The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
FILED
AUGUST 1999 SESSION
October 19, 1999
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Appellate Court Clerk
)
Appellee, ) No. 03C01-9808-CR-00314
)
) McMinn County
v. )
) Honorable Carroll L. Ross, Judge
)
JOHN WILCOX, ) (Second degree murder)
)
Appellant. )
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
William J. Brown Paul G. Summers
23 N. Ocoee Street Attorney General of Tennessee
Post Office Box 1001 and
Cleveland, TN 37364-1001 Erik W. Daab
Assistant Attorney General of Tennessee
425 Fifth Avenue North
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Jerry N. Estes
District Attorney General
130 Washington Avenue, NE
Post Office Box 647
Athens, TN 37371
OPINION FILED:____________________
AFFIRMED
Joseph M. Tipton
Judge
OPINION
The defendant, John W ilcox, appeals as of right from his conviction by a jury in
the McMinn County Criminal Court for second degree murder, a Class A felony. The
defendant was sentenced to fifteen years confinement in the custody of the Department
of Correction. On appeal, he raises the following issues:
(1) whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction;
(2) whether the trial court erred by denying the defendant the
opportunity to cross-examine the pathologist regarding the
identity of the body;
(3) whether the district attorney committed prosecutorial
misconduct by repeatedly referring to the defendant’s exercise
of his constitutional rights; and
(4) whether the trial court erred by allowing the district attorney
to argue facts that had not been introduced into evidence
regarding the county’s shoestring budget.
We affirm the judgment of conviction.
At trial, Chad Smith, a patrol officer with the McMinn County Sheriff’s
Department, testified that on August 10, 1997, he was dispatched to the defendant’s
house at around 7:30 or 8:00 p.m. on the report of a burglary. Officer Smith testified
that the defendant told him that someone had broken into his home but that he did not
know who it could have been. Officer Smith said the defendant told him that he was
missing an answering machine, a telephone and jewelry. He said the defendant
showed him horse hoof prints and boot prints. He said the defendant stated that one
boot print looked like a man’s, and the other looked like a woman’s.
Officer Smith testified that he wrote a report and told the defendant that a
detective would contact him the next day. He said he also told the defendant to call the
sheriff’s department to report the value of the jewelry and to notify them if he had any
leads. Officer Smith said he did not take fingerprints because he is not certified. He
2
said he notified Detective Jerry Wilson of the burglary that night. He testified that
around midnight, he received a dispatch regarding a gunshot victim.
Officer Smith testified that when he arrived at County Road 110, the scene of the
shooting, he saw the victim, Terry Bohannon, lying on the road and struggling to
breathe. He said the victim had several gunshot wounds and cuts. He said that after
emergency services arrived, he examined the scene and noticed a bloody horse that
appeared to be dead. He said he also noticed a saddlebag containing a telephone and
an answering machine. He said he did not find any knives or guns in the victim’s
vicinity. He said he found shell casings and a long black sword sleeve in the middle of
the road, about ten to twenty feet from the victim.
Officer Smith testified that he did not speak with the defendant’s neighbors about
the burglary because he received another dispatch and did not have time. He said that
at the preliminary hearing, he testified that he called Detective Wilson around 10:00
p.m. to notify him of the hoof and boot prints.
Michael Guffey testified that the incident occurred about one and one-half miles
from his house. He said he was friends with both the victim and the defendant. He
said that on August 10, the victim came by his house on horseback with Melissa Linder
around 11:00 p.m. He said the victim stayed about five minutes then left. He said the
victim returned around midnight and said his horses had gotten loose and he needed
help catching them. Mr. Guffey said he got his fourteen-year-old son David out of bed,
and they found the horses in a neighbor’s field. He said that David and the victim
caught the horses while he took Ms. Linder home in his van. He said that when he got
back to the neighbor’s field, he told the victim to take the horses home. He said he did
not recall seeing the victim armed.
3
Mr. Guffey said the defendant then stopped behind him. He said the victim and
David were behind his van, but he could see them through the mirrors. He said David
came to the window of the van, and then he heard three gunshots. He said David
crawled into the van and said, “They’re shooting.” He said he pulled out, drove to a fork
in the road, turned around, and headed back in the direction of the shooting. Mr.
Guffey said the defendant also turned around in his van and pulled up beside him. He
said the defendant stated that the victim had broken into his house and stolen his dead
mother’s jewelry. He said the defendant stated that he had left the victim lying in the
road and that he hoped the “son-of-a-bitch” was dead. Mr. Guffey said the defendant
then stated, “I’m going after her.” Mr. Guffey said he pulled out and saw the victim lying
in the road. He said he drove to his mother’s house to call 9-1-1, then he went back to
the scene. He said the defendant acted angry but not crazy. He said the defendant did
not mention anything about the victim attacking him. He said the victim was calm that
night and seemed as if he had been drinking but was not drunk.
Mr. Guffey testified that when he was interviewed by the police on August 12, he
did not tell them that the victim had stopped by his house earlier in the evening on the
night of the incident. He said he did not remember the defendant driving behind him
and asking him to stop as he was driving back toward the victim after dropping off Ms.
Linder. He said he told an investigator that he could not see the altercation between
the defendant and the victim, but he could tell that a fight was occurring. He testified
that he heard three shots fired. He said the defendant never accused him of being
involved in the burglary. Mr. Guffey testified that when he drove by the victim’s body
after the shooting, the victim was not breathing or moving, and he thought the victim
might be dead.
David Guffey, the fourteen-year-old son of Michael Guffey, testified that on
August 11, his father awoke him to help the victim find his horses because the victim
4
and Ms. Linder had fallen off the horses, and the horses had gotten loose. David said
he was friends with both the defendant and the victim. He said he and the victim
caught the horses while his dad drove down the road to look for Ms. Linder. He said he
and the victim caught up with his father, who told the victim to take the horses home.
He said the defendant then arrived. David said that he was on a horse at the back right
side of his father’s van, and the defendant said, “Get off your horse; you don’t need to
see this.” David said he got off the horse, and the victim remained on his horse. He
said the defendant then stated that some things were missing from his house and that
some neighbors had seen the victim around the area. He said the defendant and victim
began to argue, and the defendant began to hit the victim with what appeared to be a
three-foot long black stick. He said the victim asked, “What’s going on?”
David Guffey said that he did not see the victim pull out any weapon. He said he
lost sight of the two for a moment, then he saw the defendant walk toward his van and
reach inside the van. David said his horse then stepped on his foot, and he turned his
head away. He said he then heard gunshots. He said he did not know how many
gunshots he heard. He said he jumped into his father’s van and told him to leave. He
said his father drove down the road and turned around. He said that when they drove
toward the scene, the defendant pulled beside them. He testified that the defendant
said his dead mother’s jewelry was stolen and that he hoped “the s.o.b. was dead.”
David Guffey said his father pulled away and turned around. He said they drove past
the victim, who was lying on the road and appeared to be breathing. He said they went
to his grandmother’s house and called 9-1-1. David testified that he had previously
worked for the defendant at the defendant’s house. He said he had heard the
defendant say that he would kill anybody who stole from him.
David Guffey admitted that he did not tell the police about the defendant’s threat
to kill anyone who stole from him until the Friday before trial. He said that the victim
5
appeared intoxicated and was staggering. He said he never saw Ms. Linder that night.
He said he did not see a duffel bag, chainsaw, sword or jewelry. He said he did not
understand what the defendant and victim were saying to each other during the
altercation. He said he did not remember whether the defendant accused his father of
stealing.
Detective Jerry Wilson of the McMinn County Sheriff’s Department testified that
he received a call from Officer Chad Smith reporting a break-in at the defendant’s
house. He said he told Officer Smith to continue to take the report and to call him if he
received any other pertinent information. He said he told Officer Smith that he would
contact the defendant the next day. He testified that only two detectives were on duty
that week.
Detective Wilson testified that between 12:00 and 1:00 a.m., he received a page
regarding a possible shooting victim. He said he found three spent shells, a watch face
and a scabbard in the road at the scene. He said he found a dead horse lying on the
side of the road with a saddle, saddlebags, and a black bag hanging on it. He said a
one-hundred-ten-foot blood trail linked the scabbard to the horse. Detective Wilson
said that he spoke with the defendant in jail, and the defendant said that “the son-of-a-
bitch had on my faggot bag.”
Detective Wilson said that if he had seen the victim riding around town with the
defendant’s belongings, he would have stopped the victim and investigated. He said
that if the victim had used force, he would have used equal force. He admitted that he
did not send the saddlebag to the crime laboratory for analysis. He said that a search
of the area revealed only three spent shells. He said that he did not know until the day
before his testimony that the victim’s body had four bullet holes. He said that he did not
send the rifle or the four unspent shells that were recovered from the defendant’s rifle to
6
the crime laboratory. He said that one of Mr. Guffey’s children found the defendant’s
missing items in a field. He said he turned over the evidence to Detective Miller, who
was handling the burglary investigation. He admitted that he did not dust the items for
fingerprints, nor did he perform a serology test on any sword. He said he did not test
for blood on the defendant’s clothing because the defendant had changed clothes by
the time he was arrested. He said that he obtained clothes from the defendant’s home
that matched what the defendant was purportedly wearing and that he sent them to the
crime laboratory along with the spent shells.
Detective Wilson admitted that at the preliminary hearing, he testified that he did
not take the defendant’s clothing out of the bag because the clothes were wet and
bloody. He admitted at trial that he could not see any blood on the clothes. He said
that in one of the bags on the dead horse, he found a flashlight, a telephone and a tape
recorder belonging to the defendant. He said these items were not clearly visible
because they were in the bottom of the bag.
Dr. Ronald Toolsey, the Bradley County Medical Examiner, testified that he
performed the autopsy of the victim on August 11. He said that Dr. William Foree, the
McMinn County Medical Examiner, referred the case to him because Dr. Foree is not a
pathologist and does not conduct post-mortem examinations. He said that he spoke
with Dr. Foree before he conducted his examination and that Dr. Foree told him that the
victim had multiple gunshot wounds. He said Dr. Foree did not mention chop wounds.
Dr. Toolsey testified that he discovered six bullet wounds incurred from a total of
four shots, as well as two chop wounds. He testified that four of the bullet wounds were
entrance wounds to the right side of the body, and two of the wounds were exit wounds.
He said that two projectiles remained in the body, and only one was retrievable.
7
Dr. Toolsey testified that the recovered bullet had entered the right side of the
chest, passed through the liver, and stopped in the lung. He said the second bullet
entered at the back of the buttock, hit the hip bone and shattered. Dr. Toolsey testified
that the other wounds were to the right lower extremity. He said that one bullet exited
through the thigh, and the other exited through the upper right calf.
Dr. Toolsey testified that he found two major chop wounds. He said the wound
to the back of the upper left leg was very deep and had gone through the muscles and
outer bone, causing near amputation. He said the second wound was to the back of
the right wrist and went completely through both bones such that the hand was
connected to the arm by only a few tendons. He said the wounds would have
completely incapacitated the victim’s right hand and left leg, and the victim would have
been unable to stand.
Dr. Toolsey testified that the victim died from blood loss due to the multiple
gunshot and chop wounds. He testified that every wound was fatal except the bullet
wound to the right leg, the other wounds being fatal because they would have caused
the victim to bleed to death. He said the gunshot wound to the right buttock could have
been fatal because the bullet tore through the intestines, causing feces to leak into the
abdominal cavity. He said death would have taken days from this injury, and the victim
could possibly have survived with proper medical care. Dr. Toolsey said he did not
expect to discover chop wounds, and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish chop
wounds from gunshot wounds. He said it would be difficult to ascertain that the victim
had chop wounds by just looking at the wounds. He said he did not determine that the
victim had chop wounds until he pulled the edges of the wounds together.
Dr. Toolsey testified that the bullet trajectories were backwards and upwards.
He said that if the victim were on a horse when the bullet wounds were inflicted, the
8
shots would have been fired from the right going upward by someone on the ground.
He said that the chop wound to the left leg was inflicted from behind the victim to the
left. Dr. Toolsey testified that the victim’s blood alcohol content was .10 and that the
victim tested positive for Valium.
Dr. Toolsey testified that he did not take photographs of the autopsy. He stated
that Dr. Foree’s report identified the chop wounds as gunshot wounds. Dr. Toolsey
iterated that it is difficult to determine the type of inflicting instrument until one physically
pulls the tissue together, which is typically not done until the post-mortem examination.
He testified that if the victim’s injuries were sustained within ten minutes of each other,
death would have occurred within ten minutes, if not sooner. He said that the
combination of alcohol and Valium can cause a slower thought process and impaired
judgment. He testified that the gunshot wounds were not aligned with the victim turning
around to ride away, although the wounds would be consistent with the victim riding
away from an attacker if the victim were turned around looking at the attacker.
Danny Blevins testified that the victim worked for him as a carpenter in the late
1980's and that they had been friends since then. Mr. Blevins said that he had asked
the victim to tame his horse, No-Bo, for riding and that the victim was on No-Bo when
he was killed. Mr. Blevins said he had never known the victim to be violent, although he
said the victim drank too much and took drugs. He said that at one point, the victim
was addicted to cocaine. He said he knew the victim had been in jail for assaulting the
victim’s former mother-in-law. Mr. Blevins testified that although the victim had access
to his house and buildings, he never noticed anything missing. He testified that the
victim was right-handed.
Mr. Blevins testified that he knew the victim had been charged with horse theft
but that the victim told him he was innocent. He said he did not know that the victim
9
had been convicted. Mr. Blevins said that for the two months preceding the victim’s
death, the victim performed carpentry work for a man in Cleveland. He said he did not
know the victim had Valium in his system at the time of the incident. He admitted
posting bond for Ms. Linder.
Detective Gary Miller of the McMinn County Sheriff’s Department testified that he
arrested the defendant about one and one-half hours after the incident. He said the
defendant was calm and cooperative. He said that when he asked the defendant why
he shot the victim, the defendant replied, “W hy did they break into my house?” He said
the defendant then stated, “I don’t care if they give me the electric chair.” Detective
Miller said the defendant did not appear angry. He testified that he recovered an SKS
rifle and ammunition from the defendant’s house. He said that when he asked the
defendant what items were taken in the burglary, the defendant responded that his
“faggot bag” was taken. Detective Miller said that the defendant then stated that he did
not want to talk anymore.
Detective Miller testified that he spent three hours at the scene of the altercation,
but no one reported that the victim had chop wounds, only gunshot wounds. Detective
Miller said that he did not find any blood in the defendant’s van. He said that at the time
of arrest, the defendant was wearing jeans and a t-shirt. He said that at the victim’s
home, he saw a handle protruding from beneath a blanket on a bed. He said he did not
uncover it and did not obtain a search warrant to look for a sword. He stated that he
never located a sword that fit the scabbard found at the scene. He testified that he was
primarily involved in the burglary investigation, not the homicide investigation.
Detective Jerry Wilson was recalled. He admitted that he testified earlier that he
inspected the horse at the scene and saw a bullet hole through the saddle. He said
10
that after examining the saddle during his testimony, he could see that the saddle had
no bullet hole. He testified that the saddle was bloody when he first examined it.
The defendant testified that he had previously worked with the victim at a
construction site. He said the victim told him that he had just been released from jail,
and the victim showed him scars from shootings and knifings. He said the victim
seemed to be bragging about how mean he was. He said that by the end of the week
on the job, the victim had been arrested three times for DUI.
The defendant testified that one year later, he saw the victim and Ms. Linder,
and the victim had a vodka bottle. He said the victim got into a fight and dropped a
knife on the ground. He said he agreed to take the victim home to prevent the victim
from being arrested. The defendant said that after that incident, he occasionally saw
the victim riding horses with Ms. Linder, with them often appearing drunk. He said he
heard that the victim had been charged with horse theft. The defendant testified that
Michael Guffey’s sons had helped him on his farm with carpentry work. He denied
telling David Guffey that he would kill anyone who stole from him.
The defendant testified that on August 10, he went to Knoxville and returned
around 6:00 p.m. to find his home burglarized. He said he noticed horse hoof prints, a
beer can and horse droppings around his house. He said the house was completely
ransacked and was muddy. He testified that in his father’s room, a dresser drawer
holding family heirlooms had been pulled out. The defendant stated that he called 9-1-1
around 8:00 p.m. He said he was angry and wanted the police to investigate. He said
he told Officer Smith that he did not know exactly what was missing and that he had not
touched anything in order for the police to take fingerprints. He said Officer Smith told
him he would take a report and turn it over to a detective. The defendant said Officer
Smith stated he would watch for anyone on horseback and told the defendant to call
11
him if he had any leads. The defendant testified that he was angry that no investigation
was being performed.
The defendant testified that when he determined which items were stolen, he
was particularly angry about the missing family heirlooms. He said he was also missing
two swords, a bag, a chainsaw, and a scabbard. He said he asked his neighbor, Gene
Belk, if he had seen anyone riding horses that day, and Mr. Belk said he had seen the
victim and Ms. Linder. The defendant said it was getting dark, and he grabbed his SKS
rifle and loaded it with six rounds. He said he wrote a note to his family that said, “Dear
family, I think I know who did this. Here’s my checkbook, and if I don’t come back . . .”
He said he suspected that the victim committed the burglary. He said he went to find
the victim because he wanted to retrieve his belongings, not to kill the victim. He said
he was wearing jeans and a black t-shirt.
The defendant said that he left his house at 11:00 p.m. and took the rifle with
him for protection. He said he saw Mr. Guffey on the road and tried to stop him to ask if
he had seen anyone on horseback, but Mr. Guffey would not stop. The defendant said
Mr. Guffey was driving fast as if he was trying to get away from the defendant. The
defendant said Mr. Guffey drove to where David Guffey and the victim were sitting on
horseback. The defendant said he left his van and said to the victim, “Hey neighbor, I
came to visit you.” The defendant said he did not have anything in his hand, and the
victim was fifteen feet away. The defendant said the victim had the defendant’s sword
inside the scabbard, and the defendant said, “You broke in my house too, didn’t you.”
He said he walked closer to the victim and identified his black fanny pack, and the
victim said, “Yes.” The defendant said he told the victim to get off the horse because
he was going to make a citizen’s arrest. He said David Guffey got off his horse and ran
away. He denied saying anything to David Guffey.
12
The defendant said he approached the victim, who tried to strike him with a
bottle. He said he grabbed the horse’s head and tried to knock the victim off the horse.
He said that during the scuffle, the victim pulled out a sword. The defendant said he
grabbed the sword from the victim and struck the victim’s left arm. He said the fight
then became more aggressive, and the victim came toward him on the horse. He said
he struck the victim again on the thigh. The defendant testified that the victim
continued to charge toward him, then backed away. The defendant said he thought the
fight was over, but the victim then dug into the saddlebag. The defendant said he went
to his van and grabbed his rifle. He said he looked up, and the victim was holding a
gun in his right hand aimed at him. The defendant said he fired three shots, and the
victim fell off the horse. He said the horse remained standing and did not appear to
have been struck by any bullets. The defendant said he shot the victim in self-defense.
The defendant testified that he put the sword that he had grabbed from the
victim into his van. He said the victim had another of the defendant’s swords that was
tied to the horse with webbing, but he left it at the scene. The defendant testified that
Mr. Guffey drove to an intersection, turned around, and came back to the scene. The
defendant said he turned around and followed the Guffeys. He said that the victim was
moving on the ground as he drove past him and that the horse was still standing. The
defendant said Mr. Guffey turned around, drove toward him and stopped. He said Mr.
Guffey asked him, “What’s the matter?” The defendant said he told Mr. Guffey, “You all
knew he stole from me.” The defendant said Mr. Guffey then sped off.
The defendant testified that he thought Mr. Guffey was involved in the burglary.
He said he continued driving and found Ms. Linder in the victim’s trailer. He said he
grabbed her by the shirt and asked her why she broke into his house. He said Ms.
Linder denied breaking into his house. The defendant said he then heard sirens, and
13
he went home. He said he did not return to the scene because he was scared. He said
he took the rifle and sword inside his house.
The defendant testified that officers arrived at his house about thirty minutes
later and he surrendered. He said that the officers read him his Miranda rights and that
he told them he wanted to exercise his rights to silence and to counsel. He said
Detective Miller told him that would only make it harder on him. He denied telling the
detective that he did not care if he got the electric chair. The defendant testified that at
the police station, the officers continued to try to persuade him to waive his rights. He
said they continued to question him, and he continued to assert his rights.
The defendant testified that he learned about self-defense as a Green Beret. He
said he had trained in self-defense and martial arts for fifteen years. He said he never
had any previous trouble with the victim. He stated that he did not know about the
victim’s assault on the victim’s former mother-in-law. He said he had ridden horses with
the victim and other men one time, and the victim had not given him any trouble. The
defendant stated that he did not take any of his martial arts equipment with him for
protection on the night of the offense. He said he did not report to the police his
suspicion that the victim had committed the burglary. He stated that he did not recover
his stolen property from the scene because he was “disillusioned.”
The defendant denied causing the victim’s chop wounds. He said that his rifle
holds only six rounds and that he fired only three shots at the victim, leaving three
unspent bullets in the rifle. He acknowledged that the police retrieved four unspent
bullets from his rifle, but he did not know where the extra bullet came from. He denied
taking the second sword from the scene. He said he did not call 9-1-1 because he was
“disillusioned.” He said he searched for Ms. Linder because he wanted answers about
the burglary. He said he believed that when the Guffeys left the scene, they were going
14
back to his house to steal more items. He said he suspected that the Guffeys were the
other burglars, not Ms. Linder. He admitted that he did not try to effect a citizen’s arrest
on the Guffeys.
Ersie Walker testified that she is the victim’s former mother-in-law. She testified
that on July 19, 1995, she picked up her granddaughter, who said that the victim had hit
her on the arm. Ms. Walker said she told him the victim to move out. She said the
victim had been drinking, and he followed her home. She said the victim approached
her as she was standing beside her car. She said the victim saw a baseball bat in the
car and tried to get it. She said a struggle ensued as she tried to stop him, and the
victim pulled out a knife and stabbed her three times, puncturing her lung. She said
she then pulled out a gun that was not in working condition and hit the victim in the
head. She said the victim was convicted of assault.
Jimmy Simpson testified that the victim came to his house one day and said he
had pawned a gun to Simpson’s son and wanted the gun back. Mr. Simpson said the
victim stated that if he did not get the gun back, he would return and kill all of them. Mr.
Simpson said the victim called his house later that night and threatened to come and kill
everyone. Mr. Simpson said he watched for the victim outside, and the victim came by
and fired shots. Mr. Simpson admitted that he had a felony drug conviction.
Gene Belk testified that he was the defendant’s neighbor. He testified that on
August 10, the defendant came to his house around 9:00 or 9:30 p.m. and asked him if
he had seen anyone on horseback. He said he told the defendant that he had seen the
victim and Ms. Linder. Mr. Belk said the defendant then told him he had to go meet
with law enforcement.
15
Detective Jerry Wilson was recalled. He loaded the rifle retrieved from the
defendant’s home and demonstrated that the rifle held twelve rounds. The defendant
was recalled and testified that he did not know the weapon would hold twelve rounds.
He testified that he had never loaded more than six rounds and that the gun normally
jams when one puts more than six rounds in it. Upon the foregoing proof, the jury
convicted the defendant of second degree murder.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction
for second degree murder. He argues that the state failed to prove that the injuries he
inflicted on the victim caused the victim’s death, and he argues that the evidence, at
most, supports a conviction for voluntary manslaughter. The state contends that the
evidence is sufficient.
Our standard of review when the sufficiency of the evidence is questioned on
appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct.
2781, 2789 (1979). This means that we do not reweigh the evidence but presume that
the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences
from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547
(Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
A. Causation
The defendant contends that the state failed to prove that the injuries he
inflicted on the victim caused the victim’s death. First, he argues that Doctors Foree
and Toolsey may have examined different bodies. Next, he argues that no proof exists
to show that the injuries he inflicted caused the victim’s death. He argues that the
16
evidence shows that only three shots were fired from his rifle but that there were four
gunshot wounds, that the state failed to prove that these three shots killed or even
struck the victim, and that the chop wounds were not fatal.
We believe the evidence sufficiently supports the defendant’s conviction. First,
the defendant’s argument that Doctors Foree and Toolsey may have examined two
different bodies is not supported by the record. The defendant correctly asserts that Dr.
Foree’s initial report and Dr. Toolsey’s autopsy report are somewhat inconsistent
regarding the types of injuries. However, Dr. Toolsey explained at trial that it is difficult
to determine the type of inflicting instrument until one physically pulls the tissue
together, which is typically not done until the post-mortem examination. The defendant
argues that Dr. Toolsey could not identify the body upon which he performed the
autopsy as being that of Terry Bohannon. However, Dr. Toolsey was able to identify
and discuss photographs of the victim’s injuries, not made during the autopsy, as being
those of the person upon whom he performed the autopsy.
The defendant also contends that no evidence exists to show that the injuries he
inflicted upon the victim caused the victim’s death. He argues that the evidence shows
that he fired only three shots and that no evidence exists to show that the three shots
struck or killed the victim. He further argues that Dr. Toolsey testified that the chop
wounds would not have caused the victim’s death.
We disagree with the defendant’s interpretation of the trial record. The
prosecutor asked Dr. Toolsey which of the victim’s wounds was sufficient to cause
death. Dr. Toolsey responded, “Well, I think probably the better question would be to
ask which one would not. With the exception of probably one, each of them would have
proved eventually to be fatal.” Dr. Toolsey testified that the only injury that would not
have been fatal was the gunshot wound to the right leg. The evidence shows that the
17
defendant fired at least three shots at the victim. The shots obviously hit the victim
because the defendant’s own testimony was that the victim toppled off the horse after
the shots were fired.
With respect to the chop injuries, Dr. Toolsey testified that they were “very
significant and deep wounds, chopping their way almost all the way through to the bone
. . . . And it is possible to bleed to death from any one of these.” Although Dr. Toolsey
testified that sometimes clean chop wounds that completely sever an artery are less
lethal or less dangerous, he never testified, as the defendant states in his brief, that the
victim’s chop wounds would not have caused his death. The evidence shows that the
defendant shot and chopped the victim. All but one of the victim’s wounds were lethal.
The defendant’s argument to the contrary is not supported by the record.
B. Provocation
The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding
that he knowingly killed the victim. He argues that the killing was, at most, voluntary
manslaughter because he was provoked by the victim’s burglary of his home and by the
victim’s attack upon him when he went to retrieve his property. We hold that the
evidence is sufficient to support the second degree murder conviction.
Second degree murder is defined as a knowing killing of another. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-210. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-302(b) provides that:
“Knowing” refers to a person who acts knowingly with respect
to the conduct or to circumstances surrounding the conduct
when the person is aware of the nature of the conduct or that
the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly with respect
to a result of the person’s conduct when the person is aware
that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.
18
In the light most favorable to the state, the evidence shows that the victim
returned to his home around 6:00 p.m. to find that it had been burglarized. Testimony
from the defendant’s neighbor, Gene Belk, suggests that the defendant suspected the
victim before he called the police. However, the defendant told Officer Smith that he
did not have any suspects. Several hours after learning of the burglary, the defendant
armed himself with a loaded SKS rifle and set out in search of the victim. When he
found the victim, he told David Guffey, “Get off your horse; you don’t need to see this.”
The defendant then confronted the victim about the missing items and attacked the
victim, shooting and chopping him such that the victim bled to death. No evidence
exists, other than the defendant’s testimony, that the victim was armed or that the victim
initiated the attack. No weapons were found in the vicinity of the victim. The jury
obviously chose to discredit the defendant’s testimony, as is their prerogative, rejecting
his theory that he was lawfully trying to recover his property when he was attacked by
the victim. Although the defendant claims that he searched for the victim only to
recover his property, he admitted that he did not retrieve the property after
incapacitating the victim.
The defendant cites several cases in support of his argument that he acted upon
adequate provocation. See State v. Thornton, 730 S.W.2d 309 (Tenn. 1987); Smith v.
State, 370 S.W.2d 543 (Tenn. 1963); Cooper v. State, 356 S.W.2d 405 (Tenn. 1962);
Wright v. State, 497 S.W.2d 588 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1973). Cooper, Smith and Wright
are factually distinguishable because they concern situations in which the victim was
the original aggressor or an intruder. Thornton is also dissimilar to the present case. In
Thornton, the defendant shot the victim, his wife’s lover, when he discovered the two in
the midst of sexual intercourse. Our supreme court stated that “the commission of
unlawful sexual intercourse . . . is an act obviously calculated to arouse ungovernable
passion,” and held that the killing of the adulterer under such circumstances in the heat
of passion is voluntary manslaughter. The present case, however, concerns no such
19
circumstances, and no credible evidence exists to suggest that the victim was the
original aggressor. In sum, the evidence supports a conviction for second degree
murder.
II. LIMITATION OF CROSS-EXAMINATION
The defendant contends that the trial court erred by not allowing him to cross-
examine Dr. Toolsey as to his knowledge of the identity of the body upon which Dr.
Toolsey performed his autopsy. He argues that the discrepancies between Dr.
Toolsey’s autopsy report and Dr. Foree’s initial report show that the two may have been
examining different bodies and that he should have been allowed to explore the issue
on cross-examination of Dr. Toolsey. The state contends that the trial court properly
limited the cross-examination.
The Sixth Amendment provides that the accused shall have the right “to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Cont. amend. VI. The right of
confrontation includes not only the right to confront the witness at trial but also the
“‘opportunity for effective cross-examination.’” State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 252
(Tenn. 1993) (quoting Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S. Ct. 292, 294
(1985)). However, “a defendant’s right to confrontation does not preclude a trial court
from imposing limits upon cross-examination which take into account such factors as
harassment, prejudice, issue confusion, witness safety, or merely repetitive or
marginally relevant interrogation.” State v. Reid, 882 S.W.2d 423, 430 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1994). “Appellate courts may not disturb limits on cross-examination except when
there has been an unreasonable restriction on the right.” State v. Fowler, 213 Tenn.
239, 253, 373 S.W.2d 460, 466 (1963).
20
In the present case, the defendant sought to cross-examine Dr. Toolsey on the
identity of the body upon which he performed the autopsy. The following colloquy
occurred:
ATTORNEY: First of all, how do you know that this was
Terry Bohannon?
DR. TOOLSEY: How do I know? I don’t.
ATTORNEY: Did you know Terry Bohannon before this
date?
DR. TOOLSEY: No, I don’t.
ATTORNEY: You don’t know whether or not this was Terry
Bohannon?
DR. TOOLSEY: I know that there was a deceased-
The state then objected, stating that it would identify a picture of the deceased if identity
was an issue. In a jury-out hearing, Dr. Toolsey referred to photographs of the victim
and stated, “Now the face, I don’t remember, but I did document that he had this tattoo
and it’s in my autopsy protocol. This is a distinguishing mark and it is mentioned in my
protocol.” After argument, the trial court ruled that the defendant’s attorney could
question Dr. Toolsey about discrepancies between his findings and Dr. Foree’s report
but that the attorney could not question Dr. Toolsey about the identity of the body.
We believe that the trial court erred by limiting the defendant’s cross-examination
of Dr. Toolsey. Considering that Dr. Toolsey made no photographs during his autopsy,
no one from the sheriff’s department was present during the autopsy, and
discrepancies between the doctors’ reports existed, the defendant was entitled to cross-
examine Dr. Toolsey on the identity of the body he examined. Having concluded that
the trial court erred, we must now determine whether it is reversible error. In State v.
Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 253 (Tenn. 1993), our supreme court stated as follows:
In determining whether the constitutionally improper denial of
a defendant’s opportunity to impeach a witness is harmless
under the [Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824
(1967)] standard, the correct inquiry is whether, assuming that
the damaging potential of the cross-examination were fully
21
realized, the error was nonetheless harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. [Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,
684-85, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1438 (1986)]. A number of factors
are relevant to this inquiry including the importance of the
witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, the cumulative
nature of the testimony, the presence or absence of evidence
corroborating or contradicting the witness on material points,
the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and the
overall strength of the prosecution’s case. Id.
We hold that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Our supreme
court’s directive in Howell is to consider the question of harm assuming that the
damaging potential of the cross-examination were fully realized. In the present case,
the damaging potential was realized. Dr. Toolsey admitted that he could not identify the
body as that of Terry Bohannon. The defendant does not articulate what more he
hoped to achieve from further cross-examination, other than his argument that the
discrepancies between the two reports show that the doctors may have been examining
two different bodies. However, the trial court ruled that the defendant was free to
explore these discrepancies on cross-examination of Dr. Toolsey. Thus, the defendant
was allowed to and did question Dr. Toolsey on the fact that Dr. Foree did not note any
chop marks and noted different injuries than those found by Dr. Toolsey. In light of Dr.
Toolsey’s admission that he did not know whether the body he autopsied was that of
Terry Bohannon and the trial court’s ruling that the defendant could explore the
discrepancies between the two reports, we cannot say that the trial court’s erroneous
limitation of cross-examination more probably than not affected the judgment.
III. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
The defendant contends that the district attorney committed prosecutorial
misconduct during cross-examination and closing argument by repeatedly referring to
the defendant’s exercise of his constitutional right to silence upon arrest. He argues
that the prosecutor’s repeated comments violated his right to a fair trial. The state
contends that the defendant never asserted his right to silence, rather the defendant
22
made a statement upon arrest that was contradictory to his trial testimony, and the
prosecutor was entitled to question the defendant about the contradictions.
Due Process generally prohibits the prosecution from questioning a defendant
regarding his post-arrest silence. Doyle v. Ohio, 416 U.S. 610, 618, 96 S. Ct. 2240,
2245 (1976). The obvious reason is that a defendant should not be told that he has a
right to remain silent that cannot be held against him only to have that very thing
happen should he decide to testify at trial. The United States Supreme Court has held
that it is “impermissible to penalize an individual for exercising his Fifth Amendment
privilege when he is under police custodial interrogation. The prosecution may not,
therefore, use at trial the fact that [a defendant] stood mute or claimed his privilege in
the face of accusation.” Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 468, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1625
(1966). However, a defendant cannot use his post-arrest silence to shield himself from
the effect of patently inconsistent testimony at trial. Thus, a defendant who elects to
testify may be subject to the impeaching effect of proof of any prior inconsistent
statement. Braden v. State, 534 S.W.2d 657, 660 (Tenn. 1976).
The evidence shows that Detective Gary Miller testified that upon arrest and after
Miranda warnings, the defendant stated that he did not care if he got the electric chair
and that the defendant told him the location of the rifle. Detective Miller also testified
that when he asked the defendant why he shot the victim, the defendant replied, “Why
did they break into my house?” The defendant elected to testify at trial, and during
direct examination, he denied making the statements attributed to him by Detective
Miller. The defendant testified extensively about his invocation of his right to remain
silent, stating that although the officers continued to try to persuade him to waive his
rights, he continued to invoke them.
23
The defendant takes issue with four instances in which the prosecutor
commented on the defendant’s invocation of his right to silence. Two of the comments
occurred during cross-examination of the defendant, and two occurred during closing
argument. First, the defendant challenges the prosecutor’s question during cross-
examination, “When was it, the first time, Mr. Wilcox, that you told the version of the
events of August 10th? When’s the first time that you told that as you’ve told it here
today to this jury?” Later during cross-examination, the prosecutor asked the defendant
why he did not try to make a citizen’s arrest of Mr. Guffey, to which the defendant
responded that he heard sirens and thought it best to go home. The prosecutor then
stated, “And seize on your, your rights as you did.”
During closing argument, the prosecutor stated as follows:
And now, you know, Mr. Bohannon (sic) seemed to know quite
a little bit about his legal rights and that’s. . . something he
should be commended for. He knew what they were and he
knew how to exercise them and that’s great. I don’t have, I
can’t criticize him, wouldn’t criticize that. We all ought to. He’s
very concerned about things like due process, things like trials
like this.
Later, the prosecutor stated, “That’s the entirety of the evidence that brought us here to
this case, with this man so conscious of the rights of due process of himself and
others.”
We do not believe that the circumstances of this case are of the type
contemplated in Doyle and subsequent Tennessee cases. See Braden, 534 S.W.2d at
660; Ware v. State, 565 S.W.2d 906, 908 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978); Honeycutt v. State,
544 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976); Parks v. State, 543 S.W.2d 855, 857
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1976); The defendant correctly argues that the state is prohibited
from commenting at trial on a defendant’s silence upon arrest. The rationale is that it is
unfair to provide the defendant with a right to silence, then use the defendant’s
invocation of that right at trial to infer guilt. In the present case, however, the state did
24
not introduce the defendant’s invocation of his right in order for the jury to infer guilt. In
fact, the defendant himself testified extensively on direct examination about how he
asserted his right to silence.
An analysis of the prosecutor’s questioning and argument shows that the
comments were not calculated to permit an inference of guilt from the defendant’s
silence. In context, the prosecutor’s cross-examination questioned the defendant’s
veracity and credibility in light of Detective Miller’s testimony that the defendant did not
exercise his right to silence but made a statement. In this respect, we believe that a
defendant who voluntarily testifies that he invoked his right to silence can be cross-
examined regarding contradictory proof adduced at trial that the defendant made a
statement. See, e.g., Braden, 534 S.W .2d at 660. In addition, the second two
comments are not calculated to permit an inference of guilt but rather to show the irony
in the defendant’s testimony that he was concerned about rights, when he obviously
had no concern for the victim’s rights. We do not view the prosecutor’s comments to be
prejudicially improper.
IV. COMMENT DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT
The defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing the prosecutor to
state during closing argument that the sheriff’s department was working on a shoestring
budget. He argues that the statement was offered to rebut the defendant’s claim of
sloppy investigation by the sheriff’s department but that no evidence exists in the record
to support the prosecutor’s claim. The state contends that the prosecutor’s statement
was a proper summary of the evidence.
The Tennessee Supreme Court has recognized that “argument of counsel is a
valuable privilege that should not be unduly restricted.” Smith v. State, 527 S.W.2d
737, 739 (Tenn. 1975). However, closing argument must be “temperate, must be
25
predicated on evidence introduced during the trial of the case and must be pertinent to
the issues being tried.” Russell v. State, 532 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tenn. 1976). Improper
statements made during closing argument constitute reversible error if the statements
affected the verdict.” State v. Sutton, 562 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tenn. 1978).
In the present case, the prosecutor stated the following:
Okay. So we didn’t send some things off for chemical
analysis. What we try to do with your tax money is preserve
those services for cases where it’s needed. Look at the
anatomy of this case . . . . They get a burglary report that we’re
going to talk about here in a few minutes from Mr. Wilcox.
Within a few hours- we’re not talking days and we’re not talking
Monday through Friday. W e’re talking Sunday, you know. I
mean even Detective Wilson ought to have a little time on
Sunday. He’s on call but he doesn’t sit at his desk on Sunday
night at eight o’clock to just wait for Mr. Wilcox to come in and
report this burglary. You’ve got a couple of deputies out there
on a stringshoe (sic) budget servicing the entire county-
The state argues that the prosecutor’s statement was a proper summary of the
evidence. Specifically, it points to testimony from trial that (1) the investigating officer
was not trained to lift fingerprints; (2) no detective was on duty at the time of the
burglary; (3) the entire county has only three detectives, one is on call on the
weekends, and none actually work on the weekends; and (4) the McMinn County
Medical Examiner is not a pathologist and does not conduct post-mortem examinations.
We question whether the previous testimony allows for a reasonable argument that the
county was on a shoestring budget. Nevertheless, we believe that the defendant has
failed to demonstrate that the statement affected the verdict. The comment was
isolated and innocuous, the evidence against the defendant is great, and no evidence
exists regarding the prosecutor’s improper intent. See Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340,
344 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976).
26
In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the
judgment of conviction.
________________________________
Joseph M. Tipton, Judge
CONCUR:
_____________________________
John Everett W illiams, Judge
_____________________________
Alan E. Glenn, Judge
27