The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
EASTERN SECTION AT KNOXVILLE FILED
June 6, 1997
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk
WHITNEY LEIGH DAVIDSON, minor ) KNOX CHANCERY
child, by next friend, ROZAN )
DAVIDSON, )
)
Plaintiffs/Appellants ) NO. 03A01-9702-CH-00051
)
v. ) HON. WILLIAM EVERETT LANTRIP
) CHANCELLOR, By Interchange
DONNA WRIGHT, ET AL, )
)
Defendants/Appellees )
) AFFIRMED
William A. (Bill) Davidson, Knoxville, for Appellants.
Catherine F. Quist, Knoxville, for Appellees.
OPINION
INMAN, Senior Judge
I
The Knox County Board of Education adopted a policy against the possession
of weapons on school campuses for the school year beginning in September 1995.
Whitney Leigh Davidson was provided a copy of the West High School Handbook
which explained the policy and the consequences of its violation. On January 23,
1996, while a junior at West High School, she was suspended for a violation of the
policy. Following a series of administrative hearings the Board of Education held a
plenary hearing and upheld the decision to expel Ms Davidson for one year. Judicial
review resulted in a finding that the Board had not acted arbitrarily, illegally or beyond
its jurisdiction in expelling Ms. Davidson.
This appeal by Ms. Davidson presents for appellate review the issue, as
paraphrased, of whether she was deprived of due process and equal protection of
the law. She also questions the action of the Board in declining to allow her to
attend an alternative school following her expulsion from West High.
Our standard of review permits us to determine whether the board’s action
was illegal, in excess of its jurisdiction, or arbitrary or capricious. Laidlaw
Environmental Service of Nashville v. Metropolitan, 934 S.W.2d 40 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1996); McCallen v. City of Memphis, 786 S.W.2d 633, 638 (Tenn. 1990).
II
On the night of January 17, 1996, Ms. Davidson had a telephone conversation
with a student friend, DeVon Logan, who told her that he had purchased a cane-
sword.1 Logan attended Powell High School and on the morning following his
conversation with Ms. Davidson took the weapon to Powell High School. At noon on
January 18, 1996, Ms. Davidson and a friend, Claggett, drove to Powell High School
in Ms. Davidson’s car and picked up Logan, with his cane sword, which he showed to
Ms. Davidson. They eventually drove to Powell Middle School to attend a basketball
game. Ms. Davidson and Claggett decided to leave early, and Logan requested that
she “get his stuff” from her car. She retrieved Logan’s book bag and the cane-sword
and gave them to him. The cane-sword was later confiscated by a security guard,
who reported the incident to the Powell High School principal, who reported it to the
West High School principal, Donna Wright.
Principal Wright notified Ms. Davidson and her parents that a disciplinary
hearing would be held on January 23, 1996 to consider whether she had violated the
no-weapons policy by possessing a dangerous weapon on school grounds. In the
interim the Knox County Schools Security Department investigated the incident and
filed a report with Principal Wright which revealed that she admitted having the cane-
sword at the basketball game. At the hearing before Principal Wright she admitted
that she had the cane-sword in her car, and that she delivered it to Logan at the
game. Ms. Davidson was represented by counsel at the hearing before Principal
Wright, who suspended her pending a recommendation of expulsion.
1
A knife, eighteen inches in length, concealed in a cane. It is admittedly a
dangerous weapon.
2
Ms. Davidson appealed, and on February 1, 1996 another hearing was held
before the disciplinary-hearing authority for the Board, Jimmie Thacker. This was a
de novo hearing, and Ms. Davidson was again represented by counsel. The
decision of Principal Wright was upheld.
On March 6, 1996, Ms. Davidson appeared before the Board of Education,
still represented by counsel. The Board elected to hear the matter on the record
from the Hearing Authority, and voted to uphold the decision of the Disciplinary
Hearing Authority.
A petition for certiorari was filed March 11, 1996. The Chancellor heard the
matter de novo on August 14 and 15, 1996 and concluded that the Board had not
acted arbitrarily, illegally or beyond its jurisdiction and that Ms. Davidson had been
afforded due process at every stage.
III
This appeal presents the issues of (1) whether the Board violated the
appellant’s due process rights; (2) whether the Board acted illegally and arbitrarily
and in excess of its jurisdiction; (3) whether the appellant was denied equal
protection, (4) whether the Board violated its own policy in refusing to allow the
appellant to attend an alternative school; (5) whether the individual defendants
should have been dismissed.
IV
The policy adopted by the Board was disseminated to each student. The
appellant conceded her knowledge of the policy, which we reproduce verbatim:
KNOX COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION
Weapons & Dangerous Instruments
Students shall not possess, handle, transmit, use or attempt to use any
dangerous weapon in school buildings or on school grounds at any
time, or in school vehicles and/or buses or off the school grounds at a
school-sponsored activity, function or event.
Dangerous weapons for the purpose of this policy shall include, but are
not limited to “ . . . any firearm, explosive, explosive weapon, Bowie
knife, hawk bill knife, ice pick, dagger, slingshot, switchblade knife,
blackjack knuckles . . .”
Students who are found to have violated this policy shall be subject to
suspension and/or expulsion for a period of not less than one (1) year.
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The Superintendent shall have the authority to modify this suspension
requirement on a case-by-case basis.
When it is determined that a student has violated this policy, the
principal of the school shall notify the student’s parents or guardian and
the criminal justice or juvenile delinquency system as required by law.
Students are further forbidden to use any instruments or substances
such as chemicals, pencils, scissors, razors, or compasses with the
intent to do harm on in a manner which renders the item dangerous.
Students who violate this policy shall be subject to suspension and/or
expulsion.
Upon information that a student is suspected of violating this policy, the
principal of the school shall be notified immediately.
The principal shall notify the student’s parent or guardian and the
appropriate law enforcement officials as required by law.
The appellant does not deny her knowledge of the policy, as previously
stated; neither does she deny that she possessed the cane-sword in her automobile
while on (1) the Powell High School campus, (2) the Karns High School campus, and
(3) the Powell Middle School campus.
We are constrained to make short shrift of the lack of due process argument,
in light of the myriad, meticulous efforts by the school system to afford the appellant
a litany of hearings, all of which were directed to the substantive issue of whether
she violated a Board policy known to her.
The School Security Act of 1981 (T. C. A. 49-6-4201 et seq.)
comprehensively addresses the imperative need for a safe environment in the school
systems of Tennessee. It authorizes the search of areas of buildings or grounds
where dangerous weapons may be stored; it requires the local Board of Education to
file with the State Commissioner of Education a written policy respecting violent and
dangerous weapons, and to impose swift, certain and severe disciplinary action on
any student who brings a dangerous weapon onto school property. The Act
authorizes the school principal to suspend any student for possession of a knife on
school property for a specified period of time.
Thus it is that the appellant not only violated a lawful Board policy, but also
violated a specific statutory prohibition against the possession of knives. That the
Board acted normally in the adoption of the quoted policy is not disputed, in light of
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the fact that eighteen (18) stabbings occurred on school property during the
preceding two years. The Board has a compelling interest in the welfare and safety
of the students. Cheena v. Thompson, 67 F.3rd 883 (9th Cir. 1995).
The denial of equal protection argument is based on the history of lesser
disciplinary actions imposed by principals, or the Hearing Officer, or the Board, on
various students who possessed knives on campus. This issue is not extensively
briefed, and we are cited to no authority which holds that the sanctions imposed
must be uniform. Suffice to say that differing facts intervene in each instance.
The issue of alternative school assignment was not discussed by the
Chancellor.
T. C. A. § 49-6-3402(a) provides in pertinent part:
Local boards of education may establish alternative schools for
students in grades one (1) through six (6) who have been suspended or
expelled from their regular school program. At least one (1) alternative
school shall be established and available for students in grades seven
(7) through twelve (12) who have been suspended or expelled as
provided in this part.
The provision of assignment to alternative schools for expelled students is a
permissive act of the local Board of Education.2 The Board has the power to assign
students as described in T. C. A. § 49-6-3102 and may consider 22 factors in the
assignment of them. Any one or more of the factors can be considered in
determining the propriety of an assignment of a student.
The provision for alternative schools for suspended or expelled students as
provided by T.C.A. § 49-6-3102 does not remove the discretion allowed the Board in
assignment of pupils as described in T.C.A. § 49-6-3102 and 3103. We are of the
opinion that the assignment by the Board of a student to an alternative school is
within the sound discretionary authority of the Board.
In view of our disposition of this appeal, the propriety of the dismissal of the
individual defendants is moot.
2
See Tennessee Attorney General Opinion 93-43.
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The judgment is affirmed at the costs of the appellant.
___________________________________
William H. Inman, Senior Judge
CONCUR:
_______________________________
Houston M. Goddard, Presiding Judge
_______________________________
Charles D. Susano, Jr., Judge
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