The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MICHAEL T. GILLIAM
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hawkins County
No. 7467 James E. Beckner, Judge
No. E1999-01112-CCA-R3-CD - Decided April 12, 2000
The defendant, Michael T. Gilliam, appeals from his Class E felony conviction of
manufacturing marijuana. The trial court imposed the maximum sentence of two years to be served
in the Department of Correction. In this appeal, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the
convicting evidence and the length of the sentence. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed
WITT, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which RILEY, J., and WOODALL , J., joined.
John S. Anderson, Rogersville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Michael T. Gilliam
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, R. Stephen Jobe, Assistant Attorney General,
Nashville, Tennessee, C. Berkeley Bell, Jr., District Attorney General, Michelle Green, Assistant
District Attorney General, for appellee, State of Tennessee
OPINION
A Hawkins County Criminal Court jury convicted the defendant of one count of the
Class E felony of manufacturing marijuana, and the trial court imposed the maximum incarcerative
sentence of two years. Based upon the proof of the defendant's constructive possession of growing
marijuana plants, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support his conviction. We also conclude
that the record supports the trial court's sentence.
On July 2, 1998, a Hawkins County Sheriff's Department officer, who was trained
to spot growing marijuana plants from the vantage point of helicopter flight, flew over the
defendant's rural Hawkins County property and adjacent tracts of land. The officer spotted a patch
of marijuana growing in a "cut out area" in the midst of cedar trees and brush. From the air, the
officer could see "a path that led back to the corner of the yard of the mobile home" from the patch
in the cut out area. He also saw a second patch "behind the shed, which it looked like it was adjacent
to the mobile home."
The officer in the helicopter summoned ground crew officers to the scene who
followed the path from the mobile home yard to the marijuana patch in the cut out area. There were
no fences or other obstructions to foot travel along this path. Also, in the area behind the shed, the
officers found 28 marijuana plants, some of which were bedded in wooden planters. The shed was
approximately 40 feet from the mobile home, and a photograph that was admitted into evidence
showed that the end of the mobile home was visible from the location of these 28 plants.
The defendant owned the property where the mobile home sat, and he resided in the
mobile home with his wife, his three sons, and his wife's brother, Alvin "Chipmunk" Carter.
Although the evidence is not clear, the area around the shed where the 28 plants were discovered was
apparently located on the defendant's property. The patch of marijuana located at the end of the path
in the cut out area was not situated on the defendant's property but was located on a tract of land
whose non-resident owner was not identified in the record.
The defendant's brother-in-law, Alvin "Chipmunk" Carter, had been residing with the
defendant at the mobile since Carter's release from jail six to eight weeks before July 2. He left the
home on July 3, the day after the officers discovered the marijuana. Mr. Carter testified that he had
previously been convicted on two occasions for possession of marijuana, but he invoked the Fifth
Amendment when asked if he knew about the marijuana that was discovered on July 2. The
defendant testified that he had no knowledge of either patch of marijuana.
In his first issue, the defendant complains that the evidence was not sufficient to
support the conviction. The defendant maintains that the state failed to prove that he possessed the
growing marijuana. When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, this
court must review the record to determine if the evidence adduced at trial is sufficient “to support
the finding by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). This rule
is applicable to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1990).
In determining the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, this court does not re-weigh
or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Nor
may this court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from circumstantial
evidence. Liakas v. State, 199 Tenn.(3 McCanless) 298, 305, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (1956). To the
contrary, this court is required to afford the state the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn from
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the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be
given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of
fact, not this court. Id. In State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973), our supreme court
said, “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.”
Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with
a presumption of guilt, the accused, as the appellant, has the burden in this court of illustrating why
the evidence is insufficient to support the verdicts returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). This court will not disturb a verdict of guilt due to the sufficiency
of the evidence unless the facts contained in the record are insufficient, as a matter of law, for a
rational trier of fact to find that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
A crime may be established by direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of the two. State v. Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987). Before an accused
may be convicted of a criminal offense based upon circumstantial evidence, the facts and the
circumstances “must be so strong and cogent as to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save
the guilt of the defendant, and that beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Crawford, 225 Tenn. 478,
482, 470 S.W.2d 610, 612 (1971). “A web of guilt must be woven around the defendant from which
he cannot escape and from which facts and circumstances the jury could draw no other reasonable
inference save the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 484, 470 S.W.2d at 613.
"Relative to drug possession cases, a conviction may be had upon either actual or
constructive possession." State v. Brown, 823 S.W.2d 576, 579 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).
Constructive possession occurs when the accused has "the power and intention at a given time to
exercise dominion and control over . . . [the drugs] either directly or through others." Id. (citations
omitted). Constructive possession is "'the ability to reduce an object to actual possession.'" Id.
(quoting United States v. Martinez, 588 F. 2d 495 (5th Cir. 1979)). "The law does not require actual
or physical possession of the drugs since control over the substance is sufficient." State v. Clifford
Eugene Bailey, No. 73, slip op. at 3 (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Apr. 14, 1988).
In Clifford Eugene Bailey, this court considered a defendant's challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence convicting him of possession of marijuana which, during a helicopter
overflight, was discovered growing in a field. Id., slip op. at 1. The officers testified that a path ran
from the marijuana patch to the defendant's residence. Id. In finding the evidence sufficient to
convict Bailey, this court said that the sufficiency of the evidence presented "a classic jury question."
Id., slip op. at 3.
Applying the above principles of law to the evidence in the light most favorable to
the state, we also conclude that the present case presents a jury question and that the evidence is
sufficient to support the jury's verdict. The jury heard circumstantial proof that both patches were
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within the dominion and control of the defendant. The jury was justified in finding that the patches
of marijuana, especially the patch of 28 plants which was located near the shed from which the
mobile home could be seen, were constructively possessed by the defendant.1 The jury heard the
defendant's proof, including the defendant's own testimony in which he denied knowing of the
existence of the marijuana. The jury obviously rejected the defendant's testimony, as was its
prerogative.
We now turn to the defendant's complaint that his sentence is too lengthy. When
there is a challenge to the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, it is the duty of this court
to conduct a de novo review of the record with a presumption that the determinations made by the
trial court are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-401(d) (1997). This presumption is “conditioned
upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles
and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). “The
burden of showing that the sentence is improper is upon the appellant.” Id. In the event the record
fails to demonstrate the required consideration by the trial court, review of the sentence is purely de
novo. Id. If appellate review reflects the trial court properly considered all relevant factors and its
findings of fact are adequately supported by the record, this court must affirm the sentence, “even
if we would have preferred a different result.” State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1991).
1
Simultaneous possession of marijuana in more than one location constitutes only one
offense. Brown, 823 S.W.2d at 581. However, we are mindful that, in cases in which "two instances
of possession constitute[s] 'distinct conceptual groupings,' each of which would constitute a crime
under the same count of the indictment," concerns for the assurance of jury unanimity might be
raised. See id. at 583. In Brown, the evidence showed that the defendant possessed cocaine on two
different days and in three different locations. Id. at 581. This court held that unanimity concerns
did not compel the state to make an election of offenses because there was only one possession and
hence one offense. Id. However, the Brown court held that
[I]n cases involving evidence which shows a real potential that a
conviction may occur as result of different jurors concluding that the
defendant committed different acts, each of which separately showing
the commission of an offense, the trial court must augment the
general unanimity instruction to insure that the jury understands its
duty to agree unanimously to a particular set of facts.
Id. at 583. Even though the defendant has not raised a Brown issue, we have assessed the present
case to determine if a "real potential" existed for non-unanimous jury action as an inquiry of plain
error. See Tenn. R. Crim. App. 52(b). We conclude that, because the proof the defendant possessed
marijuana near the shed is cogent, any jury voting to convict the defendant would necessarily accept
the proof of this possession, regardless of whether he or she accepted proof of possession of the
marijuana in the more remote patch. Accordingly, we fail to see any plain error in not augmenting
the usual jury instructions.
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In making its sentencing determination, the trial court, at the conclusion of the
sentencing hearing, determines the range of sentence and then determines the specific sentence and
the propriety of sentencing alternatives by considering (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial
and the sentencing hearing, (2) the presentence report, (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments
as to sentencing alternatives, (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved, (5)
evidence and information offered by the parties on the enhancement and mitigating factors, (6) any
statements the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s behalf about sentencing, and (7) the
potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-210(a), (b) (1997); Tenn. Code
Ann. §40-35-103(5) (1997); State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
In the present case, the trial court's sentencing judgment is entitled to the presumption
of correctness.
The trial court enhanced the defendant's Range I sentence to the maximum of two
years, based upon the defendant having "a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal
behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range." See Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-114(1) (1997). The trial court applied this enhancement factor because the defendant was
convicted of DUI in 1982 and 1994. The trial court also applied the mitigating factor that "the
defendant's criminal conduct neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury." See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-113(1) (1997).
Enhancement factor (1) regarding the defendant's prior criminal history was
applicable, although we recognize that both the prior convictions were misdemeanors and one of
them was remote in time. However, given the presumption of correctness, we must defer to the trial
court to weigh the enhancement and mitigation factors. The application of a mitigating factor does
not guarantee the imposition of a less-than-maximum sentence, especially when the sentencing range
is only one year. See, e.g., State v. Pike, 978 S.W.2d 904, 928 (Tenn. 1998) (appendix). See also
State v. Braden, No. 01C01-9610-CC-00457, slip op. at 14 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Feb. 18,
1998) (enhancement factors may be sufficient "to firmly embed the sentence in the ceiling," so as
to resist the pull of a mitigating factor to reduce the sentence to a level less than the maximum). We
find no reversible error in the trial court's sentence.
The trial court's judgment is affirmed.
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