finding the Eighth Amendment was not violated by use of reasonable 13 force to extract a DNA sample from inmate
How later courts described this case
- finding the Eighth Amendment was not violated by use of reasonable 13 force to extract a DNA sample from inmate
- “If a plaintiff does not take 9 || advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal 10 the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”
- “A district court 28 should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [under 28 U.S.C. 1 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint 2 could not be cured by amendment.’”
- finding no Fourth Amendment 10 violation because, “[h]aving been convicted and incarcerated, [the plaintiff] has no 11 legitimate expectation of privacy in the identifying information derived from his DNA”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
2 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
3 Edwardo STULTZ, Case No.: 3:24-cv-1840-AGS-LR
4 Plaintiff,
ORDER: (1) GRANTING MOTION
5 vs. TO PROCEED IN FORMA
PAUPERIS (ECF 3);
6
7 John DOE #1, Calipatria Correctional (2) DISMISSING COMPLAINT
Officer; John Doe #2, Nurse; John Doe
8
#3, Centinela Correctional Officer; John
9 Doe #4, Nurse,
10 Defendants.
11
12 Edwardo Stultz, an inmate representing himself, filed a civil-rights complaint.
13 (ECF 1.) He alleges defendants violated his rights by improperly obtaining his DNA and
14 disclosing it to the prosecution a criminal case against him. (Id. at 9.) He also alleges
15 officials “tampered” with his legal mail. (Id.) For the reasons discussed below, the Court
16 grants plaintiff’s motion to proceed without prepayment of the filing fee and dismisses the
17 complaint for failure to state a claim and for violating Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil
18 Procedure.
19 I. MOTION TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS
20 Generally, parties instituting civil actions in federal court must pay fees of $405. See
21 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a); Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee
22 Schedule, § 14 (eff. Dec. 1, 2023). A party may initiate a civil action without prepaying
23 the required filing fee if the Court grants leave to proceed in forma pauperis based on
24 indigency. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a); Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir.
25 2007). Plaintiffs granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis need not pay the $55
26 administrative fee, see 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a); Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District
27 Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. Ded. 1, 2023), but they must eventually repay the
28 entire $350 filing fee in installments, regardless of whether their action is ultimately
1 dismissed, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); Bruce v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 84 (2016).
2 To proceed without prepayment, plaintiffs must establish their inability to pay by
3 filing an affidavit regarding their income and assets. See Escobedo v. Applebees, 787 F.3d
4 1226, 1234 (9th Cir. 2015). Prisoners must also submit a “certified copy of the [prisoner’s]
5 trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 6-month period
6 immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2). From the
7 certified trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the
8 average monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly
9 balance in the account, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner has no assets. See
10 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(b)(1) & (4).
11 Stultz has provided a copy of his prison certificate and trust account statement.
12 (ECF 3 at 4, 8–9.) During the six months prior to filing suit, Stultz had an average monthly
13 balance of $15.37, average monthly deposits of $27.00, and an available account balance
14 of $0.10 at the time he filed suit. Id. at 4. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS plaintiff’s
15 request to proceed in forma pauperis. While the Court assesses no initial payment, Stultz
16 must pay the full $350 filing fee in installments as set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2).
17 II. SCREENING
18 A. Legal Standard
19 The Court must screen Stultz’s complaint and sua sponte dismiss it to the extent that
20 it is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants who are
21 immune. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B), 1915A(b). “The standard for determining
22 whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under
23 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for
24 failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). That is, a
25 complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter . . . to state a claim to relief that is
26 plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks
27 omitted). While detailed factual allegations are not required, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the
28 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice” to
1 state a claim. Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or “unadorned, the defendant-
2 unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting this plausibility standard. Id.
3 B. Plaintiff’s Allegations
4 Stultz alleges two pharmacy labs, “Lab Mnemonic” and “Quest Diagnostic,” both
5 under contract with the California Department of Corrections (CDCR), improperly
6 “disclosed [his] DNA to the prosecution and to other parties involved in the prosecution of
7 [his] criminal case,”1 without his consent or a court order. (ECF 1, at 9.) Stultz states that
8 Centinela State Prison medical staff collected “COVID-19 swabs” from him and used them
9 to “contaminate” evidence related to his criminal conviction. (Id. at 16.) He alleges prison
10 officials improperly “released” this evidence, which contained his DNA, to the “family of
11 Jonny Rodriguez,” the victim in his criminal case. (Id.)
12 Stultz further alleges that on August 17, 2023, “officers, Rodriguez and colleagues
13 at Centinela State Prison,” violated his rights when they “tampered with his legal mail [and]
14 tried destroying his legal documents” related to his criminal case. (Id. at 9.)
15 C. Discussion
16 Stultz names four “Doe” Defendants: Does #1 and #3 are alleged to be correctional
17 officers at Calipatria and Centinela State Prisons, respectively. (Id. at 2.) Does #2 and #4
18 are “medical nurses” at a “pharmacy lab.” (Id.) He alleges (1) his DNA was extracted and
19 “disclosed” in violation of his Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights; (2) his
20 legal mail was “tampered with”; and (3) his rights under the Health Insurance Portability
21
22
23 1 The Court takes judicial notice that, in November 2018, Stultz was convicted of
second-degree murder in People v. Stultz, California Superior Court for Riverside County,
24
case number INF1601918. See Appellate Courts Case Info, Trial Court,
25 https://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/trialCourt.cfm?dist=42&doc_id=2274
459&doc_no=E071841&request_token=NiIwLSEnTkw9WyBFSSFdXE9IUEQ6UlxbJC
26
JOJz5TICAgCg%3D%3D (visited Feb. 24, 2025); see also Fed. R. Evid 201; Porter v.
27 Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 955 n.1 (9th Cir. 2010) (taking judicial notice of court dockets,
including those available on the internet, from petitioner’s state court proceedings).
28
1 and Accountability Act (HIPAA) were violated. (Id. at 9.) He seeks money damages (id.
2 at 13, 17) and an injunction ordering the CDCR to refrain from violating the Fourth, Eighth,
3 and Fourteenth Amendments and HIPAA. (Id. at 13).
4 1. Rule 8 and Doe Defendants
5 First, the complaint must be dismissed under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil
6 Procedure because Stultz fails to tie the conduct of defendants to any claim. Specifically,
7 Rule 8(a)(2) requires “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
8 entitled to relief,” sufficient to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and
9 the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). To
10 state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must plausibly allege “both (1) deprivation of a right
11 secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) that the deprivation was
12 committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc.,
13 698 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012). To do so, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to
14 show an actual connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation
15 alleged to have been suffered. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978).
16 Having construed the complaint in the light most favorable to Stultz, the Court finds
17 it nonetheless fails to sufficiently allege how any of the Doe Defendants were personally
18 involved in the alleged violations of his rights. While Stultz may reference unknown
19 defendants as John Doe 1, John Doe 2, and so on, he must still allege facts to show how
20 each individual Doe violated his constitutional rights. See Wakefield v. Thompson, 177 F.3d
21 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 1999). Only after a plaintiff provides such details may he then use the
22 discovery process to obtain the names of any Doe defendants believed to have violated his
23 rights. Id. And here, the sparse allegations in Stultz’s complaint fail to include any facts
24 specifying what each individual Doe defendant did (or did not do) to violate his rights.
25 Therefore, the complaint must be dismissed because plaintiff has not provided sufficient
26 facts to put defendants on notice of his claim(s) against them and for failure to state a
27 § 1983 claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also 28 U.S.C.
28 §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A.
1 2. Nonconsensual DNA Collection
2 Even if Stultz had adequately linked a defendant’s conduct to an alleged
3 constitutional claim, he has not stated a claim regarding the nonconsensual extraction of
4 his DNA and its later improper disclosure. Courts have consistently rejected constitutional
5 challenges to compulsory DNA collection targeting convicted felons. See, e.g.,
6 United States v. Kriesel, 508 F.3d 941, 942, 946 (9th Cir. 2007); United States v. Kincade,
7 379 F.3d 813, 816, 839 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). And as a prisoner serving a criminal
8 sentence, Stultz has no constitutional right prohibiting the taking of a DNA sample. See
9 Hamilton v. Brown, 630 F.3d 889, 895 (9th Cir. 2011) (finding no Fourth Amendment
10 violation because, “[h]aving been convicted and incarcerated, [the plaintiff] has no
11 legitimate expectation of privacy in the identifying information derived from his DNA”);
12 see also id. at 897 (finding the Eighth Amendment was not violated by use of reasonable
13 force to extract a DNA sample from inmate); United States v. Reynard, 473 F.3d 1008,
14 1021 (9th Cir. 2007) (concluding compelled extraction of blood for DNA collection does
15 not violate a prisoner’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination).
16 Stultz also suggests that the collection of his DNA and its alleged “disclosure to the
17 prosecution . . . of [his] criminal case” violated his due process rights under
18 “Trombetta/Youngblood.” (ECF 1 at 9.) He also fails to state a § 1983 claim under this
19 theory. Under those two Supreme Court cases, the destruction or loss of evidence in a
20 criminal case may amount to a violation of due process if the evidence “both possess an
21 exculpatory value that was apparent before the evidence was destroyed, and be of such a
22 nature that the defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other
23 reasonably available means.” California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 489 (1984).
24 Alternatively, when “lost or destroyed evidence is deemed to be only potentially
25 exculpatory, as opposed to apparently exculpatory, the defendant must show that the
26 evidence was destroyed in bad faith.” United States v. Estrada, 453 F.3d 1208, 1212
27 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58 (1989)). Here, Stultz’s
28 criminal conviction was obtained in 2018, well before the COVID-19 pandemic—and any
1 “COVID-19[-related] swabbing”—began. It is unclear how the subsequent collection of
2 his DNA affected his criminal case. In any event, Stultz does not allege the extracted DNA
3 was exculpatory nor destroyed (much less destroyed in bad faith). Even if it had been
4 destroyed, Stultz cannot plausibly allege that it would be impossible to obtain his DNA by
5 other means.
6 Therefore, Stultz has failed to state a § 1983 claim based on the purported
7 nonconsensual extraction of his DNA.
8 3. Mail Tampering
9 Next, to the extent Stultz alleges officials “tampered with his legal mail [and] tried
10 destroying his legal documents” (ECF 1 at 9), he fails to state a claim. “[P]risoners have a
11 protected First Amendment interest in having properly marked legal mail opened only in
12 their presence.” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1211 (9th Cir. 2017).
13 Additionally, “prisoners have a Sixth Amendment right to be present when legal mail
14 related to a criminal matter is inspected.” Mangiaracina v. Penzone, 849 F.3d 1191, 1195
15 (9th Cir. 2017). To state a plausible claim, however, a plaintiff must “clarify who sent the
16 mail or whether it was properly marked as ‘legal mail.’” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr.,
17 849 F.3d 1204, 1211 (9th Cir. 2017). Stultz has provided no such information. Therefore,
18 Stultz has failed to state a claim under either the First or Sixth Amendment regarding mail
19 tampering.
20 4. HIPAA
21 Finally, Stultz alleges his HIPAA rights were violated by the improper disclosure of
22 his DNA. (ECF 1 at 9.) It is well-established that HIPAA “provides no private right of
23 action.” Garmon v. County of Los Angeles, 828 F.3d 837, 847 (9th Cir. 2016). Stultz cannot
24 state a HIPAA claim.
25 D. Leave to Amend
26 Given plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court GRANTS him leave to amend his
27 complaint. See Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A district court
28 should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [under 28 U.S.C.
1 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint
2 could not be cured by amendment.’”).
3 III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
4 Accordingly, the Court:
5 1. GRANTS plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis.
6 2. ORDERS the Secretary of the CDCR, or the Secretary’s designee, to collect
7 the $350 filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly payments from the account in
8 an amount equal to 20% of the preceding month’s income. The CDCR Secretary or the
9 designee must forward payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in the
10 account exceeds $10. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). All payments must clearly identify the
11 name and case number assigned to this action.
12 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Jeff
13 Macomber, Secretary, CDCR, P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283-0001, by
14 U.S. Mail, or by forwarding an electronic copy to trusthelpdesk@cdcr.ca.gov.
15 4. DISMISSES plaintiff’s complaint in its entirety for failure to comply with
16 Rule 8 and failure to state a claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P 8; 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) and
17 1915A(b).
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1 5. GRANTS plaintiff until April 4, 2025, to file an amended complaint. The
2 ||amended complaint must be complete by itself without reference to any previous version
3 his pleading; defendants not named and any claims not re-alleged in the amended
4 ||complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty.,
5 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which
6 not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled”’). If
7 || Stultz fails to timely amend, the Court will enter a final Order dismissing this civil action.
8 ||See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take
9 || advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal
10 the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”).
11 Dated: February 25, 2025
12 4 —_—
13 Hon. Andrew G. Schopler
14 United States District Judge
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