any alleged property of Preston . . . . MarOpCo did not

unlawfully access any alleged property of Preston . . . .

51. MarOpCo did not wrongfully exercise dominion or control over

any alleged property of Rusk Capital. MarOpCo did not

unlawfully access any alleged property of Rusk Capital.

36

52. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital wrongfully exercised dominion or

control over MarOpCo’s property. Preston . . . and Rusk

Capital unlawfully accessed MarOpCo’s property.

53. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital intended to use data and

information belonging to MarOpCo in a manner that was

inconsistent with MarOpCo’s rights. See Cuidado Casero

Home Health of El Paso v. Ayuda Home Health Care Servs.,

404 S.W.3d 737, 749 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, no pet.);

Westlake Surgical v. Turner, [No. 03-08-00122-CV,] 2009 WL

2410276[,] at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) [(mem.

op.)].

54. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital exercised dominion and control

over MarOpCo’s property without MarOpCo’s consent to the

exclusion of its right of use and possession.

Trespass to Chattel

55. MarOpCo did not wrongfully interfere with Preston[’s] . . . use

or possession of property.

56. MarOpCo did not wrongfully interfere with Rusk Capital’s use

or possession of property.

57. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital acted inconsistently with their

alleged claims of ownership over the server and computer

equipment when the equipment was used for MarOpCo

business and when they placed, or caused to be placed,

MarOpCo documents, emails, material, data, or information

onto the computer equipment and server.

Trespass to Real Property

58. Preston . . . entered the property of MarOpCo—namely, 7600

West Tidwell Road, Suite 800, Houston, TX 77040—without

MarOpCo’s consent or authorization.

37

Violation of Harmful Access by Computer Act

59. MarOpCo did not knowingly access a computer, computer

network, or computer system without the effective consent of

Preston . . . .

60. MarOpCo did not knowingly access a computer, computer

network, or computer system without the effective consent of

Rusk Capital.

61. Preston . . . knowingly and intentionally accessed a computer,

computer network, or computer system without the effective

consent of its owner MarOpCo.

62. Preston . . . knowingly and intentionally accessed, imaged, and

moved MarOpCo’s databases without MarOpCo’s consent.

63. Preston . . . knowingly and intentionally copied MarOpCo’s

emails and data and allowed a third party access to the data.

Breach of Fiduciary Duty

64. A relationship of trust and confidence existed between

MarOpCo and Preston . . . .

65. During his employment at MarOpCo, Preston . . . served as an

officer of MarOpCo.

66. MarOpCo justifiably placed trust and confidence in

Preston . . . to act in MarOpCo’s best interest.

67. MarOpCo’s trust and confidence in Preston . . . was not based

merely on subjective trust and feelings alone.

68. Preston . . . failed to comply with the following duties that he

owed to MarOpCo:

• Preston . . . made unreasonable use of the confidence that

MarOpCo placed in him.

38

• Preston . . . failed to act in the utmost good faith and to

exercise the most scrupulous honesty toward MarOpCo.

• Preston . . . placed his own interests before the interests of

MarOpCo.

• Preston . . . used the advantage of his position to gain benefit

for himself at the expense of MarOpCo.

69. Preston . . . breached his fiduciary duties owed to MarOpCo.

70. From the time of the commencement of

Preston[’s] . . . breaches of fiduciary duty on July 16, 2014

when Preston . . . migrated MarOpCo’s data to the Rusk Capital

server, his net salary from MarOpCo amounted to $446,397.

The trial court also issued the following conclusions of law:

1. Preston . . . presented no legally sufficient evidence in support

of any claim to ownership or entitlement to any documents,

data, materials, emails, or information not returned to him by

MarOpCo.

2. Preston . . . , individually, was never represented by any lawyer

or law firm jointly with either [Elaine] or Pierce [Jr.] . . . .

3. Preston . . . , individually, was never a client of . . . Hunter or

the Hunter Firm.

4. Preston . . . , individually, presented no legally sufficient

evidence of any claimed joint client or joint privilege

relationship.

5. The Marshall Family Meetings concerned the business of

MarOpCo and its affiliates, including [Elaine].

6. Preston . . . [was] not entitled to recover on his claim for breach

of the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement.

39

7. MarOpCo suffered a legal injury because of

Preston[’s] . . . failure to comply with the [2014] [e]mployment

[a]greement.

8. To remedy Preston[’s] . . . breach of contract, MarOpCo [was]

entitled to a prompt return by Preston . . . of all MarOpCo.com

emails in his possession and any documents, information,

materials, or data that Preston . . . received from CyberEvidence

in this suit.

9. MarOpCo [was] entitled to recover nominal damages in the

amount of $10.00 for Preston[’s] . . . breach of the [2014]

[e]mployment [a]greement.

10. The binders and/or copies of the Marshall Family Meeting

minutes, and the audio recordings of such Meetings, [were] the

sole and exclusive property of MarOpCo.

11. Preston . . . presented legally insufficient evidence that

MarOpCo ha[d] failed to return to him any documents, data,

emails, material, or information—whether in storage units or in

binders, related to Marshall Family Meetings, or otherwise—

that Preston . . . , individually, [was] entitled to receive based

on any valid claim of ownership.

12. Preston . . . [was] not entitled to recover on his claim for breach

of the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement.

13. MarOpCo did not convert any property of Preston . . . .

14. MarOpCo did not convert any property of Rusk Capital.

15. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital [were] not entitled to recover on

their claims for conversion.

16. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital converted MarOpCo’s property.

17. MarOpCo suffered a legal injury from Preston[’s] . . . and Rusk

Capital’s conversion of MarOpCo’s property.

40

18. MarOpCo [was] entitled to recover its data, documents, emails,

materials, and information from Preston . . . and from Rusk

Capital’s server and workstations.

19. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital [were] not entitled to recover on

their claims of trespass to chattel against MarOpCo.

20. Preston . . . trespassed on the real property of MarOpCo,

namely the [Tidwell] office located at 7600 West Tidwell Road,

Suite 800, Houston, TX 77040.

21. MarOpCo suffered a legal injury from Preston[’s] . . . trespass

on the property.

22. Trespass does not require damages. “Every unauthorized entry

upon land of another is a trespass even if no damage is done.”

Coinmach Corp. v. Aspenwood Apts. Corp., 417 S.W.3d 909,

920 (Tex. 2013).

23. MarOpCo [was] entitled to recover nominal damages in the

amount of $10.00 from Preston . . . on its claim for trespass.

24. MarOpCo did not present legally sufficient evidence to show

that it suffered damages from Preston[’s] . . . accessing of a

computer, computer network, or computer system without the

effective consent of its owner MarOpCo.

25. MarOpCo [was] not entitled to recover against Preston . . . on

its claim of violations of the [THACA].

26. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital [were] not entitled to recover

against MarOpCo on their claim of violations of the [THACA].

27. Preston . . . [was] not entitled to a declaratory judgment.

28. Preston . . . , individually, [was] not entitled to have nor retain

the hard copies of the Marshall Family Meeting PowerPoints.

41

29. Preston . . . , individually, and Rusk Capital [were] not entitled

to retain nor have access to MarOpCo.com emails and

MarOpCo data and information.

30. Neither Preston . . . nor Rusk Capital [was] entitled to

injunctive relief because they d[id] not have any ownership or

right to possess or access to any documents, data, property, or

information at MarOpCo’s [Tidwell] [o]ffice or transmitted to

or from a MarOpCo.com email address.

31. MarOpCo [was] entitled to a constructive trust over the server

and workstations of Rusk Capital and all data thereon that [was]

in the possession of CyberEvidence.

32. MarOpCo [was] entitled to a return of the data and all copies

thereof that Preston . . . received from CyberEvidence in this

suit.

33. MarOpCo [was] entitled to a return of all MarOpCo-owned

computer equipment, and all data stored on such computer

equipment, which [was] in the possession of CyberEvidence.

34. MarOpCo [was] entitled to a disgorgement of net salary paid to

Preston . . . after the commencement of his breaches of

fiduciary duty in the amount of $446,397.

35. Under paragraph 20 of the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement,

MarOpCo [was] entitled to recover the legal fees and litigation

costs and expenses of litigation that it incurred with respect to

the following claims brought by Preston . . . , as to which the

Court granted a summary judgment: (1) wrongful termination;

(2) all fraud-based claims; (3) tortious interference with

business and fiduciary duties; (4) conspiracy; (5) violation of

privacy rights; (6) misappropriation of trade secrets;

(7) restrictive covenants in the [2014] [e]mployment

[a]greement; and (8) reinstatement of Preston . . . as an officer

of Trof . . . .

36. Under paragraph 20 of the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement,

MarOpCo [was] entitled to recover legal fees and expenses as

42

the prevailing party on all claims tried to the [c]ourt, all of

which were “for the enforcement or interpretation of any of the

terms or conditions” of the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement,

“or because of an alleged dispute, breach, or default in

connection with any of the provisions” of the [2014]

[e]mployment [a]greement.

37. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital [were] not entitled to recover

attorneys’ fees.

38. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital ha[d] failed to present legally

sufficient evidence on their affirmative defenses.

Summary Judgment

In their fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth issues, appellants argue

that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on appellants’ “fraud-based

claims,” wrongful-termination claim, “privacy claims,” conversion,

trespass-to-chattel, and harmful-access-by-computer claims, breach-of-fiduciary

duty claim, and claims for declaratory relief because “genuine disputes of material

fact preclude[d] summary judgment.”

We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating

Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Provident Life & Accident Ins.

Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). In conducting our review, we take

as true all evidence favorable to the non-movants, and we indulge every reasonable

inference and resolve any doubts in the non-movants’ favor. Valence Operating,

164 S.W.3d at 661; Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215. If a trial court grants summary

judgment without specifying the grounds for granting the motion, we must uphold

43

the trial court’s judgment if any of the asserted grounds are meritorious. Beverick

v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 145, 148 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,

pet. denied).

To prevail on a no-evidence summary-judgment motion, the movants must

establish that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the

non-movants’ claim on which the non-movants would have the burden of proof at

trial. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Fort Worth Osteopathic Hosp., Inc. v. Reese, 148

S.W.3d 94, 99 (Tex. 2004); Hahn v. Love, 321 S.W.3d 517, 523–24 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). The burden then shifts to the non-movants

to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to each of the

elements challenged in the motion. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572,

582 (Tex. 2006); Hahn, 321 S.W.3d at 524. A no-evidence summary-judgment

may not be granted if the non-movants bring forth more than a scintilla of evidence

to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the challenged elements in the motion.

See Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). More than a

scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence “rises to a level that would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Merrell Dow

Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997) (internal quotations

omitted). The trial court must grant a no-evidence summary-judgment motion if

the movants assert that there is no evidence of one or more specified elements of

44

the non-movants’ claim on which the non-movants would have the burden of proof

at trial and the non-movants fail to file a timely response or fails to produce

summary-judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on each

challenged element. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Lockett v. HB Zachry Co., 285

S.W.3d 63, 67 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.).

To prevail on a matter-of-law summary-judgment motion, the movants must

establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the trial court should

grant judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Cathey v. Booth,

900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). When the defendants move for a matter-of-law

summary judgment, they must either: (1) disprove at least one essential element of

the plaintiffs’ truscause of action or (2) plead and conclusively establish each

essential element of an affirmative defense, thereby defeating the plaintiffs’ cause

of action. See Cathey, 900 S.W.2d at 341; Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899

S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). Once the movants meet their burden, the burden

shifts to the non-movants to raise a genuine issue of material fact precluding

summary judgment. See Siegler, 899 S.W.2d at 197; Transcont’l. Ins. Co. v.

Briggs Equip. Tr., 321 S.W.3d 685, 691 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010,

no pet.). The evidence raises a genuine issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded

fact finders could differ in their conclusions in light of all the summary-judgment

45

evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex.

2007).

A. Fraud-Based Claims

In their fifth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of appellees on appellants’ claims for fraud, fraudulent

inducement, fraudulent concealment, fraud in a stock transaction, and tortious

interference with existing contracts because appellants “raised a genuine dispute of

material fact [as to] whether [Elaine] (as President of MarOpCo) and Pierce Jr.

induced [Preston] to enter the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement with the false

promise of disclaimed Trof shares.”

In its orders granting appellees summary judgment on appellants’

fraud-based claims, the trial court did not specify the grounds upon which it relied.

When, as here, the trial court’s orders granting summary judgment do not specify

the grounds relied upon, we must affirm the trial court’s ruling if any of the

summary-judgment grounds are meritorious. See FM Props. Operating Co. v. City

of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872–73 (Tex. 2000). Further, on appeal, appellants must

attack all independent bases or grounds that fully support the complained-of order

or judgment. See Oliphant Fin. LLC v. Angiano, 295 S.W.3d 422, 423–24 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.); Britton v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Just., 95 S.W.3d 676,

681 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). If an independent ground

46

fully supports the complained-of order or judgment, but the appellants assign no

error to that independent ground, an appellate court must accept the validity of the

unchallenged independent ground and thus any error in the grounds challenged on

appeal is harmless because the unchallenged independent ground fully supports the

complained-of order or judgment. See Oliphant Fin., 295 S.W.3d at 423–24;

Britton, 95 S.W.3d at 681.

In their summary-judgment motion, appellees asserted that they were

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on appellants’ claims for fraud, fraudulent

inducement, fraudulent concealment, and fraud in a stock transaction for many

reasons. In their opening brief, appellants address several arguments raised by

appellees in their summary-judgment motion: (1) the 2014 employment agreement

contained a waiver-of-reliance provision to which Preston agreed; (2) Elaine’s

alleged promise of Trof shares was unenforceable; (3) Preston was not entitled to

damages for the value of the Trof shares; and (4) the 2014 employment agreement

was not a transaction for the sale of stock. But appellants failed to address

appellees’ argument that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

appellants’ claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent concealment, fraud

in a stock transaction and because Preston could not “show that [any of] his alleged

reliance was justified.”

47

Justifiable reliance is an element of a fraud claim. JPMorgan Chase Bank,

N.A. v. Orca Assets G.P., L.L.C., 546 S.W.3d 648, 653 (Tex. 2018). And to

establish justifiable reliance, plaintiffs must show that they actually relied on the

defendants’ false representations and that their reliance was justified. Id. In

certain circumstances, a court may determine as a matter of law that reliance was

not justifiable. Id. at 654. In making such a determination, the court views the

entirety of the circumstances “while accounting for the parties’ relative levels of

sophistication.” Id. at 656. A party may not justifiably rely on an oral

representation that is directly contradicted by a written contract. Id. at 658.

Here, the trial court could have determined that appellees were entitled to

summary judgment on appellants’ claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement,

fraudulent concealment, and fraud in a stock transaction because appellees

established as a matter of law that appellants’ reliance on Elaine’s, MarOpCo’s, or

Pierce Jr.’s purported false representations was not justifiable. This conclusion

supports the trial court’s decision granting appellees summary judgment on

appellant’s claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent concealment, and

fraud in a stock transaction. Because appellants, on appeal, did not challenge this

independent ground supporting the trial court’s summary-judgment ruling, we hold

that the trial court did not err in granting appellees’ summary judgment on

appellants’ claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent concealment, and

48

fraud in a stock transaction. See Heritage Gulf Coast Props., Ltd. v. Sandalwood

Apartments, Inc., 416 S.W.3d 642, 653 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no

pet.) (“If the appellant fails to challenge all grounds on which the judgment may

have been granted, the appellate court must uphold the summary judgment.”);

Britton, 95 S.W.3d at 681–82 (“If summary judgment may have been rendered,

properly or improperly, on a ground not challenged, the judgment must be

affirmed.” (internal quotations omitted)).

As to appellants’ claim for tortious interference with existing contracts,

appellants, in their briefing, argue that the trial court erred in granting Pierce Jr.

summary judgment on that claim because Pierce Jr. “did not argue, much less

prove as a matter of law, that he was acting as MarOpCo’s agent when Preston

entered into the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement.” (Emphasis omitted.)

To prevail on a claim for tortious interference with a contract, plaintiffs must

establish: (1) the existence a contract subject to interference; (2) willful and

intentional interference; (3) the willful and intentional interference caused damage;

and (4) actual damage or loss occurred. Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Rincones, 520

S.W.3d 572, 588 (Tex. 2017).

In their eleventh amended petition, appellants alleged that Pierce Jr. caused

MarOpCo to terminate the 2010 employment agreement “in favor of the 2014

[e]mployment [a]greement [which] . . . greatly reduced [Preston’s] base salary,”

49

and Pierce Jr. “caused MarOpCo to breach the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement

with Preston.” But after the bench trial, the trial court found that MarOpCo did not

breach the 2014 employment agreement. Thus, even assuming that the trial court

erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Pierce Jr., the error is harmless

considering the trial court’s subsequent findings negating an essential element of

appellants’ claim—that the purported interference caused damage to Preston’s

contractual relationship with MarOpCo. See Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Boyd, 177 S.W.3d 919, 921–22 (Tex. 2005); see also Serafine v. Blunt, No.

03-16-001301-CV, 2017 WL 2224528, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin May 19, 2017,

pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding “the question of whether the trial court erred

in granting summary judgment [was] irrelevant because, even assuming that the

trial court erred in granting summary judgment for [defendant], the error [was]

harmless in light of the jury’s subsequent findings negating [an] essential element

of [plaintiff’s] claim”); Quality Infusion Care, Inc. v. Health Care Serv. Corp., 224

S.W.3d 369, 389 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (“The Texas

Supreme Court has recently determined . . . that we may consider the trier of fact’s

later findings in a breach of contract case in determining the propriety of the trial

court’s earlier grant of summary judgment on related bad-faith and

extra-contractual claims.”). Thus, we hold that any purported error by the trial

court in granting Pierce Jr. summary judgment on appellants’

50

tortious-interference-with-existing-contracts claim was rendered harmless

following the bench trial in this case.

We overrule appellants’ fifth issue.

B. Wrongful-Termination Claim

In their sixth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting

MarOpCo summary judgment on Preston’s wrongful-termination claim because

appellants “raised a genuine dispute of material fact [as to] whether [Elaine] (as

President of MarOpCo) terminated Preston’s employment due to his refusal to

perform an illegal act.”

The general rule in Texas is that an employee may be terminated at will and

without cause. Montgomery Cnty. Hosp. Dist. v. Brown, 965 S.W.2d 501, 502

(Tex. 1998). However, in Sabine Pilot Service, Inc. v. Hauck, the Texas Supreme

Court created a narrow exception to the at-will employment doctrine, providing

that an employee can maintain an action for wrongful termination when he was

fired solely for refusing to commit an unlawful act carrying criminal penalties.

687 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. 1985). The focus of the inquiry in determining

whether an employee was fired for refusing to engage in a criminal act is whether

the act, if performed, would have subjected the employee to criminal penalties.

See The Ed Rachal Found. v. D’Unger, 207 S.W.3d 330, 332–33 (Tex. 2006).

51

To establish a cause of action for wrongful termination for refusal to

perform an illegal act, an employee must establish: (1) he was an at-will employee;

(2) he refused to perform an illegal act; and (3) his employment was terminated

solely because he refused to perform the illegal act. See Sabine Pilot, 687 S.W.2d

at 735; Green v. Quality Dialysis One, LP, No. 14-05-01247-CV, 2007 WL

2239295, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 7, 2007, no pet.) (mem.

op.). The employee has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence

that his discharge was for no reason other than the refusal to commit an illegal

act—in other words, the refusal was the sole cause of his discharge. Peine v. HIT

Servs. L.P., 479 S.W.3d 445, 449–50 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet.

denied). If an employer discharges the employee both for refusing to perform an

illegal act and for a legitimate reason, the employer cannot be liable for wrongful

termination. See Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. of State of Tex. v. Hinds, 904 S.W.2d

629, 633 (Tex. 1995); Peine, 479 S.W.3d at 449–50.

In their eleventh amended petition, appellants brought a claim for wrongful

termination, alleging that Preston, an at-will employee of MarOpCo, was

terminated solely because he refused to commit illegal acts—a felony under Texas

Penal Code section 32.45, which would require Preston to “commit a

misapplication of fiduciary property” and a felony under Texas Penal Code section

37.03, which would require Preston to “make a false statement under oath in

52

connection with an official proceeding.” MarOpCo, in its summary-judgment

motion, asserted, however, that it did not terminate Preston’s employment because

he refused to commit an “illegal act.” (Internal quotations omitted.) Rather,

Preston’s employment was terminated for a host of reasons, including, but not

limited to, because Preston “disobeyed express instructions by using [the Tidwell]

office for his businesses that were not owned or controlled by [Elaine],” including

Rusk Capital, and Preston allowed Black, an employee of Rusk Capital, “to work

out of [the Tidwell] office.” MarOpCo attached evidence to its summary-judgment

motion to support its assertion.

An employer can obtain summary judgment on a claim for wrongful

termination for refusal to perform an illegal act by proving, as a matter of law, at

least one legitimate reason for terminating the employee’s employment. Peine,

479 S.W.3d at 450; see also Hinds, 904 S.W.2d at 633. Here, MarOpCo’s

summary-judgment evidence conclusively established that one reason for

terminating Preston’s employment was Preston’s operation of Rusk Capital out of

the Tidwell office and the fact that Preston allowed Black, a Rusk Capital

employee, to use the Tidwell office to work for a company other than MarOpCo.23

23

In their eleventh amended petition, appellants admitted that Preston created Rusk

Capital while he was employed by MarOpCo and that Rusk Capital maintained its

principal office at the Tidwell office. Appellants also admitted that Preston

purchased, used, and/or relied on computers, computer servers, and other property

53

See Peine, 479 S.W.3d at 450 (holding trial court properly granted summary

judgment on wrongful-termination claim where employer established other reason

for terminating employee’s employment, thereby negating essential element that

sole reason for termination was refusal to perform illegal act); Miller v. Raytheon

Aircraft Co., 229 S.W.3d 358, 367 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.)

(“An employer who discharges an employee for both refusing to perform an illegal

act and for a legitimate reason cannot be held liable for wrongful discharge—the

refusal must be the sole cause for the employee’s termination.”); see also Robinson

v. The Devereux Found., No. 14-01-00081-CV, 2002 WL 1315631, at *2–3 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 6, 2002, pet. denied) (not designated for

publication) (holding “summary judgment evidence conclusively negate[d] the

essential element of [employee’s] wrongful termination claim that the sole reason

for termination was a failure to commit an illegal act”). Accordingly, we hold that

the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on appellants’ claim for

wrongful termination.

We overrule appellants’ sixth issue.

C. Privacy Claims

In their seventh issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting

appellees summary judgment on their claims for violation of privacy rights,

maintained at the Tidwell office for purposes of conducting Rusk Capital’s

business.

54

conspiracy, and misappropriation of trade secrets because appellants “raised a

genuine dispute of material fact [as to] whether [appellees] violated [appellants’]

privacy rights.”

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(i) requires that an appellant’s brief

“contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate

citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). “This is not

done by merely uttering brief conclusory statements, unsupported by legal

citations.” Tesoro Petroleum Corp. v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., 106 S.W.3d 118,

128 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied); see also Barham v. Turner

Constr. Co. of Tex., 803 S.W.2d 731, 740 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied)

(appellant bears burden of discussing his assertions of error). The failure to

provide substantive analysis of an issue or cite appropriate authority or the record

waives a complaint on appeal. Marin Real Estate Partners, L.P. v. Vogt, 373

S.W.3d 57, 75 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.); Huey v. Huey, 200 S.W.3d

851, 854 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.); see also Irisson v. Lone Star Nat’l

Bank, No. 13-19-00239-CV, 2020 WL 6343336, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi–Edinburg Oct. 29, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“When an appellant’s brief

fails to contain clear and concise argument for the contentions made with

appropriate citations to authorities, the appellate court is not responsible for doing

the legal research that might support a party’s contentions.”).

55

As to the propriety of the summary judgment granted in favor of appellees

on appellants’ claims for violation of privacy rights, appellants’ opening brief

contains conclusory paragraphs devoid of citations to the record and appropriate

legal authorities. Cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Instead, appellants merely restate

appellees’ summary-judgment arguments in the trial court and then summarily

conclude that the trial court “erred if it granted summary judgment based on

[appellees’] argument[s].” For instance, in their briefing, appellants state, in two

sentences:

First, MarOpCo and Pierce Jr. argued the [trial] [c]ourt should grant

summary judgment on [appellants’] claims for public disclosure of

private facts and intrusion upon seclusion because Preston had no

expectation of privacy in privileged communications he sent using

MarOpCo equipment and a MarOpCo email. . . . The [trial] [c]ourt

erred if it granted summary judgment based on this argument because

it raises numerous disputes of material fact, including whether Preston

should have expected his privileged communications to be subject to

review by Pierce Jr., Hunter, and MarOpCo.

(Emphasis omitted.) This is not sufficient to challenge appellees’ argument in their

summary-judgment motion that they were entitled to summary judgment as a

matter of law on appellants’ claims for violation of privacy rights, including their

claim for public disclosure of private information and “intrusion upon seclusion,”

because “there exist[ed] no expectation of privacy as a matter of law for an

employee communicating using his employer’s email and other systems.” See

TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Cruz v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., No. 05-15-00737-CV, 2016

56

WL 4119771, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 29, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“If an

appellant presents an issue generally asserting the summary judgment evidence

raised fact issues, that issue must also include argument and authority explaining

how the evidence defeated each ground for summary judgment.”); Prasad v. Cap.

Farm Credit, FLCA, No. 01-12-00585-CV, 2013 WL 3877666, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] July 25, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (appellant, whose brief

provided “no substantive discussion of the issue he raise[d] or citation to any

summary judgment proof to support [his] contention that [appellee] did not

establish its right to summary judgment as a matter of law,” waived challenge on

appeal); see also Littles v. Riverwalk Council of Co-Owners, Inc., No.

01-16-00790-CV, 2018 WL 4781142, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct.

4, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (appellant waived challenge to summary judgment

ground on appeal where she did not “present[] a cogent argument with a discussion

of the relevant facts and authorities relied upon related to her complaint that

‘multiple fact[] issues abound in th[e] case’” (second alteration in original)).

Accordingly, we conclude that appellants have inadequately briefed their challenge

to this ground on which the trial court’s summary judgment on appellants’

violation-of-privacy-rights claims could have been based. As such, we hold that

the trial court did not err in granting appellees summary judgment on appellants’

claims for violation of privacy rights. See Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d

57

471, 473 (Tex. 1995) (non-movant required to show each ground alleged in

summary-judgment motion insufficient to support summary judgment).

As to the propriety of the summary judgment granted in favor of appellees

on appellants’ claim for misappropriation of trade secrets, appellants have the same

briefing problem. In their opening brief, appellants merely restate appellees’

summary-judgment argument in the trial court and then summarily conclude that

the trial court “erred if it granted summary judgment based on [appellees’]

arguments.” Specifically, appellants state:

. . . MarOpCo argued the [trial] [c]ourt should grant summary

judgment on [appellants’] claim for misappropriation of trade secrets

because they cannot prove (1) they possessed trade secrets,

(2) MarOpCo misappropriated those trade secrets, or (3) they suffered

injury. The [trial] [c]ourt erred if it granted summary judgment based

on these arguments because they implicate genuine disputes of

material fact, including: (1) whether [appellants’] “information related

to actual and potential investors, dates pertaining to investment

opportunities, business strategies, investment

strategies, . . . communications with actual and potential investors,

data evidencing due diligence with respect to investment

opportunities, and employee records” qualify as trade

secrets, . . . (2) whether MarOpCo acquired [appellants’] trade secrets

by improper means when it seized them from Preston’s

laptop, . . . and (3) whether [appellants] suffered damages, including

the fees they incurred seeking the trade secrets’ return.

(Emphasis omitted.) Absent from appellants’ briefing is appropriate argument,

analysis, discussion, and citations to the record and appropriate legal authorities.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Richardson v. Marsack, No. 05-18-00087-CV, 2018

WL 4474762, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 19, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Our

58

appellate rules have specific requirements for briefing,” including requiring

“appellants to state concisely their complaints, to provide succinct, clear, and

accurate arguments for why their complaints have merit in law and fact, to cite

legal authority that is applicable to their complaints, and to cite appropriate

references in the record.”); Huey, 200 S.W.3d at 854 (“We have no duty to brief

appellant’s issue for her. Failure to cite to applicable authority or provide

substantive analysis waives an issue on appeal.”). Appellants’ conclusory briefing

is not sufficient to challenge appellees’ arguments in their summary-judgment

motion that they were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law on

appellants’ claim for misappropriation of trade secrets because appellants could not

(1) “identify any trade secrets with specificity,” (2) “prove their ownership of any

such ‘trade secret,’” (3) any trade secrets developed by Preston during his

employment with MarOpCo were the property of MarOpCo, (4) appellants had

“disclosed [any purported] trade secrets to MarOpCo,” (5) and appellants could not

identify any injury. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Cruz, 2016 WL 4119771, at *3;

Prasad, 2013 WL 3877666, at *3; see also Littles, 2018 WL 4781142, at *4. Thus,

we conclude that appellants have inadequately briefed their challenge to the

grounds on which the trial court’s summary judgment on appellants’

misappropriation-of-trade-secrets claim could have been based. As such, we hold

that the trial court did not err in granting appellees summary judgment on

59

appellants’ claim for misappropriation of trade secrets. See Doe, 915 S.W.2d at

473 (nonmovant required to show each ground alleged in summary-judgment

motion insufficient to support summary judgment).

Finally, as to the propriety of the summary judgment granted in favor of

appellees on appellants’ claim for conspiracy, appellants’ opening brief includes

only four sentences. Cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Again, appellants merely restate

appellees’ summary-judgment argument in the trial court and then summarily

conclude that the trial court “erred if it granted summary just based on [appellees’]

arguments.” This is not sufficient to challenge appellees’ arguments in their

summary-judgment motion that they were entitled to summary judgment as a

matter of law on appellants’ claim for conspiracy because it was “based on other

claims that fail[ed] as a matter of law,” appellants had failed to prove that appellees

were liable under an underlying tort theory, and appellants’ had failed to timely

disclose any damages. See id.; Cruz, 2016 WL 4119771, at *3; Prasad, 2013 WL

3877666, at *3; see also Littles, 2018 WL 4781142, at *4. Thus, we conclude that

appellants have inadequately briefed their challenge to the grounds on which the

trial court’s summary judgment on appellants’ conspiracy claim could have been

based. We hold that the trial court did not err in granting appellees summary

judgment on appellants’ claim for misappropriation of trade secrets. See Doe, 915

60

S.W.2d at 473 (nonmovant required to show each ground alleged in

summary-judgment motion insufficient to support summary judgment).

We overrule appellants’ seventh issue.

D. Conversion, Trespass-to-Chattel, and Harmful-Access-by-Computer

Claims

In their ninth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting

Pierce Jr. summary judgment on appellants’ claims for conversion, trespass to

chattel, and harmful access by computer because Preston “raised a genuine dispute

of material fact [as to] whether Pierce Jr. stole his and Rusk[] [Capital’s] property”

after termination of Preston’s employment with MarOpCo.

In the trial court, Pierce Jr. moved for summary judgment on appellants’

claims for conversion, trespass to chattel, and harmful access by computer on

several grounds, including arguing that he was entitled to judgment as a matter of

law on appellants’ claims because the attorney-immunity doctrine barred the

claims against him.24

24

As to appellants’ conversion claim against him, Pierce Jr. also argued, in his

summary-judgment motion, that he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

appellants’ claim because there existed “no genuine issue that Preston d[id] not

own, possess or have any right to immediate possession of any property from the

[Tidwell] office.” Preston was “already on notice that ‘all information,

documents, or emails stored on a MarOpCo owned computer, the MarOpCo

server, or through a MarOpCo.com email address [were] explicitly the property of

[MarOpCo]’” and appellants should have had “‘no expectation of privacy for said

documents or emails.’” Further, the 2014 employment agreement made clear that

MarOpCo owned everything that Preston created during his employment. And

MarOpCo “lawfully and with authorization accessed [appellants’] alleged

61

As previously explained, appellants must attack all independent bases or

grounds that fully support the complained-of order or judgment. See Oliphant

Fin., 295 S.W.3d at 423–24; Britton, 95 S.W.3d at 681. If an independent ground

fully supports the complained-of order or judgment, but the appellants assign no

error to that independent ground, an appellate court must accept the validity of the

unchallenged independent ground and thus any error in the grounds challenged on

appeal is harmless because the unchallenged independent ground fully supports the

complained-of order or judgment. See Oliphant Fin., 295 S.W.3d at 423–24;

Britton, 95 S.W.3d at 681. An appellate court must affirm the complained-of order

or judgment when an appellant challenges some but not all bases for the order or

judgment. See Miller v. Debo Homes, LLC, No. 14-15-00004-CV, 2016 WL

property” and appellants had failed to disclose any damages for conversion.

Additionally, as to appellants’ trespass-to-chattel claim against him, Pierce Jr. also

argued that he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the claim because

MarOpCo owned all property at the Tidwell office and all data, information, and

communications transmitted across its email domain and systems, appellants had

no expectation of privacy in their alleged property stored at the Tidwell office

without authorization, and appellants had failed to disclose any damages. And, as

to appellants’ claim for harmful access by computer, Pierce Jr. argued that he was

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on appellants’ claim because appellants

could not prove that MarOpCo knowingly accessed the computer system without

the effective consent of the owner as required by the THACA. Because MarOpCo

was the owner of all property at the Tidwell office and all communications

transmitted across its email domain, its access of the Rusk Capital server, which

was storing without authorization all MarOpCo’s data, was not knowing. Further,

MarOpCo had the effective consent of appellants to access its own data and

appellants had not proved that they were harmed.

62

5399507, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 27, 2016, pet. denied)

(mem. op.).

In its opening brief, appellants, in two conclusory paragraphs, state that

Preston, in response to Pierce Jr.’s summary-judgment motion, “raised a genuine

dispute of material fact [as to] whether Pierce Jr. stole his and Rusk[] [Capital’s]

property after his termination” of employment. According to appellants, Pierce

Jr.’s “principal argument” in his summary-judgment motion was that “Preston did

not suffer any damages.” But appellants, in their briefing, do not address Pierce

Jr.’s attorney-immunity argument contained in his summary-judgment motion.25

“When an appellant fails to challenge an alternate basis for the appealed order, any

error in the challenged basis for the order is rendered harmless.” In re A.K.P., No.

06-19-00075-CV, 2020 WL 465281, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Jan. 29, 2020,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (internal quotations omitted). As such, we hold that the trial

court did not err in granting Pierce Jr. summary judgment on appellants’

conversion, trespass-to-chattel, and harmful-access-by-a-computer claims. See

Heritage Gulf Coast Props., 416 S.W.3d at 653 (“If the appellant fails to challenge

25

In a single sentence, contained in a footnote, appellants state: “The attorney

immunity doctrine does not protect Pierce Jr.’s use of Preston’s personal and

privileged communications for Pierce Jr.’s benefit in a lawsuit that had nothing to

do with MarOpCo.” This is not sufficient to be considered adequate briefing on

Pierce Jr.’s attorney-immunity argument raised in his summary-judgment motion

on appellants’ conversion, trespass-to-chattel, and harmful-access-by-a-computer

claims. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

63

all grounds on which the judgment may have been granted, the appellate court

must uphold the summary judgment.”).

We overrule appellants’ ninth issue.

E. Breach-of-Fiduciary-Duty Claim

In their tenth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting

Pierce Jr. summary judgment on appellants’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty

because Preston “raised a genuine dispute of material fact [as to] whether Pierce Jr.

breached his fiduciary duties to Preston as his co-beneficiary by failing to disclose

the Wyoming Transactions.”26

26

Appellants’ opening brief identifies the “Wyoming Transactions,” as follows:

MarOpCo managed the assets of the Marital Income

Trust . . . , which was created in Pierce Sr.’s 2006 [w]ill and which

inherited the majority of his multibillion-dollar estate. The [Marital

Income Trust] pays the income to [Elaine] until her death and then

sends half the principal to the Harrier Trust and the other half to the

Osprey Trust. Preston is the sole beneficiary of the Harrier Trust,

and Pierce Jr. is the sole beneficiary of the Osprey Trust. [Pierce

Sr.’s will] name[d] [Elaine] as trustee and Preston as successor

trustee of the [Marital Income Trust]. Pierce Jr. may never be

trustee of the [Marital Income Trust] because [Pierce Sr.’s will]

provide[d] that in the event Preston d[id] not serve as successor

trustee, the trustee must be “an independent person or persons.”

In 2014, without telling Preston, [Elaine] began a series of

transactions to move the [Marital Income Trust] to Wyoming. . . .

Pierce Jr. was intimately involved in these transactions by which he

supplanted Preston as successor trustee. . . .

[Pierce Jr.] knew by July 2014 that [Elaine] was transferring the

[Martial Income Trust] to Wyoming. . . . [B]ut [he] never disclosed

them to his co-beneficiary Preston.

64

As to the propriety of summary judgment granted in favor of Pierce Jr. on

appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim, appellants’ opening brief again

contains only conclusory paragraphs with limited record citations and is devoid of

legal authority. Cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Instead of providing substantive

analysis, appellants merely restate Pierce Jr.’s summary-judgment arguments

before stating that the trial court “erred if it granted summary judgment based on

th[e] [particular] argument.” This is not sufficient to challenge the trial court’s

granting of summary judgment on appellants’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty by

Pierce Jr. See id.; Cruz, 2016 WL 4119771, at *3 (“If an appellant presents an

issue generally asserting the summary judgment evidence raised fact issues, that

issue must also include argument and authority explaining how the evidence

defeated each ground for summary judgment.”); Prasad, 2013 WL 3877666, at *3

(appellant, whose brief provided “no substantive discussion of the issue he raise[d]

or citation to any summary judgment proof to support [his] contention that

[appellee] did not establish its right to summary judgment as a matter of law,”

waived challenge on appeal); see also Littles, 2018 WL 4781142, at *4 (appellant

(Internal quotations omitted.) We do not consider the truthfulness of this

explanation of the “Wyoming Transactions” in appellants’ opening brief. For

purposes of this opinion, it is simply quoted for context. We note that Pierce Jr., in

his appellee’s brief, states that “the so-called ‘Wyoming Transactions’ involved a

series of events through which Elaine . . . , acting as trustee of a Marital Income

Trust . . . created under the Last Will and Testament of [Pierce Sr.], changed the

situs and certain terms of the [Marital Income Trust]. The Wyoming Transactions

are the subject of separate litigation.” (Internal quotations omitted.)

65

waived challenge to summary judgment ground on appeal where she did not

“present[] a cogent argument with a discussion of the relevant facts and authorities

relied upon related to her complaint that ‘multiple fact[] issues abound in th[e]

case’” (second alteration in original)). We conclude that appellants have

inadequately briefed their challenge to the trial court’s granting of summary

judgment on appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim in favor of Pierce Jr. See,

e.g., Hamilton v. Farmers Tex. Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 328 S.W.3d 664, 668 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (concluding issue inadequately briefed where

appellant “complain[ed] that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

but his argument consist[ed] of conclusions and d[id] not provide proper,

meaningful analysis in support of his contentions. He neither cite[d] to any

authority nor discusse[d] any applicable law with respect to the trial court’s order

or [appellee’s] motion for summary judgment”).

F. Declaratory-Relief Claim

In their eighth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting

MarOpCo summary judgment on appellants’ claim for declaratory relief because

“Preston raised genuine disputes of material fact [as to] whether (1) the restrictive

covenants in the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement [were] unenforceable; (2) the

entire 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement [was] unenforceable or should be

rescinded; and (3) Preston should be reinstated as an officer of Trof.”

66

In their eighth amended petition—appellants’ live pleading at the time

MarOpCo moved for summary judgment on appellants’ declaratory-relief claim,

appellants sought declaratory relief as to the enforceability of the restrictive

covenants found in the 2014 employment agreement, declarations relating to their

“data-related claims,” including a declaration that Preston was “entitled to

permanent access to all data removed from the [Tidwell] office” as well as a

declaration that Preston should be reinstated as an officer of Trof.

In its summary-judgment motion, MarOpCo raised several arguments as to

why it was entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law on appellants’

declaratory-relief claim, including that appellants had requested declarations that

were “not [the] proper subject matter for declaratory relief” as they did not “relate

to rights under a written instrument, statute, ordinance, contract or franchise; an

interest in a trust or estate; or sales and use taxes of another state.” See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004(a) (establishing proper subject matter of relief

sought under Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act). In granting MarOpCo

summary judgment on appellants’ declaratory-relief claim, the trial court did not

specify its reasons for doing so. Yet, appellants, in their briefing, do not address

the above-referenced argument on which the trial court’s summary-judgment

ruling could have been based.

67

As previously explained, appellants must attack all independent bases or

grounds that fully support the complained-of order or judgment, and if an

independent ground fully supports the complained-of order or judgment, but the

appellants assign no error to that independent ground, this Court must accept the

validity of the unchallenged independent ground. See Oliphant Fin., 295 S.W.3d

at 423–24; Britton, 95 S.W.3d at 681. Further, we must affirm the complained-of

summary-judgment order where appellants have not challenged all bases for the

order or judgment. See Miller, 2016 WL 5399507, at *3; see also In re A.K.P.,

2020 WL 465281, at *2 (“When an appellant fails to challenge an alternate basis

for the appealed order, any error in the challenged basis for the order is rendered

harmless.” (internal quotations omitted)).

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting MarOpCo

summary judgment on appellants’ declaratory-relief claim. See Heritage Gulf

Coast Props., 416 S.W.3d at 653 (“If the appellant fails to challenge all grounds on

which the judgment may have been granted, the appellate court must uphold the

summary judgment.”).

We overrule appellants’ eighth issue.

Breach-of-Contract Claim and Counterclaim

In their eleventh issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in ruling in

favor of MarOpCo on Preston’s breach-of-contract claim because “MarOpCo

68

undisputedly breached the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement by refusing to pay

Preston his accrued time off.” In their thirteenth issue, appellants argue that the

trial court erred in ruling in favor of MarOpCo on its breach-of-contract

counterclaim against Preston because “MarOpCo ha[d] no evidence that Preston

breached any provision of the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement.”

To challenge the sufficiency of the evidence in an appeal from a bench trial,

appellants must challenge specific findings of fact, and not the judgment as a

whole. Ok Jin Kim v. Nunez, No. 01-05-00636-CV, 2007 WL 274251, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 1, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Boucher v.

Thacker, 609 S.W.3d 206, 216 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2020, no pet.); Jones v.

Smith, 291 S.W.3d 549, 552 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.);

Green v. Alford, 274 S.W.3d 5, 17 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet.

denied) (“[A]n appellant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence offered in a

nonjury trial must challenge specific findings of fact.”). An appellate court is

bound by any unchallenged findings of fact unless the contrary is established as a

matter of law or the finding is not supported by any evidence. See Nunez, 2007

WL 274251, at *2.

As to appellants’ complaint, in their eleventh issue, that the trial court erred

in ordering that appellants take nothing on their breach-of-contract claim against

MarOpCo, appellants do not challenge specific findings of fact made by the trial

69

court. See Boucher, 609 S.W.3d at 216. Instead, appellants generally challenge

the trial court’s judgment rejecting their claim that MarOpCo breached the 2014

employment agreement. See Nunez, 2007 WL 274251, at *2 (“[A]ppellant

contends that the trial court erred in awarding damages to appellee because the

evidence does not support the award. This complaint is directed to the judgment as

a whole, not to a specific finding of fact; therefore, we do not address it.”);

Arrellano v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 191 S.W.3d 852, 855 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (declining to discuss issue because it

challenged judgment and not specific findings of fact). There is competent

evidence in the record that supports the trial court’s unchallenged fact findings that

“MarOpCo did not fail to comply with the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement” and

that “MarOpCo had the right to terminate the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement at

will.” These unchallenged facts findings are binding on this Court. See Nunez,

2007 WL 274251, at *2; see also Ski Masters of Tex., LLC v. Heinemeyer, 269

S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, no pet.). Further, these findings

are sufficient to support the trial court’s conclusion that Preston was “not entitled

to recover on his claim for breach of the [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement.” Thus,

we hold that the trial court did not err in ruling in favor of MarOpCo on appellants’

breach-of-contract claim.

70

We overrule appellants’ eleventh issue.27

As to their thirteenth issue, appellants first argue, in a single sentence, that

the trial court erred in rendering judgment in favor of MarOpCo on MarOpCo’s

breach-of-contract counterclaim because “MarOpCo failed to adhere to the notice

and cure provisions in the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement and thus waived its

right to terminate Preston for cause, failed to properly terminate Preston, and

waived any right to seek damages against Preston.” Appellants, however, provide

no substantive analysis, citation to authorities, or citation to the record to support

their argument. A single sentence argument does not meet the requirements of

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(i). See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (appellant’s

brief “must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with

appropriate citations to authorities and to the record”); see also Grooms v. Bank of

N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co., N.A. ex rel. Mortg. Assets Mgmt. Series I Tr., No.

02-22-00396-CV, 2023 WL 4780584, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 27, 2023,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding challenge inadequately briefed when appellant

“addresses[ed] it in a total of three sentences with no citations to authority and no

substantive legal analysis”). Thus, we hold that the argument is inadequately

briefed, and we cannot sustain appellants’ thirteenth issue on such a basis. See

27

We also note that the entirety of appellants’ argument related to their eleventh

issue consists of one single paragraph which is devoid of substantive analysis,

citation to pertinent authorities, and citations to the record. See TEX. R. APP. P.

38.1(i). We cannot sustain an issue which appellants do not adequately brief.

71

TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Bolling v. Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist., 315 S.W.3d

893, 895 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (“Only when we are provided with

proper briefing may we discharge our responsibility to review the appeal and make

a decision that disposes of the appeal one way or the other.”).

Appellants next seem to assert ways in which they believe that “Preston did

not breach” the 2014 employment agreement, and appellants state that “MarOpCo

did not present . . . a scintilla of evidence that Preston failed to keep secret and

confidential all non-public information concerning MarOpCo,” “that Preston made

statements or disclosures intended or reasonably likely to be detrimental to

MarOpCo,” “that Preston directly or indirectly solicited or induced one or more

suppliers, proprietors, lenders, professionals, employees, joint ventures, investors,

lessors, customers, agents, service providers, consultants or others in a business

relationship with MarOpCo,” “that Preston failed to promptly deliver and return all

of MarOpCo’s property upon his termination,” or “that Preston failed to report

regularly to the President of MarOpCo and undertake those acts as the President

instructed him in writing.”28

28

We construe appellants’ argument that “there [was] not a scintilla of reliable

evidence in the record” as a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See

Lloyd v. Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, No. 07-23-00236-CV, 2023 WL 8287065, at *2

(Tex. App.—Amarillo Nov. 30, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (internal quotations

omitted).

72

When a party challenges the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on

which it did not bear the burden of proof, it must show that no evidence supports

the finding. Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., 348 S.W.3d 194, 215 (Tex.

2011); Republic Petroleum v. Dynamic Offshore Res. NS LLC, 474 S.W.3d 424,

433 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. denied). And we must reject a

party’s no-evidence challenge unless: (1) there is a total absence of proof of a vital

fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or evidence from crediting the only

proof of a vital fact; (3) the proof of a vital fact is no more than a scintilla of

evidence; or (4) the proof conclusively disproves a vital fact. City of Keller v.

Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005). In conducting a legal-sufficiency

review, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment and

indulge every reasonable inference that would support it. Id. at 822.

The trial court, as the fact finder in a bench trial, is the sole judge of the

witnesses’ credibility and the relative weight of their testimony. Republic

Petroleum, 474 S.W.3d at 433. The fact finder may believe one witness instead of

another, accept or reject any given witness’s testimony in whole or part, and

resolve conflicts in the proof. James J. Flanagan Shipping Corp. v. Del Monte

Fresh Produce N.A., Inc., 403 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2013, no pet.). In an appeal from a bench trial, the trial court’s findings of fact

have the same weight as a jury verdict and are subject to review for sufficiency of

73

the evidence under the same standards that are applied when reviewing a jury’s

findings. Briggs Equip. Tr. v. Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 294 S.W.3d 667, 670

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied).

Here, the trial court found that Preston “failed to comply with the [2014]

[e]mployment [a]greement.” The trial court also found that “[w]hen

Preston . . . did work at MarOpCo’s [Tidwell] [o]ffice, he worked on other

business interests owned by him, including for Rusk Capital.” And

“Preston . . . improperly and extensively commingled MarOpCo’s data and other

property with what Preston . . . and Rusk Capital claimed to be their property.”

The 2014 employment agreement, a copy of which was admitted into

evidence at trial, stated that Preston agreed that while employed at MarOpCo, he

would “devote [his] full time, energies and talents exclusively to serving in the

capacity of Vice President,” “act at all times in the best interests of” MarOpCo,

and “perform the duties assigned to [him] by the President of [MarOpCo]

faithfully, efficiently and in a professional manner.”

It is undisputed that Preston created Rusk Capital in 2014 while employed

by MarOpCo and conducted Rusk Capital business while employed by MarOpCo

until his termination on June 11, 2015. Also, until the time of his termination in

June 2015, Preston used the Tidwell office for Rusk Capital’s business, and

Preston maintained Rusk Capital documents at the Tidwell office.

74

Additionally, documents admitted into evidence at trial showed that Preston

purchased the Rusk Capital server in 2014. Preston testified that he did not tell

anyone at MarOpCo that he had bought the Rusk Capital server or that he was

housing it at the Tidwell office. The Rusk Capital server was to be used for “Rusk

Capital business,” and Preston considered it to be the property of Rusk Capital.

The Rusk Capital server was used at the Tidwell office by Rusk Capital until

Preston’s termination by MarOpCo in June 2015.

Preston also testified at trial that he personally migrated data belonging to

MarOpCo from a MarOpCo-owned server in the Tidwell office to the Rusk Capital

server.29 Additionally, Preston removed certain software paid for by MarOpCo

from the MarOpCo-owned server and moved it to the Rusk Capital server. Preston

did not tell Elaine or anyone else at MarOpCo about the migration of data he

performed. Preston also hired “a [third-party] company to do the migration” of the

software to the Rusk Capital server, and had MarOpCo pay the bill.30 Preston

noted that a portion of the information that he had transferred from the

MarOpCo-owned server to the Rusk Capital server was “proprietary to MarOpCo.”

29

Pierce Jr. similarly testified at trial that Preston “took all the data off the

MarOpCo-owned server . . . and put it onto the server owned by Rusk Capital, as

well as information that was on . . . two [MarOpCo] workstations.” Further,

according to Pierce Jr., Preston “improperly put the data on equipment not owned

by MarOpCo.”

30

Documents admitted into evidence at trial show that Preston began speaking to the

third-party company at the end of June 2014, and they spoke about the company

performing its work around July 8, 2014 and July 9, 2014.

75

Preston also hired a Rusk Capital employee to work at the Tidwell office, without

notifying Elaine. MarOpCo-owned data was still on the Rusk Capital server at the

time of Preston’s termination in June 2015.

After reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

findings, we hold that there was legally sufficient evidence to support the trial

court’s finding that Preston breached the 2014 employment agreement.

We overrule appellants’ thirteenth issue.

Trespass Counterclaim

In their fourteenth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in ruling

in favor of MarOpCo on its trespass counterclaim against Preston because

“MarOpCo ha[d] no evidence that Preston trespassed.”

In their opening brief, appellants’ entire argument on their fourteenth issue

consists of four sentences:

The [trial court’s] January 13, 2023 Amended Final Judgment

“ORDERS that MarOpCo, Inc. is awarded and shall recover $10 from

Preston . . . as nominal damages for trespass by Preston . . . on the

property of MarOpCo, Inc.” The Court should reverse and remand

this judgment because it is factually deficient. Preston was invited to

return to the Tidwell Office to sign a check after his termination.

There is no basis to accuse him of trespass given this fact.

Notably lacking from appellants’ briefing is any substantive analysis, citation to

appropriate authorities, and citation to the record.

76

As previously explained, Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(i) requires

that an appellant’s brief “contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions

made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P.

38.1(i). “This is not done by merely uttering brief conclusory statements,

unsupported by legal citations.” Tesoro Petroleum Corp., 106 S.W.3d at 128. The

failure to provide substantive analysis of an issue or cite appropriate authority or

the record waives a complaint on appeal. Marin Real Estate Partners, 373 S.W.3d

at 75; Huey, 200 S.W.3d at 854; see also Irisson, 2020 WL 6343336, at *2–3

(“When an appellant’s brief fails to contain clear and concise argument for the

contentions made with appropriate citations to authorities, the appellate court is not

responsible for doing the legal research that might support a party’s contentions.”).

Accordingly, we hold that appellants have waived their fourteenth issue due to

inadequate briefing.

Property Award

In their twelfth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred “in awarding

[certain tangible] property to MarOpCo” because the property “undisputedly

belong[ed] to Preston.”

Appellants, in their briefing, appear to complain about the following orders

made by the trial court in its final judgment:

• The Court ORDERS that MarOpCo . . . is awarded and shall

recover a constructive trust over the server and two

77

workstations purchased by Rusk Capital . . . at issue in this suit,

currently in the possession of CyberEvidence.

• The Court ORDERS that MarOpCo . . . is awarded and shall

recover the possession and return of all computer devices and

equipment at issue in this suit currently in the possession of

CyberEvidence pursuant to the prior order of this Court, which

is now superseded by this judgment, including the

MarOpCo-owned laptop that Preston . . . used during his

MarOpCo employment.

• The Court ORDERS that MarOpCo . . . is awarded and shall

recover from Preston . . . and Rusk Capital . . . the immediate

return of all MarOpCo.com email files in their possession as

well as all originals and copies of data, documents, materials,

and information they received from CyberEvidence in this suit.

However, appellants in their opening brief do little more than make

conclusory statements that “the property” awarded to MarOpCo by the trial court,

“belonged to Preston,” without citation to appropriate authority to support their

statements. Cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Tesoro Petroleum Corp., 106 S.W.3d at

128; see also N & A Props., Inc. v. PH Steel, Inc., 656 S.W.3d 556, 568 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2022, no pet.) (uttering conclusory statements does not satisfy

briefing requirements). This is not sufficient to properly brief an issue for appeal.

Appellants also do not challenge any specific findings of fact made by the

trial court related to the property awarded to MarOpCo in the trial court’s final

judgment. See Boucher, 609 S.W.3d at 216; see also Nunez, 2007 WL 274251, at

*2 (“[A]ppellant contends that the trial court erred in awarding damages to

appellee because the evidence does not support the award. This complaint is

78

directed to the judgment as a whole, not to a specific finding of fact; therefore, we

do not address it.”). For instance, in this case, the trial court made the following

pertinent findings of fact:

15. The [2014] [e]mployment [a]greement established ownership of

data and documents by providing that documentation relating to

the present or planned business of MarOpCo or any of its

affiliates “shall remain the sole and exclusive property of

[MarOpCo].”

16. The laptop that Preston . . . used while employed at MarOpCo

was owned by MarOpCo.

17. MarOpCo’s President specifically informed and instructed

Preston . . . that he had no expectation of privacy related to

MarOpCo.com emails or documents, data, or information

stored on MarOpCo-owned computers.

....

22. While working for MarOpCo, Preston . . . transferred or caused

to be transferred MarOpCo’s confidential information to a new

server that Preston . . . purchased through Rusk Capital without

the knowledge or authorization of MarOpCo.

23. Preston . . . effected that transfer for the purpose of denying

MarOpCo access to its own data.

24. Preston . . . improperly and extensively commingled

MarOpCo’s data and other property with what Preston . . . and

Rusk Capital claimed to be their property.

....

29. After his termination, Preston . . . improperly retained copies of

MarOpCo.com emails.

....

79

31. Preston . . . , individually, failed to present evidence concerning

his claim of ownership of or entitlement to any specific or

identifiable documents, data, emails, materials, or information.

....

33. The MarOpCo-owned laptop that Preston . . . used while he was

employed by MarOpCo included emails transmitted on

Preston[’s] . . . MarOpCo.com email account between

Preston . . . and his attorney, Kenneth Michael Wright (“Mr.

Wright”).

34. The emails were all found on Preston[’s] . . . MarOpCo-owned

laptop.

....

36. Preston . . . waived any privilege he may have had by

transmitting emails to and from his lawyer on a MarOpCo.com

email account.

....

40. The copies of Marshall Family Meeting minutes and the binders

for those Meetings located at MarOpCo’s [Tidwell] [o]ffice,

which were managed and maintained by MarOpCo employees,

and the audio recordings of such Meetings are the property of

MarOpCo.

....

45. Preston . . . had no reasonable expectation of privacy in any

documents, emails, materials, information, or data that he

placed or caused to be placed on the computer equipment of

MarOpCo or transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email

address.

46. Rusk Capital had no reasonable expectation of privacy in any

documents, emails, materials, information, or data that it placed

80

or caused to be placed on the computer equipment of MarOpCo

or transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email address.

47. Preston . . . , individually, ha[d] no ownership or other interest

in any documents, emails, materials, information, or data that

he placed or caused to be placed on the computer equipment of

MarOpCo or transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email

address.

48. Rusk Capital ha[d] no ownership or other interest in documents,

emails, material, data, or information that Preston . . . placed or

caused to be placed on the computer equipment of MarOpCo or

transmitted to or from a MarOpCo.com email address.

49. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital acted inconsistently with their

alleged claims of ownership over the server and computer

equipment when the equipment was used for MarOpCo

business and when they placed, or caused to be placed,

MarOpCo documents, emails, material, data, or information

onto the computer equipment and server.

50. MarOpCo did not wrongfully exercise dominion or control over

any alleged property of Preston . . . . MarOpCo did not

unlawfully access any alleged property of Preston . . . .

51. MarOpCo did not wrongfully exercise dominion or control over

any alleged property of Rusk Capital. MarOpCo did not

unlawfully access any alleged property of Rusk Capital.

52. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital wrongfully exercised dominion or

control over MarOpCo’s property. Preston . . . and Rusk

Capital unlawfully accessed MarOpCo’s property.

53. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital intended to use data and

information belonging to MarOpCo in a manner that was

inconsistent with MarOpCo’s rights. . . . .

54. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital exercised dominion and control

over MarOpCo’s property without MarOpCo’s consent to the

exclusion of its right of use and possession.

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....

57. Preston . . . and Rusk Capital acted inconsistently with their

alleged claims of ownership over the server and computer

equipment when the equipment was used for MarOpCo

business and when they placed, or caused to be placed,

MarOpCo documents, emails, material, data, or information

onto the computer equipment and server.

....

62. Preston . . . knowingly and intentionally accessed, imaged, and

moved MarOpCo’s databases without MarOpCo’s consent.

63. Preston . . . knowingly and intentionally copied MarOpCo’s

emails and data and allowed a third party access to the data.

As previously explained, to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence in an

appeal from a bench trial, appellants must challenge specific findings of fact, and

not the judgment as a whole. Nunez, 2007 WL 274251, at *2; see also Boucher,

609 S.W.3d at 216; Jones, 291 S.W.3d at 552; Green, 274 S.W.3d at 17 (“[A]n

appellant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence offered in a nonjury trial must

challenge specific findings of fact.”). This Court is bound by any unchallenged

findings of fact unless the contrary is established as a matter of law or the finding

is not supported by any evidence. See Nunez, 2007 WL 274251, at *2. Here, there

is competent evidence in the record that supports the trial court’s unchallenged

findings of fact, and the above referenced unchallenged fact findings are binding

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on this Court. Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err in awarding MarOpCo

certain tangible property in its final judgment.

We overrule appellants’ twelfth issue.

Disgorgement Award

In their fourth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in awarding

MarOpCo “$446,397 from Preston . . . as disgorgement of salary” because the

“award [was] not consistent with Texas law.” (Internal quotations omitted.)

Under the equitable remedy of disgorgement, a person who renders service

to another in a relationship of trust may be denied compensation for his service if

he breaches that trust. Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 237 (Tex. 1999); see also

Sw. Energy Prod. Co. v. Berry-Helfand, 491 S.W.3d 699, 729 (Tex. 2016)

(recognizing disgorgement as remedy for breach of fiduciary duty). The remedy

essentially returns to the principal the value of what it paid for because it did not

receive the trust or loyalty. Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 237–38; McCullough v.

Scarbrough, Medlin & Assocs., Inc., 435 S.W.3d 871, 904–05 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2014, pet. denied).

We review a trial court’s disgorgement determination for an abuse of

discretion. Dernick Res., Inc. v. Wilstein, 471 S.W.3d 468, 482 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion when it

acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, without reference to any guiding rules or

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principles. Miller v. Kennedy & Minshew, Prof’l Corp., 142 S.W.3d 325, 339

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). To obtain the remedy of equitable

disgorgement, proof of the fiduciary’s salary, profits, or other income during the

time of his breach of fiduciary duty is required, as well as proof of what he was

actually entitled to receive. See McCullough, 435 S.W.3d at 904–05.

Here, the trial court issued the following relevant findings of fact related to

its disgorgement award:

Breach of Fiduciary Duty

64. A relationship of trust and confidence existed between

MarOpCo and Preston . . . .

65. During his employment at MarOpCo, Preston . . . served as an

officer of MarOpCo.

66. MarOpCo justifiably placed trust and confidence in

Preston . . . to act in MarOpCo’s best interest.

67. MarOpCo’s trust and confidence in Preston . . . was not based

merely on subjective trust and feelings alone.

68. Preston . . . failed to comply with the following duties that he

owed to MarOpCo:

• Preston . . . made unreasonable use of the confidence that

MarOpCo placed in him.

• Preston . . . failed to act in the utmost good faith and to

exercise the most scrupulous honesty toward MarOpCo.

• Preston . . . placed his own interests before the interests of

MarOpCo.

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• Preston . . . used the advantage of his position to gain benefit

for himself at the expense of MarOpCo.

69. Preston . . . breached his fiduciary duties owed to MarOpCo.

70. From the time of the commencement of

Preston[’s] . . . breaches of fiduciary duty on July 16,

2014 . . . , his net salary from MarOpCo amounted to $446,397.

The trial court then concluded that MarOpCo was “entitled to a disgorgement of

net salary paid to Preston . . . after the commencement of his breaches of fiduciary

duty in the amount of $446,397.”

Appellants first seem to assert, in their briefing, that the trial court arbitrarily

picked July 16, 2014 as the date Preston began breaching his fiduciary duties to

MarOpCo and thus disgorgement of Preston’s salary from that date forward was

improper.

At trial, Preston testified that MarOpCo had its own server located at the

Tidwell office. By 2014, the MarOpCo-owned server had been operating for about

eleven years. MarOpCo would store MarOpCo-related information on its server,

with some of the information being highly sensitive.

Documents admitted into evidence at trial showed that Preston purchased the

Rusk Capital server in June 2014. Preston testified that he did not tell anyone at

MarOpCo that he bought the Rusk Capital server or that he was housing it at the

Tidwell office. The Rusk Capital server was to be used for “Rusk Capital

business,” and Preston considered it to be the property of Rusk Capital.

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Preston further testified that in July 2014, he personally migrated data

belonging to MarOpCo from the MarOpCo-owned server at the Tidwell office to

the Rusk Capital server.31 Additionally, Preston removed certain software paid for

by MarOpCo from the MarOpCo-owned server and moved it to the Rusk Capital

server. Preston did not tell Elaine or anyone else at MarOpCo about the migration

of data he performed. Preston also hired “a [third-party] company to do the

migration” of the software to the Rusk Capital server, and Preston had MarOpCo

pay the bill.32 Preston noted that a portion of the information that he had

transferred from the MarOpCo-owned server to the Rusk Capital server was

“proprietary to MarOpCo.”

Sheena Bonadona, the corporate controller for MarOpCo, testified that

Preston’s employment with MarOpCo was terminated on June 11, 2015, and

Preston “was paid through June 15th.” Further, Bonadona stated that from July 16,

2014 to June 15, 2015, Preston was paid $446,397 in salary by MarOpCo.

31

Pierce Jr. similarly testified at trial that Preston “took all the data off the

MarOpCo-owned server . . . and put it onto the server owned by Rusk Capital, as

well as information that was on . . . two [MarOpCo] workstations.” Further,

according to Pierce Jr., Preston “improperly put the data on equipment not owned

by MarOpCo.”

32

Documents admitted into evidence at trial show that Preston began speaking to the

third-party company at the end of June 2014, and they spoke about the company

performing its work around July 8, 2014 and July 9, 2014. July 16, 2014 was the

beginning of the pay period that commenced after Preston had data and software

belonging to MarOpCo migrated from a MarOpCo-owned server at the Tidwell

office to the Rusk Capital server.

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In a bench trial, the trial court is the fact finder and the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight of their testimony. See City of Keller,

168 S.W.3d at 819; Sw. Bell Media, Inc. v. Lyles, 825 S.W.2d 488, 493 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied). The trial court also resolves any

inconsistencies or conflicts in the evidence, and we may not substitute our

judgment for that of the trial court. McKeehan v. Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y,

FSB, 554 S.W.3d 692, 698 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.). Here,

we cannot conclude, as appellants would like, that the trial court’s disgorgement of

Preston’s salary from July 16, 2014 forward was improper because the date

selected by the trial court was purportedly arbitrary.33

Appellants next argue that the trial court erred in awarding MarOpCo

disgorgement of Preston’s salary in the amount of $446,397 because the trial court

failed to make findings purportedly required by the Texas Supreme Court in

Burrow.

In Burrow, the Texas Supreme Court set forth a list of certain non-exclusive

factors, that the trial court may consider in determining whether disgorgement is

appropriate to address a breach of fiduciary duty and if so, the amount. See

Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 243; see also Diakiw v. Sites Mgmt., L.L.C., 693 S.W.3d

582, 595 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2023, pet. denied). These factors

33

Instead, the date reflects the beginning of the pay period following Preston’s

migration of MarOpCo data and software to the Rusk Capital server.

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include: “[t]he gravity and timing of the breach of duty, the level of intent or fault,

whether the principal received any benefit from the fiduciary despite the breach,

the centrality of the breach to the scope of the fiduciary relationship, and any

threatened or actual harm to the principal.” ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v.

Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 875 (Tex. 2010) (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 243–

44); see also Thomas v. Hughes, No. SA-16-CV-00951-DAE, 2020 WL 773444, at

*4 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 18, 2020) (report and recommendation) (list of Burrow factors

considered “not exclusive”). Ultimately though, the propriety of disgorgement

must be determined based on the equity of the circumstances. See Diakiw, 693

S.W.3d at 595.

Although appellants complain that the trial court “refused to consider the

[Burrow] factors” before ordering disgorgement of a portion of Preston’s salary,

appellants do not direct the Court to a portion of the record indicating such.

Instead, appellants seem to fault the trial court for not entering specific findings of

fact addressing the non-exclusive factors set forth by the Texas Supreme Court in

Burrow.34 But appellants did not request findings of fact related to the Burrow

factors, and after the trial court issued its findings of fact, appellants did not

request additional findings that they believed the trial court should have made.

34

For purposes of this portion of the memorandum opinion, we will presume,

without deciding, that the trial court did not enter findings of fact on the Burrow

factors.

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After a trial court files original findings of fact and conclusions of law, any

party may file a request for specific additional or amended findings or conclusions

within ten days after the filing of the original findings and conclusions by the trial

court. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 298; Villalpando v. Villalpando, 480 S.W.3d 801, 809–

10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.). The failure of a party to

request amended or additional findings of fact or conclusions of law waives the

party’s right to complain on appeal about the trial court’s failure to make the

omitted findings or conclusions. Villalpando, 480 S.W.3d at 810. Because

appellants failed to request additional findings of fact related to the Burrow

factors—which appellants assert the trial court erroneously failed to make—we

hold that appellants have waived their complaint on appeal that the trial court erred

by failing to make the purportedly omitted findings. Id.; see also Diakiw, 693

S.W.3d at 595–96 (appellants waived complaint trial court erred in awarding

equitable relief because no findings supported it).

We overrule appellants’ fourth issue.

Attorney’s Fees

In their first, second, and third issues, appellants argue that the trial court

erred in awarding MarOpCo attorney’s fees because MarOpCo was not “a

prevailing party entitled to attorney[’s] fees” under the 2014 employment

agreement, MarOpCo “failed to segregate its recoverable fees and expenses,” and

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MarOpCo failed to prove that the requested attorney’s fees were reasonable and

necessary.

We review a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion.

See Fort Worth Transp. Auth. v. Rodriguez, 547 S.W.3d 830, 850 (Tex. 2018). A

trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner

without reference to guiding rules or principles. See Hill v. Shamoun & Norman,

LLP, 544 S.W.3d 724, 742 (Tex. 2018); Samlowski v. Wooten, 332 S.W.3d 404,

410 (Tex. 2011). Under this standard, we cannot reverse the trial court’s award

merely because we would have awarded a different amount of fees. See

Samlowski, 332 S.W.3d at 410 (noting abuse-of-discretion standard of review

insulates trial court’s reasonable decisions from appellate second-guessing).

“Further, courts are free to look at the entire record, the evidence presented on

reasonableness, the amount in controversy, the common knowledge of the

participants as lawyers and judges, and the relative success of the parties to

determine a reasonable fee.” McMahon v. Zimmerman, 433 S.W.3d 680, 693 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); see also Santos v. Tex. Enters., Inc., No.

03-09-00579-CV, 2010 WL 4054479, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 15, 2010, no

pet.) (mem. op.).

Attorney’s fees are not recoverable in Texas unless allowed by contract or

statute. Dallas Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Seven Inv. Co., 835 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex.

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1992); Indian Beach Prop. Owners’ Ass’n v. Linden, 222 S.W.3d 682, 705 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Here, the parties agree that the 2014

employment agreement provides that in “any legal action or other proceeding,”

which “is brought[] for the enforcement or interpretation of any of the terms or

conditions of” the agreement, or “because of an alleged dispute, breach, or default,

in connection with any of the provisions of” the agreement, “the prevailing party in

such action shall be entitled to recover from the non-prevailing party the

reasonably incurred costs it incurred in such action including, but not limited to,

reasonable attorney[’s] fees (including costs and fees incurred on appeal),” “in

addition to any other relief to which such party may be entitled.”

In the trial court’s final judgment, it ordered Preston to pay MarOpCo

$10,213,889 in attorney’s fees. Appellants first argue that MarOpCo was not

entitled to the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees because MarOpCo was not a

“prevailing party” under the 2014 employment agreement.

The 2014 employment agreement did not define the term “prevailing party.”

Thus, we presume that the parties intended the term’s plain and ordinary meaning.

See Valence Operating, 164 S.W.3d at 662; SEECO, Inc. v. K.T. Rock, LLC, 416

S.W.3d 664, 674 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). Courts

have interpreted the term “prevailing party” to “mean the party that prevails on the

main issue in the litigation.” SEECO, Inc., 416 S.W.3d at 674. In other words,

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“[a] prevailing party is the party who successfully prosecutes the action or

successfully defends against it.” Silver Lion, Inc. v. Dolphin St., Inc., No.

01-07-00370-CV, 2010 WL 2025749, at *18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May

20, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (internal quotations omitted). A defendant

prevails if it obtains a take-nothing judgment on the main issue in the case. See

SEECO, Inc., 416 S.W.3d at 674; Bhatia v. Woodlands N. Houston Heart Ctr.,

PLLC, 396 S.W.3d 658, 670 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).

Appellants brought numerous claims against MarOpCo, including claims for

wrongful termination of the 2014 employment agreement and breach of the 2014

employment agreement. And the trial court ordered that appellants take nothing on

their claims against MarOpCo. As the Texas Supreme Court has explained, “[a]

defendant can obtain actual and meaningful relief, materially altering the parties’

legal relationship, by successfully defending against a claim and securing a

take-nothing judgment on the main issue or issues in the case.” Rohrmoos Venture

v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469, 486 (Tex. 2019). Accordingly,

based on the trial court’s take-nothing judgment of appellants’ claims, MarOpCo

was a “prevailing party” under the 2014 employment agreement and was entitled

to reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees. See id.

We overrule appellants’ first issue.

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Appellants next argue that MarOpCo was not entitled to $10,213,889 in

attorney’s fees because it “failed to segregate its recoverable fees and expenses.”

Generally, a party seeking attorney’s fees must segregate fees incurred in

connection with a claim that allows their recovery from fees incurred in connection

with claims for which no such recovery is allowed. See Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P.

v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 313–14 (Tex. 2006); Canyon Reg’l Water Auth. v.

Guadalupe Blanco River Auth., 286 S.W.3d 397, 406 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg 2008, no pet.). But when discrete legal services advance both

recoverable and unrecoverable claims, attorneys are not required to segregate fees

to recover the total amount covering all claims. See Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 313–14.

In this situation, the claims are said to be “intertwined,” and the mere fact that

attorney’s fees are incurred in advancing both recoverable and unrecoverable

claims does not render those fees unrecoverable. See id.

In their opening brief, appellants assert that “neither MarOpCo nor the [trial]

[c]ourt properly segregated MarOpCo’s recoverable fees and expenses” and as

such “remand is required.” (Internal quotations omitted.) Although appellants

complain that a certain undisclosed amount of attorney’s fees and expenses

awarded by the trial court should have not been included in the trial court’s

attorney’s-fees award, appellants fail to include record citations to those fees and

expenses that they assert were erroneously included. Cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

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Instead, appellants generally assert, without citation or specificity, that the trial

court’s attorney’s-fees award erroneously included “fees and expenses that

MarOpCo did not plead for,” “[f]ees and expenses outside the scope of [p]aragraph

20 of the 2014 [e]mployment [a]greement,” “[f]ees and expenses on counterclaims

MarOpCo lost,” “[f]ees and expenses not supported by the [trial] [c]ourt’s

conclusions of law,” “[f]ees for paralegal time,” “[n]on-cost litigation expenses,”

and “[f]ees and expenses against Rusk [Capital].” (Emphasis omitted.) As to what

portions of MarOpCo’s attorney’s-fees evidence contained requests that were

unrecoverable, yet still awarded by the trial court, appellants’ briefing is devoid of

record citations.

It is not the appellate court’s duty to scour through a voluminous record and

find facts to support a party’s position. See Dunn v. Bank-Tec S., 134 S.W.3d 315,

328 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.) (explaining it is not appellate court’s

duty to search for evidence that supports a party’s contention in a multi-volume

trial record). In fact, “[e]ngaging in a review of [a] voluminous record without

adequate record citations is almost impossible.” Telegina v. Nechayuk, No.

09-22-00383-CV, 2024 WL 5080262, at *3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec. 12, 2024,

no pet. h.) (mem. op.). The clerk’s record in this case contains more than 14,000

pages. And as MarOpCo notes in its briefing, it “filed over 1,000 pages of

documentation, including detailed attorney invoices,” to support its request for

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attorney’s fees. “[W]ithout proper citation, the voluminous nature of th[e] record

makes it difficult to discern whether there is any support for . . . [appellants’]

complaint[].” Reule v. M & T Mortg., 483 S.W.3d 600, 615 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2015, pet. denied). Thus, we hold that appellants’ complaint that

MarOpCo “failed to segregate its recoverable fees and expenses” is inadequately

briefed and appellants waived their second issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

Finally, appellants argue that the trial court erred in awarding MarOpCo

$10,213,889 in attorney’s fees because it failed to prove that the requested

attorney’s fees were reasonable and necessary. However, appellants’ analysis of

the purported reasonableness of MarOpCo’s attorney’s fees’ request consists of

less than ten sentences in their opening brief. Cf. id. Appellants make a

conclusory statement that “MarOpCo did not bother to calculate a lodestar” and

“[t]he Arthur Andersen factors also require[d] a significantly lower lodestar.” See

Banakar v. Krause, 674 S.W.3d 564, 578–79 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2023, no pet.) (appellant “may not obtain appellate review of an issue by making

bare assertions of error”).

The amount of attorney’s fees awarded by the trial court in a bench trial is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Wilstein, 471 S.W.3d at 490. An attorney’s

fees award must be supported by evidence that the fees are reasonable and

necessary. Id. “The reasonableness of attorney’s fees is ordinarily left to the

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factfinder . . . .” Smith v. Patrick W.Y. Tam Tr., 296 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. 2009).

A trial court determines the reasonableness of the amount awarded as attorney’s

fees by considering eight nonexclusive factors enumerated in Arthur Andersen &

Co. v. Perry Equipment Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. 1997). In re Nat’l Lloyds

Ins. Co., 532 S.W.3d 794, 809 (Tex. 2017) (orig. proceeding); Wilstein, 471

S.W.3d at 490; see also Smith, 296 S.W.3d at 548 (“We have held that the Arthur

Andersen factors apply to fee awards made by trial courts, not just juries.”). Those

factors are: (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the

questions involved, and the skill required to perform the legal service properly;

(2) the likelihood that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude

other employment by the lawyer; (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for

similar legal services; (4) the amount involved and the results obtained; (5) the

time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances; (6) the nature and

length of the professional relationship with the client; (7) the experience,

reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and

(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent on the results obtained or uncertainty of

collection before the legal services have been rendered. Arthur Andersen, 945

S.W.2d at 818.

Appellants, in their opening brief, do not actually perform any analysis

related to the Arthur Andersen factors of which they accuse MarOpCo of running

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afoul. Instead, appellants, in a single sentence, assert that “[t]he fourth factor (‘the

amount involved and the results obtained’) require[d] a reduction because

MarOpCo obtained only $20 in nominal damages, the return of computer

equipment . . . , an

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