Opinion

Citizens Insurance Company of America v. Phoenix Bay State Construction Co. Inc.

Court: Superior Court of Maine
Filed: Oct 4, 2017
Status: Unpublished
On the bench: Nancy Mills
Cited by: 0 cases
Authority: More cited than 34.2%

"It must appear from 'the language and circumstances of the contract' that the parties to the contract 'clearly and definitely' intended the beneficiaries to benefit from the promised performance."

How later courts described this case

"It must appear from 'the language and circumstances of the contract' that the parties to the contract 'clearly and definitely' intended the beneficiaries to benefit from the promised performance."
holding "We now adopt the rule set forth in the Restatement (Second
holding "A party is an intended beneficiary where 'the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance."' (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts§ 302 (1) (b) (1981)
considering and deciding choice-of-law issue raised in a M.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)

Written by the judges who cited it.

The opinion

STATE OF MAINE SUPERIOR COURT

CUMBERLAND, ss CIVIL ACTION

DOCKET NO. CV-17-097

CITIZENS INSURANCE

COMPANY OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff

V. ORDER ON PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO

DISMISS DEFENDANT MAINE

PHOENIX BAY STATE MEDICAL CENTER'S COUNTERCLAIM

CONSTRUCTION CO., INC.,

WILLIAM A. BERRY & SON,

STATE c,:= r 1/' l1~t:

INC., SUFFOLK CONSTRUCTION

Cumber12n ~: :--:~ C,lf:d(s Office

COMPANY, INC., MAINE MEDICAL

CENTER, INC., and NORTH RIVER r~ ~ r os ~:~Cn?

INSURANCE COMPANY, 3: 38' t:>· VY"\·

r-.-01 r-~= [·. :~ ~ \ / ;<: 1 I'

t \ ~~_. f.,,.....,.. I

L.,,...

'ii t..-'

Defendants

Before the court is plaintiff and counterclaim defendant Citizens Insurance Company of

America's motion to dismiss defendant Maine Medical Center's counterclaim. For the following

reasons, the motion to dismiss is denied.

FACTS

The present action stems from an underlying lawsuit MMC brought against defendants

William A. Berry & Son, Inc. and Suffolk Construction Company, Inc. in the United States District

Court for the District of Maine. (Compl. ~~ 8-9; MMC's Ans. ~~ 8-9.) Phoenix Bay State

Construction Co., Inc. is a third-party defendant in the underlying lawsuit. (Compl. ~ 10; MMC's

Ans. ~ 10.) In that action, MMC is seeking to recover damages against Berry and Suffolk for

alleged property damage to substantial additions made to the hospital located at 22 Bramhall Street

in the City of Portland, Maine. (Com pl. ~ 11; MMC' s Ans. ~ 11.) MMC hired Berry to manage

and lead the construction of the additions .1 (MMC' s Countercl. , 5 .) Berry then hired Phoenix as

a subcontractor to perform certain work for the additions. (Id.) The construction began in 2006.

(Compl. , 11; MMC' s Ans. , 11.)

MMC's contract with Berry mandated all subcontractors procure and maintain insurance

coverage for their work on the addition and name MMC as an additional insured on the insurance

policies. (MMC's Countercl. ,, 19, 23 .) In accordance with that requirement, Berry's subcontract

with Phoenix provided as follows: "[Phoenix], at its own expense shall procure, carry and maintain

on all its operations hereunder policies of insurance with coverage at a minimum in the amounts

and limits as provided in Rider B ...." (Id. , 20 .) Moreover, the subcontract obligates Phoenix to

"indemnify, defend and hold ... [MMC] harmless to the fullest extent allowed by law from any

and all loss, damage, cost or expense ... resulting from or arising from the negligence of [Phoenix]

...." (Id., 24.) MMC asserts Phoenix procured insurance policies through Citizens, Employers'

Fire Insurance Company, and North River Insurance Company to fulfill the subcontract's

insurance requirements. (Id. ,, 25, 85 .) MMC also alleges it may be third party beneficiary of

Citizens and North River's obligations because of the requirement that MMC be named as an

additional insured under the Citizens, Employers, and North River policies. (Id." 27, 87 .)

Citizens initiated this action on February 10, 2017 when it filed a complaint against

defendants Phoenix, Berry, Suffolk, and MMC. In the complaint, Citizens seeks a declaratory

judgment that with regard to the underlying suit, Citizens does not have a duty (1) to indemnify

Phoenix for any judgment in the underlying lawsuit; (2) to defend or indemnify Berry or Suffolk

in the underlying lawsuit; or (3) to indemnify MMC for any judgment it obtains in the underlying

In 2009, Suffolk acquired Berry's assets, including its obligations and liabilities to MMC with respect to

the work. (Compl., 13; MMC's Ans., 13.)

lawsuit; or, in the alternative, (4) if it does have a duty indemnify any of the defendants, their

recovery is limited to a maximum of one per occurrence policy limit, $1,000,000.2

MMC filed its answer, counterclaims, and cross-claims on April 10, 2017.3 In its

counterclaim, MMC alleges four counts against Citizens. MMC seeks a (1) declaratory judgment

that with regard to the underlying suit, Citizens has a duty to indemnify MMC; and alleges (2)

Citizens breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing owed to MMC; (3) violated

MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, §§ 2, 9; and (4) violated MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, §§ 2, 11. (MMC

countercl. ,, 30 - 47 .)

Citizens filed its motion to dismiss on June 22, 2017 .4 MMC opposed the motion on July

20,2017.

DISCUSSION

1. Standard of Review

"A motion to dismiss pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the

[counterclaim]." Seacoast Hangar Condo. II Ass 'n v. Marte] , 2001 ME 112,, 16, 775 A.2d 1166

(quoting New Orleans Tanker Corp. v . Dep't ofTransp. , 1999 ME 67,, 3,728 A.2d 673). When

the court reviews a motion to dismiss, "the [counterclaim] is examined 'in the light most favorable

to the [counterclaim] plaintiff to determine whether it sets forth elements of a cause of action or

alleges facts that would entitle the [counterclaim] plaintiff to relief pursuant to some legal theory.'"

Lalonde v. Cent. Me. Med . Ctr., 2017 ME 22,, 11, 155 A.3d 426 (quoting Moody v. State Liquor

& Lotte1y Comm' n, 2004 ME 20,, 7, 843 A.2d 43). Allegations in the counterclaim are deemed

Citizens also brought an additional claim against North River. The court granted Citizens' motion to

dismiss the claim without prejudice on July 19, 2017.

The court granted MMC' s motion to extend the deadline to file its response to the complaint until April

10,2017.

The court granted Citizens request for an extension of the deadline to file its response to the counterclaim.

true, Id., and "dismissal should only occur when it appears beyond doubt that a plaintiff is entitled

to no relief under any set of facts that he might prove in support of his claim." Moody, 2004 ME

20,, 7,843 A.2d 43 (quoting McAfee v. Cole , 637 A.2d 463,465 (Me. 1994)) (internal quotations

omitted).

2. Choice-of-Law

Citizens argues Maine law governs MMC's claims. MMC counters that the court cannot

decide what law to apply at this stage in the litigation because the inquiry is too fact intensive.

Courts have decided the choice-of~law issue on a motion to dismiss. See Beaulieu v. Beaulieu,

265 A.2d 610,611 (Me. 1970) (considering and deciding choice-of-law issue raised in a M.R. Civ.

P. 12(b)(6)); Flahe1ty v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 2003 ME 72, ~~ 6, 11-22, 822 A.2d 1159 (holding the

trial court improperly granted a motion to dismiss, not because it ruled on which jurisdiction's law

applied, but because its ruling that Connecticut law applied was wrong because Maine had more

significant contacts and relationships).

Maine courts apply Maine's choice-of-law rules to establish "which state's substantive

rules apply to the liability questions raised ..." because "Maine is the forum state." State Farm

Mut.Auto. fos. Co. v. Koshy , 2010 ME 44, ~ 21,995 A.2d 651. "Maine has adopted the approach

of sections 186 to 188 of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971), to govern choice

of law for contract issues." Id.~ 46. Section 188 applies when a contract does not include a choice

of law provision. 5 Id., 47. Section 188 provides as follows:

(1) The rights and duties of the parties with respect to an issue in contract are

determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has

the most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties under the

principles stated in § 6.

Parties have not submitted complete copies of the insurance contracts, but appear to agree there is no

choice-of-law provision that governs related claims.

(2) In the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties (see § 187), the

contacts to be taken into account in applying the principles of § 6 to determine

the law applicable to an issue include:

(a) the place of contracting,

(b) the place of negotiation of the contract,

(d) the location of the subject matter of the contract, and

(e) the domicil, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of

business of the parties.

These contacts are to be evaluated according to their relative importance with

respect to the particular issue.

Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws§ 188.

In Baybutt Constr . Corp . v. Commercial Union Ins. Co. , decided by the trial court on a

motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff sought "a judgment which decl~red that the provisions

of its [comprehensive general liability J insurance contract with the defendant obligated the

defendant both to cover and defend the plaintiff in [an underlying suit.]" 455 A.2d 914, 917 (Me.

1983), overrul ed in part on other grounds by Peerless Ins . Co . v. B rennon, 564 A.2d 383, 386-87

(Me. 1989). The Law Court held Maine law governed the rights and duties of the parties to the

insurance contract when the insured construction company was principally based in New

Hampshire, the insurer was principally based in Massachusetts, the insurance policy was

purchased in New Hampshire through a New Hampshire insurance agency, and the policy covered

insured construction projects in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont because the "specific

insured risk" was located in Maine. Id. at 917,919. The court explained:

[I]n a casualty insurance contract, as is involved in the instant case, the validity of

the contract and the rights and duties created thereby, are to be determined, in the

absence of an express effective choice of law by the parties, by the local law of the

state which the parties understood was to be the principal location of the insured

risk during the term of the policy, unless with respect to the particular issue

involved, some other state has a more significant relationship to the transaction and

the parties, in which event the local law of the other state will be applied.

Id. at 918 (emphasis added).

As in Baybutt , this case includes many parties based out of state. Citizens is a

Massachusetts based insurer; Berry, Suffolk, and Phoenix are (or were) all incorporated and

principally based in Massachusetts. Although under Baybutt it may be tempting to conclude those

contacts are less important than the location of the insured risk in determining which jurisdiction's

law should apply, the court agrees with MMC that the court has insufficient facts to determine the

choice-of-law issue. See Walker v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am. , 530 F. Supp. 2d 351,354 (D. Me.

2008); In re: Montreal Maine &Atlantic Railway .Ltd ., No. 13-10670, WL2954537, at *7 (Bankr.

D. Me. July 7, 2017); see also Restatement (Secon~) Conflict of Laws§ 188; Koshy, 2010 ME 44,

'22,995 A.2d 651.

"[A] defendant in a contract case governed by one state's law nonetheless may be subject

to the provisions of another state's unfair trade practices statute[.]" Crellin Techs. v.

Equipmentl ease Corp ., 18 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 1994); see also Koshy, 2010 ME 44, ,, 21, 46,995

A.2d 651 (applying contract and tort choice-of-law rules to separate issues in the same case).

Citizens argues there is a conflict between Maine and Massachusetts law as they relate to claims

of unfair insurance practices. Under Maine law, only the insured has standing to bring suit against

its insurer for unfair insurance settlement practices, see 24-A M.R.S. § 2436-A (2016), whereas

under Massachusetts standing is much broader. See MASS GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, §§ 2, 9, 11.

Courts have held claims pursuant to chapter 93A are either contract or tort based. This

determination appears to depend on the allegations made in support of a chapter 93A claim. See

Ne . Data Sys . v. McDonnell Douglas Comp ut. Sys. , 986 F.2d 607,610 (1st Cir.1993) ("depending

on the facts, a Chapter 93A claim may essentially reduce to a contract claim"); Crellin Techs. v.

EquiP.mentl ease Corp., 18 F.3d at 11 ("we treat appellant's chapter 93A initiative as a species of

tort claim."). In Ne . Data Sys., the First Circuit held the 93A claims before the court were

"embroidered breach of contract' claims" because they were based on the plaintiff's allegations

that the defendant acted "with a bad motive" and "knowingly" and "willfully" breached the

contract. 986 F.2d at 609. In Crellin Techs., decided by the trial court after a bench trial, the First

Circuit held "when a chapter 93A claim and the requested remedy are highly analogous to a tort

claim and remedy, the chapter 93A claim should be considered as a tort for choice-of-law

purposes." 18 F.3d at 11.

Here, in support of its 93A claims, MMC alleges as follows: (1) Citizens failed to effectuate

a prompt, fair, and equitable settlement of the claims in the underlying suit; (2) such failure

constitutes unfair or deceptive acts or practices; and (3) the unfair or deceptive acts were willful

or knowing violations of chapter 93A. (MMC's Countercl. ,, 39-41, 44-46.) These allegations, as

in Ne. Data Sys., are essentially breach of contract claims, 986 F.2d at 609, and under Baybutt,

may be governed by Maine law such that Massachusetts claims would be barred. 455 A.2d at 918;

see ReicJ1er v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co. of Am., 360 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2004). Plaintiff's motion to

dismiss was filed shortly after MMC's answer and counterclaims were filed, however, and the

parties continue to engage in discovery. After discovery is completed, the facts may establish

MMC's claims sound more in tort. The Baybutt choice-of-law analysis does not govern tort

claims. See Koshy, 2010 ME 44,, 21,995 A .2d 651. On the present record, viewing the facts

alleged in the complaint in the light most favorable to MMC, the court has insufficient facts on

which to determine whether MMC's chapter 93A claims are barred.

3. Reach and Apply

Citizens avers that Maine's reach and apply statute bars MMC's counterclaims against

Citizens. See 24-A M.R.S. § 2904 (2016). MMC counters that its counterclaim is not a reach and

apply action thus the statute does not apply.

Maine's reach and apply statute bars civil actions "brought against an insurer to reach and

apply ... insurance money until 20 days shall have elapsed from the time of the rendition of the

final judgment against the judgment debtors." 24-A M.R.S. § 2904; see Alien v. Pmmoy, 277 A.2d

727, 728 (Me. 1971) (quoting§ 2904).

In its counterclaim, MMC does not seek damages; it seeks a declaratory judgment

addressing Citizens' duty to indemnify. 6 (MMC's Countercl. ,, 30-33.) In its complaint, Citizens

seeks a declaratory judgment that it has no duty to indemnify MMC for any damages established

by the underlying suit. (Compl. ,, 46-47 .)

In Maine, a determination of whether an insurer has a duty to indemnify is based upon the

facts ultimately proved in the underlying claim. Am. Poli cyholders' Ins. Co. v. Cumberland Cold

Storage Co., 373 A.2d 247, 250 (Me. 1977). In limited circumstances, a declaratory judgement

action to determine whether the duty exists can be brought before the conclusion of the underlying

suit. N. E. Ins. Co. v. Young, 2011 ME 89,, 15, 26 A.3d 794. "[E]arlier consideration of the duties

to defend and indemnify [is appropriate] when an insurer disputes those duties based on facts that

are not related to the question of the insured's liability, such as 'nonpayment of a premium,

cancellation of a policy, failure to cooperate or lack of timely notice.'" Id. (quoting Patrons Oxford

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garcia, 1998 ME 38,, 7, 707 A.2d 384.) "A declaratory judgment action is

MMC does seek damages for an alleged breach of Citizens' implied duty of good faith and alleged

violations of MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A. In those claims, MMC does not seek to apply insurance money

to satisfy claims in the underlying suit and the claims do not depend on a judgment being entered against

Citizens' insured.

appropriate m such circumstances because 'the coverage dispute depends entirely on the

relationship between the insurer and the insured, not on facts to be determined in the underlying

litigation."' Id. Here, in the counterclaim against Citizens, MMC raises both the issue of ultimate

liability and the parties' relationship. The claim may qualify as one of those limited circumstances

in which a party may bring a declaratory judgment action prior to the resolution of the underlying

case, and the reach and apply statute would not apply to MMC's counterclaim.

4. Third-Party Beneficiary

Citizens argues MMC lacks standing to assert its counterclaims because MMC is not a

party to the insurance policy contracts. MMC counters it can enforce the contracts as a third-party

beneficiary of the insurance policy contracts.

"Litigants normally may not assert the rights of third parties but must demonstrate that

they have received some particularized injury in order to have standing to raise their claim." Stull

v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 2000 ME 21, ~ 11, 745 A.2d 975. "Third parties to contracts are strictly

limited in their ability to maintain an action under contract law." Id. ~ 17. "A third party harmed

by a breach may only sue for breach of contract if the contracting parties intended that the third

party have an enforceable right." Id.

Maine has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts definition of third-party

beneficiaries. F. 0. Bailey Co. v. Ledgewood. Inc. , 603 A.2d 466,468 (Me. 1992). Section 302 of

the Restatement provides:

(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promisor and promisee, a beneficiary of a

promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the

beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either

(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promisee

to pay money to the beneficiary; or

(b) the circumstances indicate that the prom1see intends to give the

beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.

(2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended beneficiary.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 302; see also id. (adopting section 302). "In order to prevail

on their third-party beneficiary contract claim, [MMC has] to demonstrate that the promisee, ...

intended to give [MMC] the benefit of the performance." F.O . Bailey Co ., 603 A.2d at 468. The

court looks to the contract language and the circumstances surroundings its execution to determine

the promisee's intention. Id. "In the absence of contract language, there must be circumstances

that indicate with clarity and definiteness that [the promisee] intended to give [a third-party] an

enforceable benefit under the contract." Devine v. Roche Biomedjcal Labs ., 659 A.2d 868, 870

(Me. 1995).

The parties have not provided the court with copies of the complete insurance policy

contracts. MMC alleges it may be an additional insured of the policies, but does not otherwise

allege the policies establish that Phoenix intended for it to have an enforceable benefit under the

policies. (MMC' s Countercl. , 27 .) Rather, MMC' s third-party beneficiary claim rests almost

entirely upon the circumstances surrounding the execution of the policies. It points to the following

allegations in support of its claim:

(1) Phoenix was contractually required to obtain and maintain insurance coverage

for its work on the MMC project[;]

(2) Phoenix promised to indemnify MMC from any and all loss, damage, cost, or

expense sustained by MMC resulting from or arising from Phoenix's work[;]

(3) Phoenix procured the Citizens policies to satisfy its contractual requirement to obtain

and maintain insurance coverage for its work on the MMC project and to indemnify

MMC, and Citizens knew of those contractual requirements in issuing the policies[;

and]

(4) MMC is also a named insured on the Citizens policies.

(MMC Opp'n to Mot. Dismiss. 10 (emphasis in original).) The Law Court has cautioned courts

considering the circumstances surrounding the execution of contracts:

In assessing the relevant circumstances, courts must be careful to distinguish

between the consequences to a third party of a contract breach and the intent of a

promisee to give a third party who might be affected by that contract breach the

right to enforce performance under the contract. If consequences become the focus

of the analysis, the distinction between an incidental beneficiary and an intended

beneficiary becomes obscured. Instead, the focus must be on the nature of the

contract itself to determine if the contract necessarily implies an intent on the part

of the promisee to give an enforceable benefit to a third party.

Devine, 659 A.2d at 870. The contracts are not before the court. If following discovery, MMC can

establish it was a named insured or can present other facts that establish the contracting parties'

clear and definite intent that it receive enforceable benefits under the policies, MMC could proceed

as a third-party beneficiary. In viewing the counterclaim in the light most favorable to MMC, it

states a cognizable third-party beneficiary claim. See Moody, 2004 ME 20,, 7, 843 A.2d 43.

5. MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, §§ 2, 9

Citizens argues MMC cannot maintain an action against it for violation of MAss. GEN.

LAWS ch. 176D, § 3 (9) (f)7 pursuant to MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, § 9 because MMC does not

have enforceable rights under the insurance contracts. MMC counters that it has standing because

it is a third-party beneficiary.

"[Chapter] 93A, § 9 (1), provides that ' any person whose rights are affected by another'

party's violation of [Chapter] 176D, § 3 (9), is entitled to bring an action under c. 93A." Clegg v.

Butler, 424 Mass. 413, 418, 676 N.E.2d 1134 (1997) (emphasis in original) (quoting Van

Dyke v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 388 Mass. 671, 675, 448 N.E.2d 357 (1983)). The

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court reads the provision broadly to entitle "any plaintiff to

recover under c. 93A, § 9, if his rights are adversely affected or if he suffers 'injury' because of

Chapter l 76D, § 3 (9) (f) provides the failure "to effectuate prompt, fair and equitable settlements of

claims in which liability has become reasonably clear" is an "unfair or deceptive [act] or [practice] in the

business of insurance."

another party's breach of his statutory duty." Id. "' [I]njury' simply refers to 'the invasion of any

legally protected interest of another."' Id. "The duty of fair dealing in insurance settlement

negotiations is established by statute under [chapter] 176D, § 3 (9), and the specific duty contained

in subsection (f) is not limited to those situations where the plaintiff enjoys contractual privity with

the insurer." Id. at 419. Contrary to the assertions of Citizens, lligg does not limit standing to

bring such claims to insureds and third-party claimants. Id. (holding "[s]tanding does not depend

on a party's status as an insured or a third-party claimant.").

Third-party beneficiaries have standing to bring section 9 claims against parties to a

contract. MMC alleges it is a third-party beneficiary of the insurance contract. MMC also alleges

it may be an additional insured on the insurance contracts. MMC has established standing to

proceed on its section 9 counterclaim against Citizens.

6. MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A , §§ 2 , 11

Citizens argues MMC failed as a matter of law to allege a cognizable claim for violation

of MAss. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A §§ 2, 11 because the alleged actions did not occur "primarily and

substantially" within Massachusetts. MMC counters that the burden of proof is on Citizens to

establish that the actions did not occur "primarily and substantially" within Massachusetts and it

is a question of fact not properly decided upon a motion to dismiss.

A party may bring a claim under section 11 only when the "actions and transactions

constituting the alleged unfair method of competition or the unfair or deceptive act or practice

occurred primarily and substantially within the commonwealth." MAss. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, § 11.

"[T]he burden of proof shall be upon the person claiming that such transactions and actions did

not occur primarily and substantially within the commonwealth." Id. There is no definitive list of

factors employed by courts to determine whether or not the actions occurred primarily and

substantially within Massachusetts. Kuwaiti Danish Comput. Co. v. Dig . Equip . Corp .,438 Mass.

459,473,781 N.E.2d 787 (2003). "Any determination necessarily will be fact intensive and unique

to each case." Id. at 472-73. "Section 11 suggests an approach in which a judge should, after

making findings of fact, and after considering those findings in the context of the entire [section]

11 claim, determine whether the center of gravity of the circumstances that give rise to the claim

is primarily and substantially within [Massachusetts]." Id. Because the determination is fact

intensive, an assessment of where the actions "primarily and substantially" occurred is not

appropriate on the "basis of the allegations of the complaint alone." Resolute Mgmt. Inc. v.

Transatlantic Reinsurance Co., 87 Mass. App. Ct. 296,300, 29 N.E.3d 197 (2015); see also Fleet

Nat'l Bank v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London , 16 Mass. L. Rep. 212 (2003) (concluding

the court had to deny defendant's motion to dismiss because "[t]he Court finds itself between the

mandate of the [Massachusetts] S.J.C. to decide the 'primarily and substantially' issue 'after

making findings of fact' and the very liberal requirements for notice pleadings at the motion to

dismiss stage."). Dismissal of MMC's section 11 claim at this juncture would be premature.

CONCLUSION

There are insufficient facts before the court to determine whether Maine law bars MMC's

MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A claims. Maine's reach and apply statute does not bar MMC's

counterclaims. MMC has alleged a cognizable third-party beneficiary claim. MMC has alleged

sufficient facts to demonstrate standing to assert a counterclaim against Citizens for violation of

MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, § 9(3). It is premature in this litigation to determine whether Citizens'

actions, which allegedly constituted unfair or deceptive practices, occurred primarily and

substantially within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

The entry is

Plaintiff Citizens Insurance Company of America's Motion to

Dismiss Defendant Maine

DENIED.

Medi~--.-,,,

Date: October 4, 2017

Justice, Superior Court

STATE OF MAINE SUPERIOR COURT

CUMBERLAND, ss CIVIL ACTION

DOCKET NO. CV-17-097

CITIZENS INSURANCE

COMPANY OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff ORDER ON DEFENDANT NORTH

RIVER INSURANCE COMPANY ' S

V. MOTION TO DISMISS DEFENDANT

MAINE MEDICAL CENTER'S

PHOENIX BAY STATE CROSS-CLAIM

CONSTRUCTION CO. , INC.,

WILLIAM A. BERRY & SON,

INC., SUFFOLK CONSTRUCTION ST!\T!::: r F HAl:\JE

COMPANY, INC., MAINE MEDICAL Cumb~ :l~r ). · ~ (~LJ; 1,(s Of/ice

CENTER, INC., and NORTH RIVER

INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendants

Before the court is cross-claim defendant North River Insurance Company's motion to

dismiss defendant Maine Medical Center's cross-claim. For the following reasons, North River's

motion to dismiss MMC's cross-claim is denied.

FACTS

The present action stems from an underlying lawsuit brought by MMC against defendants

William A. Berry & Son, Inc. and Suffolk Construction Company, Inc. in the United States District

Court for the District of Maine. (Compl. ,, 8-9; MMC's Ans. ,, 8-9.) Phoenix Bay State

Construction Co., Inc . (Phoenix) is a third-party defendant in the underlying lawsuit. (Compl.,

10; MMC's Ans., 10.) In that action, MMC is seeking to recover damages against Berry and

Suffolk for alleged property damage to substantial additions made to the hospital located at 22

Bramhall Street in the City of Portland , Maine. (Compl., 11; MMC's Ans., 11.) MMC hired

Berry to manage and lead the construction of the additions. 1 (MMC's Cross-cl., 5.) Berry then

hired Phoenix as a subcontractor to perform certain work for the additions. (ML) The construction

began in 2006. (Compl., 11; MMC's Ans., 11.)

MMC's contract with Berry mandated all subcontractors procure and maintain insurance

coverage for their work on the addition and name MMC as an additional insured on the insurance

policies. (MMC's Cross-cl., 83 .) In accordance with that requirement, Berry's subcontract with

Phoenix provided as follows: "[Phoenix], at its own expense shall procure, carry and maintain on

all its operations hereunder policies of insurance with coverage at a minimum in the amounts and

limits as provided in Rider B ...." (Id. , 80 .) Moreover, the subcontract obligates Phoenix to

"indemnify, defend and hold ... [MMC] harmless to the fullest extent allowed by law from any

and all loss, damage, cost or expense ... resulting from or arising from the negligence of [Phoenix]

...." (Id. , 84.) MMC asserts Phoenix procured insurance policies through Employers' Fire

Insurance Company (EFIC), Citizens Insurance Company of America (Citizens), and North River

to fulfill the subcontract insurance requirements. (Id. ,, 25, 85 .) Phoenix purchased umbrella

liability coverage policies from North River for consecutive year-long periods beginning

December 31, 2008 and covering until at least December 31, 2014. (Id., 68.) MMC also alleges

it may be an additional insured under all of the policies. (Id.,, 27, 87.)2

In 2009, Suffolk acquired Berry's assets, including its contract with MMC. (Compl., 13; MMC's Ans.,

13 .)

North River argues the cross-claim does not point to any provision of the North River umbrella policies

that would confer third-party beneficiary status on MMC or reflect an intent to confer such status. (Mot.

Dismiss 3 .) While MMC does not point to any specific contractual language, MMC alleges in the cross

claim as follows:

The clear and definite intent to make MMC a third-party beneficiary of North River's

obligations under the North River policies is also established by, among other things, the

requirement that MMC be named as an additional insured under the North River policies

and/or that MMC was an additional insured under the policies.

Citizens initiated this action on February 10, 2017 when it filed a complaint against

defendants Phoenix, Berry, Suffolk, MMC, and North River. On March 29, 2017, Citizens moved

to dismiss its claims against North River. On July 19, 2017, the court granted the motion. Prior to

dismissal of those claims, on April 10, 2017, MMC filed a cross-claim against North River.3

MMC's cross-claim seeks a judgment declaring North River has a duty to indemnify MMC for

any damages for which Phoenix is found liable in the underlying suit in excess of the EFIC and

Citizens commercial general liability policies' coverage limits or, in the alternative, if the EFIC

and Citizens policies do not provide coverage, that North River has a duty to indemnify MMC for

all of the damages for which Phoenix is found liable up to the policy limits.

On May 19, 2017, North River filed its motion to dismiss MMC's cross-claim. MMC

opposed the motion on June 9, 2017. North River filed a reply on June 16, 2017.

DISCUSSION

1. Standard of Review

"A motion to dismiss pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the

[cross-claim]." Seacoast Hangar Condo. II Ass n v. Martel, 2001 ME 112,, 16, 775 A.2d 1166

(quoting New Orl eans Tanker Corp. v . Dep't ofT ransp., 1999 ME 67,, 3,728 A.2d 673). When

the court reviews a motion to dismiss, "the [cross-claim] is examined 'in the light most favorable

to the [cross-claim] plaintiff to determine whether it sets forth elements of a cause of action or

alleges facts that would entitle the [cross-claim] plaintiff to relief pursuant to some legal theory.'"

Lalonde v . Cent. Me. Med. Ctr. , 2017 ME 22,, 11, 155 A.3d 426 (quoting M oody v. State Liquor

& Lottery Conun'n, 2004 ME 20,, 7, 843 A.2d 43). Allegations in the cross-claim are deemed

(MMC's Cross-cl.~ 87.

The court granted MMC's motion to extend the deadline to file its response to the complaint to April 10,

2017.

true, Id., and "dismissal should only occur when it appears beyond doubt that a plaintiff is entitled

to no relief under any set of facts that he might prove in support of his claim." Moody, 2004 ME

20,, 7, 843 A.2d 43 (quoting McAfee v. CoJe, 637 A.2d 463,465 (Me. 1994)) (internal quotations

omitted).

2. Reach and Apply

North River argues the Maine and Massachusetts4 reach and apply statutes bar MMC from

bringing a direct action against North River absent the entry of final judgment against its insured

in the underlying case. See 24-A M.R.S. § 2904 (2016);5 MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 175, § 113 (2016); 6

MAss. GEN. LAWS ch. 214, § 3(9) (2016).7 MMC counters that because its cross-claim is not a

The parties do not argue which jurisdiction's substantive law applies to the cross-claim.

§ 2904 provides in relevant part:

Whenever any person ... recovers a final judgment against any other person for any loss

or damage specified in section 2903, the judgment creditor shall be entitled to have the

insurance money applied to the satisfaction of the judgment by bringing a civil action, in

his own name, against the insurer to reach and apply the insurance money, if when the right

of action accrued, the judgment debtor was insured against such liability and if before the

recovery of the judgment the insurer had had notice of such accident, injury or damage. No

civil action shall be brought against an insurer to reach and apply such insurance money

until 20 days shall have elapsed from the time of the rendition of the final judgment against

the judgment debtors.

§ 113 provides:

Upon the recovery of a final judgment against any person by any person, including

executors or administrators, for any loss or damage specified in the preceding section, if

the judgment debtor was at the accrual of the cause of action insured against liability

therefor, the judgment creditor shall be entitled to have the insurance money applied to the

satisfaction of the judgment as provided in the ninth clause of section three of chapter two

hundred and fourteen.

§ 3(9) provides:

The supreme judicial and superior courts shall have original and concurrent jurisdiction of

the following cases:

(9) Actions to reach and apply the obligation of an insurance company to a

judgment debtor under a motor vehicle liability policy, as defined in section thirty

four A of chapter ninety, or under any other policy insuring a judgment debtor

reach and apply action, the statutes are not applicable.

Maine's reach and apply statute bars civil actions "brought against an insurer to reach and

apply ... insurance money until 20 days shall have elapsed from the time of the rendition of the

final judgment against the judgment debtors." A llen v. Pomroy , 277 A.2d 727, 728 (Me. 1971)

(quoting § 2904). Massachusetts' reach and apply "statutes affording a remedy for an injured

plaintiff against an insurer issuing a liability policy require as a prerequisite to suit 'the recovery

of a final judgment' against the insured wrongdoer." Rogan v. Liberty M ut. Ins. Co. , 305 Mass.

186, 188, 25 N.E.2d 188, 189 (1940) (citing ch. 175, §§ 112, 113; ch. 214, § 3).

In its cross-claim, MMC does not seek damages; it seeks a declaratory judgment addressing

North River's duty to indemnify. (MMC Cross-cl.~~ 88-91.) Reach and apply statutes do not bar

declaratory judgment actions. See D orchester Mut. lns. Co. v. Legeyt, 25 Mass. L. Rep. 262 * 18

(Mass. Super. Ct. 2008). In Legeyt, the Massachusetts Superior Court found before there is a final

judgment against the insured, "an injured party may seek declaratory relief against another's

insurer [because] an injured party's interest in the tortfeasor's insurance policy is sufficiently

present or immediate, once the injury has been sustained, to allow the injured party to seek

declaratory relief." Id. * 14-16. The court distinguished the declaratory judgment action from a

reach and apply action in a footnote. Id.* 14 n.8 (stating "It is clear that, in the absence of a final

judgment against [the insured], [the injured party] has no right to reach and apply the Policy

under [chapter] 214, §3(9).")

In Maine, a determination of whether an insurer has a duty to indemnify is based upon the

facts ultimately proven in the underlying claim. Am . Policyholders' Ins. Co . v. C umberland Co ld

against liability for loss or damage on account of bodily injury or death or for loss

or damage resulting therefrom, or on account of damage to property, in satisfaction

of a judgment covered by such policy, which has not been satisfied within thirty

days after the date when it was rendered.

Storage Co., 373 A .2d 247, 250 (Me. 1977). In limited circumstances, a declaratory judgement

action to determine whether the duty exists can be brought before the conclusion of an underlying

suit. N. E. fas . Co . v. Yo un g, 2011 ME 89JJ 15, 26 A.3d 794. "[E]arlier consideration of the duties

to defend and indemnify [is appropriate] when an insurer disputes those duties based on facts that

are not related to the question of the insured's liability, such as 'nonpayment of a premium,

cancellation of a policy, failure to cooperate or lack of timely notice."' Id. (quoting Patrons Oxford

M ut. Ins. Co. v. Garcia, 1998 ME 38,, 7, 707 A.2d 384.) "A decl~ratory judgment action is

appropriate in such circumstances because 'the coverage dispute depends entirely on the

relationship between the insurer and the insured, not on facts to be determined in the underlying

litigation."' Id. Here, in the cross-claim against North River, MMC raises the issue of ultimate

liability and the parties' relationship. Thus, the claim qualifies as one of those limited

circumstances where a party may bring a declaratory judgment action prior to the resolution of the

underlying case, and the reach and apply statutes do not apply to MMC's cross-claim.

3. T hi rd-Party Beneficiary

North River argues MMC lacks standing to litigate the duty to indemnify because MMC is

not a party to the insurance policy contracts. MMC counters it can enforce the insurance contracts

because it is a third-party beneficiary of policies.

"Litigants normally may not assert the rights of third parties but must demonstrate that

they have received some particularized injury in order to have standing to raise their claim." Stull

v. First A m. Title Ins. Co. , 2000 ME 21,, 11,745 A.2d 975. "Third parties to contracts are strictly

limited in their ability to maintain an action under contract law." Id. , 17; see also Miller v.

Mooney, 431 Mass. 57, 62, 725 N.E.2d 545, 549-50 (2000). "A third party harmed by a breach

may only sue for breach of contract if the contracting parties intended that the third party have an

enforceable right." Stull, 2000 ME 21, '117,745 A.2d 975; see Spinner v.. Nutt, 417 Mass. 549,

555,631 N.E.2d 542,546 (1994).

Maine and Massachusetts have adopted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts definition

of third-party beneficiaries. F. 0 . Bailey Co . v. Ledgewood, Inc., 603 A.2d 466,468 (Me. 1992);

Rae v. Air-Speed, Inc., 386 Mass. 187, 195,435 N.E.2d 628, 632 (1982). Section 302 of the

Restatement provides:

(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promiser and promisee, a beneficiary of a

promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the

beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either

(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promisee

to pay money to the beneficiary; or

(b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the

beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.

(2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended beneficiary.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 302; see also F. 0. Bailey, 603 A.2d at 468 (adopting section

302); Rae, 386 Mass. at 195, 435 N.E.2d at 632 (holding "We now adopt the rule set forth in

the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 302, with regard to both creditor and other types of

intended beneficiaries.").

Pursuant to Maine law, "In order to prevail on their third party beneficiary contract claim,

[MMC has] to demonstrate that the promisee, ... intended to give [MMC] the benefit of the

performance." F.O. Bailey, 603 A.2d at 468. Maine courts looks to the contract language and the

circumstances surroundings its execution to determine the promisee's intention. Id. "In the absence

of contract language, there must be circumstances that indicate with clarity and definiteness that

[the promisee] intended to give [a third party] an enforceable benefit under the contract." Devine

v. Roche Biomedical Labs. , 659 A.2d 868,870 (Me. 1995). Similarly, "[u]nder Massachusetts law,

a contract does not confer third-party beneficiary status unless the 'language and circumstances of

the contract' show that the parties to the contract 'clear[ly] and definite[ly]' intended the

beneficiary to benefit from the promised performance ." Cumis Ins. Soc'y, Inc. v. BJ's Wholesale

Club, Inc., 455 Mass. 458,466,918 N.E.2d 36, 44 (2009) (quoting Anderson v. Fox HHI Village

Homeowners Corp., 424 Mass. 365, 366-67, 676 N.E.2d 821,822 (1997).

The parties have not provided the court with copies of the complete insurance policy

contracts. MMC alleges it may be an additional insured of the policies, but does not otherwise

allege the policies establish that Phoenix's intended for MMC to have an enforceable benefit under

the policies. (MMC Cross-cl.~ 87.) Rather, MMC's third-party beneficiary claim rests almost

entirely upon the circumstances surrounding the execution of the policies. It points to the following

allegations in support of its claim:

(1) Phoenix was contractually required to obtain and maintain insurance coverage

for its work on the MMC project[;]

(2) Phoenix promised to indemnify MMC from any and all loss, damage, cost, or

expense sustained by MMC resulting from or arising from Phoenix's work[;]

(3) Phoenix procured the North River policies to satisfy its contractual requirement to

obtain and maintain insurance coverage for its work on the MMC project and to

indemnify MMC, and North River knew of those contractual requirements in issuing

the policies 8 [; and]

(4) MMC is also a named insured on the North River policies .

(MMC Opp'n to Mot. Dismiss. 8 (emphasis in original).) The Law Court has cautioned courts

considering the circumstances surrounding the execution of contracts:

In assessing the relevant circumstances, courts must be careful to distinguish

between the consequences to a third party of a contract breach and the intent of a

promisee to give a third party who might be affected by that contract breach the

right to enforce performance under the contract. If consequences become the focus

In the cross-claim, MMC does not expressly allege that North River knew of the contractual requirements.

Viewing the cross-claim in the light most favorable to MMC, however, such knowledge may be inferred

from the allegation that MMC was an additional insured of the policies. (See MMC's Cross-cl., 87.)

of the analysis, the distinction between an incidental beneficiary and an intended

beneficiary becomes obscured. Instead, the focus must be on the nature of the

contract itself to determine if the contract necessarily implies an intent on the part

of the promisee to give an enforceable benefit to a third party.

Devine, 659 A.2d at 870. The contracts are not before the court. If MMC can establish is was a

named insured or after discovery can present other facts that establish a clear and definite intent

that it receive enforceable benefits under the policies. MMC could proceed as a third-party

beneficiary. In viewing the cross-claim in the light most favorable to MMC, it states a cognizable

third-party beneficiary claim. See Moody, 2004 ME 20, ~ 7,843 A.2d 43. Dismissal for lack of

standing is not appropriate at this stage.

CONCLUSION

Maine and Massachusetts' reach and apply statutes do not bar MMC's declaratory

judgment cross-claim against North River. MMC has alleged a cognizable third-party beneficiary

claim.

The entry is

Defendant North River's Motion to Dismiss Defendant Maine

Medical Center's Cross-claim is DENIED.

•

Date: October 4, 2017

ancy Mills

Justice, Superior Court

STATE OF MAINE c: c \.J'.t.\Nc __ SUPERIOR

·-

flJ ,_' 0·-·- ,.. (':or<.

, \ ,_ ('"' ir.8

::, .) 1, .....

CUMBERLAND, ss cumbr~r\":r,'J · :-:- ·- .~· CIVIL ACTION

• ,. 7r, ·., ',•(1

c.-.., "1" DOCKET NO. CV-17-097

!•,\.;"' ""'

CITIZENS INSURANCE .~- ,3,·}~.t '~.::.)

COMPANY OF A MERI CA, \ ·~~::: ...a - l u .....

Plaintiff

V. ORDER ON DEFENDANT EMPLOYERS

FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY'S

PHOENIX BAY STATE MOTION TO DISMISS DEFENDANT

CONSTRUCTION CO., INC. , MAINE MEDICAL CENTER'S

WILLIAM A. BERRY & SON, COUNTERCLAIM

INC., SUFFOLK CONSTRUCTION

COMPANY, INC., MAINE MEDICAL

CENTER, INC., and NORTH RIVER

I NSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendants

Before the court is counterclaim defendant Employers Fire Insurance Company's motion

to dismiss defendant Maine Medical Center' s (MMC) counterclaim . For the following reasons, the

motion to dismiss is denied .

FACTS

The present action stems from an underlying lawsuit brought by MMC against defendants

William A. Berry & Son, Inc . (Berry) and Suffolk Construction Company, Inc. (Suffolk) in the

United States District Court for the District of Maine. (Compl. !! 8-9; MMC's Ans. !! 8-9.)

Phoenix Bay State Construction Co., Inc . (Phoenix) is a third-party defendant in the underlying

lawsuit. (Comp!.! 10; MMC's Ans.! 10.) In that action, MMC is seeking to recover damages

against Berry and Suffolk for alleged property damage to substantial additions made to the hospital

located at 22 Bramhall Street in the City of Portland, Maine. (Compl. ! 11; MMC's Ans . ! 11.)

MMC hired Berry to manage and lead the construction of additions to the hospital. 1 (MMC's

Countercl. ! 5 .) Berry then hired Phoenix as a subcontractor to perform certain work for the

additions. (Id.) The construction began in 2006. (Compl. ! 11; MMC's Ans.! 11.)

MMC's contract with Berry mandated all subcontractors procure and maintain insurance

coverage for their work on the addition and name MMC as an additional insured on the insurance

policies. (MMC's Countercl." 19, 23.) In accordance with that requirement, Berry's subcontract

with Phoenix provided as follows: "[Phoenix], at its own expense shall procure, carry and maintain

on all its operations hereunder policies of insurance with coverage at a minimum in the amounts

and limits as provided in Rider B ...." (Id.) Moreover, the subcontract obligates Phoenix to

"indemnify, defend and hold ... [MMC] harmless to the fullest extent allowed by law from any

and all loss, damage, cost or expense ... resulting from or arising from the negligence of [Phoenix]

. . . ." (Id. ! 24.) MMC asserts Phoenix procured insurance policies through EFIC, Citizens

Insurance Company of America (Citizens), and North River Insurance Company to fulfill the

subcontract insurance requirements. (Id. " 25, 85 .) MMC also alleges it may be an additional

insured under the policies. (Id." 27, 87 .)

Citizens initiated this action on February 10, 2017 when it filed a complaint against

defendants Phoenix, Berry, Suffolk, and MMC. In the complaint, plaintiff seeks a declaratory

judgment that with regard to the underlying suit, it does not have a duty (1) to indemnify Phoenix

for the alleged damages; (2) to defend or indemnify Berry or Suffolk; or (3) to indemnify MMC;

or, in the alternative, (4) if it does have a duty to indemnify any of the defendants, their recovery

is limited the policy limit for one occurrence, $1,000,000. 2 MMC filed its answer, counterclaims,

In 2009, Suffolk acquired Berry's assets, including its contract with MMC. (Compl., 13; MMC's Ans.,

13.)

Citizens brought an additional claim against North River, but the court granted Citizens' motion to dismiss

the claim without prejudice on July 19, 2017.

and cross-claims on April 10, 2017 .3 In its counterclaim, MMC alleges four counts against EFIC.

MMC seeks a declaratory judgment that with regard to the underlying suit (1) EFIC has a duty to

indemnify MMC; and alleges EFIC (2) breached an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing

owed to MMC; (3) violated MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 93A, §§ 2, 9; and (4) violated MASS.GEN.LAWS

ch. 93A, §§ 2, 11.

EFIC filed its motion to dismiss on May 3, 2017. MMC opposed the motion on May 31,

2017. EFIC filed a reply on June 8, 2017.

DISCUSSION

1. Standard of Review

"A motion to dismiss pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the

[counterclaim]." Seacoast Hangar Condo. II Ass'n v. Martel, 2001 ME 112,, 16, 775 A.2d 1166

(quoting New Orleans Tanker Cor p. v. Dep't of Transp ., 1999 ME 67,, 3,728 A.2d 673). When

the court reviews a motion to dismiss, "the [counterclaim] is examined 'in the light most favorable

to the [counterclaim] plaintiff to determine whether it sets forth elements of a cause of action or

alleges facts that would entitle the [counterclaim] plaintiff to relief pursuant to some legal theory."'

Lalonde v. Cent. Me. Med. Ctr., 2017 ME 22,, 11, 155 A.3d 426. Allegations in the counterclaim

are deemed true for the purposes of deciding a motion to dismiss. Id. "A dismissal should only

occur when it appears beyond doubt that a [counterclaim] plaintiff is entitled to no relief under any

set of facts that he might prove in support of his claim." Moody v. State Liquor & Lottery Comm 'n,

2004 ME 20,, 7, 843 A.2d 43 (quoting McAfee v. Cole , 637 A.2d 463,465 (Me. 1994)) (internal

quotations omitted).

The court granted MMC's motion to extend the deadline to file its response to April 10, 2017 .

2. Joinder of EPIC

EFIC' s primary argument for dismissal is that the claims against it "are not the proper

subject of impleader under M.R. Civ. P. 14." (EPIC's Mot. Dismiss 2.) MMC counters that it

properly joined EPIC as a counterclaim defendant pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 13(h) and 20(a).4

(MMC's Opp'n to Mot. Dismiss 4.)

M.R. Civ. P. 13(h) states, "Persons other than those made parties to the original action may

be made parties to a counterclaim or cross-claim in accordance with the provisions of Rules 19 or

20." When counterclaims against a non-party arise "out of many of the same transactions or

occurrences as those alleged in [counterclaims against the plaintiff] and there [are] questions of

law and fact common to both sets of claims, it [is] proper for [the non-party] to be permissively

joined as a party." Faith Temple v. DiPietro, 2015 ME 166, ~ 35, 130 A.3d 368 (citing M.R. Civ.

P. 20). MMC's counterclaims against Citizens and EPIC are in large part based on the same

occurrences, namely, the insured's alleged negligent construction and the insurers' refusal to

indemnify the insured. Questions of law and fact will necessarily overlap because MMC brings

the same four counts against Citizens and EPIC. Thus, MMC properly joined EPIC as a

counterclaim defendant pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 13(h) and 20(a).

EFIC further argues that a party seeking to join a non-party pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 13(h)

and 20 must file a motion to join with the court. EPIC points to the Law Court's holding in Cushing

v. Cohen to support this argument. 420 A.2d 919 (Me. 1980). In Cushing, the primary issue before

the Law Court was whether the State of Maine was the real party-in-interest such that sovereign

immunity barred the plaintiffs' claims. Id. at 922. The court reviewed the parties' extensive

MMC argues in the alternative thatjoinder of EPIC is also proper under M.R. Civ. P. 14. Because joinder

is appropriate in these circumstances under M.R. Civ. P. 13(h), the court does not consider MMC's Rule

14 argument.

pleadings in an attempt to decipher whether the State had been joined as a counterclaimant. Id. at

924. The defendants continually named the State as such in their pleadings, while the plaintiffs

consistently omitted the State as a party. Id. at 924-25. In the context of that case, the court

declared, "Although a formal court order may not always be necessary to allow one who has not

been named by plaintiffs as a party defendant to become a party as a 'counter-claimant', we think

such formal action is necessary in the circumstances of this case." Id. at 927 (internal citations

omitted). The court distinguished its holding in Cushing from Casco Bank & Tr. Co. v. Cloutier

in which it held "pursuant to Rules 13(h) and 20(a) in combination, the counterclaim included in

the answer of [the named defendant] effectively joined [a non-party] as a counterclaiming party,

despite the absence of an order of court ...." 398 A.2d 1224, 1227 (Me. 1979). The court in

Cushing and Casco addressed the joinder of a party as a counterclaimant, not as a counterclaim

defendant. This case is more analogous to Faith Temple because in both cases defendants joined a

non-party as a counterclaim defendant. Faith Temple, 2015 ME 166, ~ 35, 130 A.3d 368; see also

Law Offices of Peter Thompson & Assocs . P.A. v. Gerber, No. CV-11-418, 2014 Me. Super.

LEXIS 17, *1 n.1 (Feb. 11, 2014) (noting parties who were improperly joined as third-party

defendants most likely did not object to their joinder because pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 13(h) they

qualified as additional parties who could be joined on the counterclaims.) The defendant in Faith

Temple did not seek or receive permission from the court to join the counterclaim defendant. Faith

Temple, 2015 ME 166, ~~ 5 n.1, 35, 130 A.3d 368. MMC properly joined EPIC as a counterclaim

defendant pursuant to Rules 13(h) and 20(a).

3. Third-Party Beneficiary

EPIC argues MMC lacks standing to bring the counterclaims alleged because MMC was

not a party to the insurance policy contracts. MMC counters it can enforce the contracts because

it is a third-party beneficiary of the insurance policies EFIC issued to Phoenix.

"Litigants normally may not assert the rights of third parties but must demonstrate that

they have received some particularized injury in order to have standing to raise their claim." Stull

v. First Am. T itle Ins. Co. , 2000 ME 21, ! 11, 745 A.2d 975. "Third parties to contracts are strictly

limited in their ability to maintain an action under contract law." Id. ! 17. "A third party harmed

by a breach may only sue for breach of contract if the contracting parties intended that the third

party have an enforceable right." Id.

Maine has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts definition of third-party

beneficiaries. 5 F. 0 . Bailey Co . v. Ledgewood, Inc. , 603 A.2d 466,468 (Me. 1992). Section 302

of the Restatement provides:

(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promisor and promisee, a beneficiary of a

promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the

beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either

(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promisee

to pay money to the beneficiary; or

(b) the circumstances indicate that the prom1see intends to give the

beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.

(2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended beneficiary .

Restatement (Second) of Contracts§ 302; see also F .O. Bailey , 603 A.2d at 486 (adopting section

302). "In order to prevail on their third-party beneficiary contract claim, [MMC has] to

EFIC does not argue which state law should apply to the counterclaims, but rather points out both Maine

and Massachusetts follow the Restatement (Second) of Contracts definition of third-party beneficiaries.

(EFIC M.T .D. at 7-8 .) EPIC is correct that both states apply the same test. See Spinner v. Nutt, 417 Mass.

549, 555, 631 N.E.2d 542, 546 (1994) (holding "A party is an intended beneficiary where 'the

circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised

performance."' (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts§ 302 (1) (b) (1981)); Mill er v . Mooney , 431

Mass. 57, 62, 725 N .E.2d 545, 550 (2000) ("It must appear from 'the language and circumstances of

the contract' that the parties to the contract 'clearly and definitely' intended the beneficiaries to benefit

from the promised performance.") (quoting Anderson v. Fox Hill Village Homeowners Corp., 424 Mass.

365, 366-367, 676 N.E.2d 821 (1997).

demonstrate that the promisee, ... intended to give [MMC] the benefit of the performance." Id.

The court looks to the contract language and the circumstances surroundings its execution to

determine the promisee's intention. Id. "In the absence of contract language, there must be

circumstances that indicate with clarity and definiteness that [the promisee] intended to give [a

third party] an enforceable benefit under the contract." Devine v . Roche Biomedical Labs., 659

A.2d 868,870 (Me. 1995).

The parties have not provided the court with copies of the complete insurance policy

contracts. MMC alleges it may be an additional insured of the policies, but does not otherwise

allege the policies establish that Phoenix's intended for it to have an enforceable benefit under the

policies. (MMC's Countercl., 27.) Rather, MMC's third-party beneficiary claim rests almost

entirely upon the circumstances surrounding the execution of the policies. It points to the following

allegations in support of its claim:

(1) Phoenix was contractually required to obtain and maintain insurance coverage

for its work on the MMC project[;]

(2) Phoenix promised to indemnify MMC from any and all loss, damage, cost, or

expense sustained by MMC resulting from or arising from Phoenix's work[;]

(3) Phoenix procured the EFIC policies to satisfy its contractual requirement to obtain and

maintain insurance coverage for its work on the MMC project and to indemnify MMC,

and [EFIC, Citizens, and North River] knew of those contractual requirements[; and]

(4) MMC is also a named insured on the EPIC policies.

(MMC Opp'n Mot. Dismiss 12.) The Law Court has cautioned courts considering the

circumstances surrounding the execution of contracts: