Paterson Board of Education v. Pritchard Industries, Inc.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-3079-22

PATERSON BOARD OF

EDUCATION,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

PRITCHARD INDUSTRIES, INC.

and THOMAS MARTIN,

Defendants-Respondents.

Argued November 14, 2024 – Decided January 30, 2025

Before Judges Marczyk and Paganelli.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law

Division, Passaic County, Docket No. L-2013-22.

Bryant Lawrence Horsley, Jr., argued the cause for

appellant (Souder Shabazz & Woolridge Law Group,

LLP, attorneys; Khalifah Shabazz-Charles, of counsel;

Bryant Lawrence Horsley, Jr., of counsel and on the

briefs).

Patrick T. Collins argued the cause for respondents

(Skoloff & Wolfe, PC, attorneys; Patrick T. Collins, on

the brief).

PER CURIAM

Plaintiff Paterson Board of Education (Paterson) appeals from the trial

court's April 28, 2023 order granting defendants Pritchard Industries, Inc.'s and

Thomas Martin's (collectively Pritchard) motion for reconsideration and

entering summary judgment in favor of defendants. Plaintiff further appeals

from the trial court's June 9, 2023 order denying plaintiff's motion for

clarification and February 17, 2023 order denying plaintiff's motion to dismiss

defendants' counterclaim. Following a review of the record, the parties'

arguments, and the applicable legal principles, we affirm in part and remand in

part for further proceedings.

I.

This appeal concerns the trial court's interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-

9(e)(3), a statute enacted shortly after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic,

which required school districts to continue to make payments to their contracted

service providers when schools were closed during the public-health-related

emergency.

Pritchard provides custodial services to many New Jersey public school

districts. Pritchard has a history of performing services for Paterson under

yearly contracts awarded pursuant to public bidding. Pritchard was awarded an

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$8.2 million public contract to provide custodial services for Paterson during the

2019-2020 school year, beginning July 2019 and ending June 30, 2020. In

exchange for those services, Paterson agreed to pay $620,250.09 per month, plus

additional charges for supplies requested by Paterson, upon receiving an invoice

and certified payroll from Pritchard.

Consistent with the contract, Pritchard provided custodial services,

invoiced Paterson for the services rendered, and received monthly payments

from Paterson. However, in March 2020, Governor Philip D. Murphy signed

executive orders declaring a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic

and ordered all public school districts to close. Exec. Order No. 103 (March 9,

2020), 52 N.J.R. 549(a) (Apr. 6, 2020); Exec. Order No. 104 (March 16, 2020),

52 N.J.R. 550(a) (Apr. 6, 2020). As a result, the Superintendent of Paterson

closed all facilities to students and nonessential staff on March 18. Paterson

subsequently notified Pritchard that it was suspending all custodial services as

of March 26 in line with the Governor's executive orders. Thus, Pritchard and

its employees could not provide services to Paterson from March 26 until

permitted to return to the schools on July 6, 2020.

As a result of the pandemic, the Legislature amended N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9,

which became effective immediately on April 14, 2020, requiring school

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3

districts to continue making payments to their contracted service providers as if

services had been provided and as if school facilities had remained open. L.

2020, c. 27 (codified at N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)). The statute was amended on

June 29, 2020, with a minor change clarifying that payments received by the

contracted service provider were to be used to pay employees. The amended

statute, in pertinent part, provides:

If the schools of a school district are subject to a health-

related closure for a period longer than three

consecutive school days, which is the result of a

declared state of emergency . . . then the school district

shall continue to make payments of . . . compensation

. . . pursuant to the terms of a contract with a contracted

service provider in effect on the date of the closure as

if the services for such . . . compensation . . . had been

provided, and as if the school facilities had remained

open. Payments received by a contracted service

provider pursuant to this paragraph shall be used to

meet the payroll and fixed costs obligations of the

contracted service provider, and employees of the

contracted service provider shall be paid as if the school

facilities had remained open and in full operation.[1] A

school district shall make all reasonable efforts to

renegotiate a contract in good faith subject to this

paragraph and may direct contracted service providers,

who are a party to a contract and receive payments from

the school district under this paragraph, to provide

services on behalf of the school district which may

reasonably be provided and are within the general

expertise or service provision of the original contract.

1

The underlined language was the only change made to the statute on June 29,

2020.

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Negotiations shall not include indirect costs such as

fuel or tolls. As a condition of negotiations, a

contracted service provider shall reveal to the school

district whether the entity has insurance coverage for

business interruption covering work stoppages. A

school district shall not be liable for the payment of . . .

compensation . . . pursuant to the terms of a contract

with a contracted service provider under this paragraph

for services which otherwise would not have been

provided had the school facilities remained open.

Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to require

a school district to make payments to a party in material

breach of a contract with a contracted service provider

if the breach was not due to a closure resulting from a

declared state of emergency . . . .

[(Emphasis added).]

In accordance with the statute, Pritchard sent Paterson the following

invoices: (1) an April 2020 invoice for the fixed monthly rate of $620,250.09;

(2) an additional April 2020 invoice for $60,800 worth of janitorial supplies; (3)

a May 2020 invoice for the monthly payment of $620,250.09; (4) a June 2020

invoice for the monthly payment of $620,250.09; and (5) a July 2020 invoice in

the amount of $591,417.42.

On July 21, 2020, Paterson informed Pritchard's billing department that

the April, May, and June invoices were rejected because "[n]o services were

rendered (due to COVID-19 school closures)" and "[n]o certified payroll" had

been provided. Nevertheless, during a board meeting in August 2020, Paterson

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5

voted to approve a bill list that included payments for Pritchard's $60,800 April

supplies invoice and $620,250.09 for the May and June invoices. Shortly

thereafter, Pritchard received a check for $1,301,300.18. Paterson, however, did

not pay Pritchard's April invoice for $620,250.09 and only paid $514,276.02 of

Pritchard's July invoice, withholding $77,141.40 as a prorated reduction based

on Pritchard's inability to return to work until July 6.

Paterson received a letter in June 2021 from the International Union of

Operating Engineers, Local 68 (Local 68), on behalf of Pritchard's employees.

The letter advised Paterson that Pritchard laid off its employees at the outset of

the pandemic. Local 68 stated it believed Paterson made two payments to

Pritchard, and Pritchard, in turn, should have used the payments to pay its

employees. Local 68 acknowledged its employees had been paid from the first

payment made to Pritchard but had not yet received their wages from the second

payment.2 Thus, Local 68 requested information as to the status of any funds

2

It is not clear what "second" payment Local 68 was referencing, and the union

did not specify which payroll periods its employees were paid. Pritchard

maintains that upon receipt of the May and June payments from Paterson, it paid

the custodians for those payroll periods. Martin certified Pritchard could not

pay its employees for the month of April because Paterson was withholding

payment for that month. We note that Local 68 has not asserted any claim

against Pritchard in this action or disputed that its members were not paid as

represented by Pritchard.

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transferred by Paterson to Pritchard in order to enforce its collective bargaining

agreement against Pritchard.

The letter prompted Superintendent Eileen Shafer to investigate the

matter. As a result of her inquiry, Paterson sent Pritchard a letter demanding it

return the $1,301,300.18 and claiming Pritchard: (1) breached the contract by

accepting the payment without performing janitorial services; (2) had been

unjustly enriched to the detriment of "Paterson's vulnerable students who rely

on that money" for school-related goods and services; and (3) failed to comply

with N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3). Paterson also enclosed a questionnaire to "ensure

legal compliance, good faith negotiations, and determination of reasonabl e

payments to [Pritchard] for services that were not rendered from April 2020

through June of 2020." Pritchard never responded to the questionnaire or

returned the payments.

In July 2022, Paterson held a board meeting and adopted a resolution

"declaring null and void" and "rescinding" its prior decision to approve the

$1,301,300.18 payment to Pritchard. The resolution stated that the

"overpayments" to Pritchard "were illegal and were secured pursuant to a breach

of contract." The board "believe[d] it [wa]s entitled to an immediate return of

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the $1,301,300.18" and authorized counsel to pursue legal action to recover the

money.

Paterson filed a complaint based on multiple theories of liability, and

demanded Pritchard immediately return the $1,301,300.18 payment.3 Pritchard

filed an answer and asserted three counterclaims against Paterson, seeking

payment for the $620,250.09 April invoice and the $77,141.40 outstanding

balance on the July 2020 invoice. 4

3

The ten counts, discussed more fully below, included: various breach of

contract claims based on Pritchard's failure to perform custodial services during

the school closures; "statutory and legal violations [and] impediments to

contract" based on Pritchard soliciting payments before the supposed July 29,

2020 effective date of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) and violations of the Impairment

of Contract Clauses of the U.S. Constitution and New Jersey Constitution; lack

of consideration for the payments, and an unconscionable "no-show" contract;

claims that Pritchard was unjustly enriched by retaining the $1,301,300.18;

violations of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; promissory

estoppel; conversion and civil theft by retaining the payment without performing

janitorial services or applying it to cover employee wages; claims that Pritchard

made fraudulent misrepresentations; and tortious interference with contractual

relations.

4

Pritchard's counterclaim alleged Paterson breached the contract because

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9 precluded Paterson from disclaiming its obligation to pay

Pritchard under the contract, even though Pritchard could not perform custodial

services. Next, Pritchard claimed Paterson's failure to pay the invoices unjustly

enriched Paterson beyond its contractual rights. Lastly, Pritchard argued

Paterson failed to follow a statutory obligation because N.J.S.A. 18A:7F -9

required Paterson to pay Pritchard as if schools remained open, but Paterson

never paid the April and July 2020 invoices.

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Pritchard filed a motion for summary judgment seeking to dismiss

Paterson's complaint, which included a certification from Martin. Pritchard first

argued the plain language of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9, as well as the legislative history

and intent of the statute, required Paterson to pay the April and July invoices,

totaling $697,391.49. Pritchard contended Paterson misread the statute as

imposing the burden of renegotiating the contract on Pritchard. Instead,

Paterson had an obligation to make a good faith effort to renegotiate but failed

to do so, and demanding money back through a "Questionnaire" sent more than

a year after tendering payment was irrelevant. Lastly, Pritchard contended

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) became effective on April 14, 2020, not June 29, 2020,

when it was amended. Pritchard further argued, "the statute should apply

retroactively to at least" March 26, 2020, when Paterson closed its schools.

Paterson opposed Pritchard's motion, supported by a certification from

Superintendent Shafer, and cross-moved for summary judgment on Pritchard's

counterclaims. Paterson's opposition brief argued: (1) N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)

was effective June 29, 2020, and must be applied prospectively because the

Legislature neither expressly nor impliedly intended to give it retroactive effect;

(2) Pritchard's claims for additional payments failed for lack of consideration

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because it did not perform janitorial services; and (3) Paterson could establish a

prima facie case for all ten counts in its complaint.

Paterson's cross-motion for summary judgment sought to dismiss

Pritchard's counterclaims for payment of the $620,250.09 April invoice and the

remaining $77,141.40 from the July invoice. Paterson argued: (1) the

Commissioner of Education (Commissioner), not the courts, has exclusive

jurisdiction over matters arising under N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) or, alternatively,

has primary jurisdiction to interpret and enforce the statute; (2) N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3) does not provide Pritchard "a private right to a cause of action"

against Paterson, and Pritchard first needs to exhaust administrative remedies;

(3) Pritchard's claim is barred by Rule 4:69-1 and the doctrine of laches; (4) a

ruling in favor of Pritchard's counterclaims requires the court to interpret

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) in violation of the Contracts Clause of the United States

and New Jersey Constitutions; and (5) Pritchard cannot establish a prima facie

case of breach of contract, unjust enrichment, or failure to follow N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3).

On February 17, 2023, the court denied Pritchard's motion for summary

judgment and granted Paterson's cross-motion for summary judgment on

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Pritchard's counterclaims.5 The court found "Pritchard was not required to

render its services, contrary to Paterson's numerous protestations as to

Pritchard's lack of services." Nevertheless, the court did not fully interpret the

statute because it concluded that "Pritchard did not comply with its underlying

contract with Paterson." Specifically, the contract made Paterson's obligation

to pay Pritchard contingent "upon receipt of supporting documentation from

[Pritchard] in the form required by" Paterson. However, Pritchard did not

provide the certification of payroll Paterson requested but instead offered a

payroll dated October 2, 2020, 6 which failed to explain the amounts paid to

employees during May and June 2020. Therefore, the court held Pritchard failed

to comply with the statute.

In granting Paterson's cross-motion for summary judgment as to

Pritchard's counterclaims, the court found the breach of contract and unjust

enrichment claims failed because Paterson had the right to seek payroll

documentation before paying Pritchard. The failure to follow a statutory

5

The court also denied Paterson's motion to dismiss the counterclaim as

untimely under Rule 1:4-8, but appears to have granted the same relief by

granting Paterson's cross-motion for summary judgment dismissing Pritchard's

counterclaim.

6

The court stated the payroll was dated October 2022, but it is actually dated

October 2020.

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obligation counterclaim also failed because the court found the Commissioner

had jurisdiction over claims arising under Title 18A, and thus, enforcement and

interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) was subject to the Commissioner's

jurisdiction. Therefore, it dismissed Pritchard's counterclaims.

Pritchard subsequently moved for reconsideration of the February 17,

2023 order. An additional certification from Martin explained the parties'

payment process. He noted Pritchard would issue an invoice to Paterson at the

start of each month for that month's services and, at the end of the month,

provide Paterson with a copy of its payroll showing its employees were paid.

Paterson would then issue a check sixty to ninety days after the end of the month.

Martin further certified the October 2020 payroll reflects that Pritchard paid its

employees for May and June 2020 using the $1,301,300.18 it received from

Paterson, and it is dated October 2020 because that was when Paterson paid the

May and June invoices.

Pritchard argued it was entitled to summary judgment on its breach of

contract counterclaim because N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) obligated Paterson to

pay Pritchard for the period of time it could not render services due to school

closures, "just as if Pritchard ha[d] rendered those services in full." Pritchard

also argued the court erred in granting Paterson's motion for summary judgment

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based on Pritchard's failure to provide payroll documentation under the contract

because it overlooked the fact that the school closures from April through July

prevented Pritchard's employees from performing services for Paterson, and

thus, Pritchard had no payroll to provide for those months. Lastly, Pritchard

contended the court did not lack jurisdiction to interpret and apply N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3) merely because it is codified under Title 18A; rather, it had

authority to rule on the parties' contractual rights and obligations.

Paterson opposed the motion arguing: it was not timely filed under Rule

4:49-2; Pritchard breached its contract for failing to produce payroll

documentation, as required by the contract, and by not performing services from

April to June; and the court cannot interpret and enforce N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-

9(e)(3) because the Commissioner has jurisdiction over Title 18A matters.

The court granted Pritchard's motion for reconsideration, reversed its

earlier decision, granted Pritchard summary judgment, and awarded Pritchard

$697,031. First, the court rejected Paterson's argument that Pritchard did not

comply with Rule 4:49-2, which governs motions to alter final judgments,

because the previous decision was not a final order disposing of all issues but

rather an interlocutory order dismissing Pritchard's counterclaims.

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Next, the court held that although the Commissioner has jurisdiction over

disputes arising under school laws, N.J.S.A. 18A:6-9, "the present case is

essentially one of breach of contract that requires the interpretation of N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3)." The court found that Pritchard's interpretation of the statute

comports with the parties' understanding of the contract. It noted Pritchard's

staff was not permitted in Paterson's schools from April to July due to the

pandemic and thus could not perform custodial services. Yet, Paterson

proceeded to request Pritchard's payroll despite Pritchard stating it did not have

one because it had not paid its staff due to the school closures. It further noted

that while Pritchard provided the October 2020 payroll showing it paid its staff

using the $1,301,300.18 payment, Paterson filed a complaint alleging Pritchard

breached its contract and did not fulfill its obligations to provide payroll records

and renegotiate under N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3).

Interpreting the statute, the court stated:

The statute requires school districts to continue to make

payments pursuant to the terms of a contract with a

contracted service provider in effect on the date of the

closure as if the services for such . . . compensation . . .

had been provided, and as if the school facilities had

remained open. The statute then states that the

payments that are received shall be used to meet the

payroll and fixed costs obligations of the contracted

service provider.

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Notably, the court indicated the statutory text did not grant Paterson

authority or responsibility to ensure payments were used for employees who

were laid off by Pritchard but instead merely directed Paterson to pay Pritchard.

Moreover, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) imposed the responsibility on Paterson to

"make all reasonable efforts to renegotiate a contract in good faith."

Additionally, Paterson's actions in sending the "Questionnaire" and demand for

"production of Pritchard's payroll records" did "not strike" the court as b eing in

good faith because the burden to renegotiate was not on Pritchard but Paterson,

which it failed to do.

Lastly, the court rejected Paterson's contention that it needed the money

"to educate its students who overwhelmingly suffered from educational and

other pandemic-related losses" because it did not provide documentation of

these unanticipated expenditures. The court also held Paterson failed to satisfy

its responsibility under the statute, and "a contract and a statute cannot be

negated by Paterson's supposed losses, which Pritchard no doubt also suffered

during the pandemic." Thus, the prior order was reversed. The court awarded

Pritchard $697,031 based on Paterson owing Pritchard for the April invoice of

$620,250.09 and the outstanding balance of $77,141.40 for the July invoice.

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II.

On appeal, Paterson principally argues we should correct "two main

issues" on appeal. First, it asserts the Legislature did not confer a private cause

of action for private vendors under N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3). Rather, pursuant

to the statute, the Commissioner retained exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate the

claims at issue, and defendants failed to exhaust administrative remedies with

the Commissioner. Second, plaintiff contends the court erred by granting

defendants' motion for reconsideration, and entering summary judgment, despite

the existence of disputed material facts and discovery not being completed. 7

We review the disposition of a summary judgment motion de novo,

applying the same standard used by the motion judge. Townsend v. Pierre, 221

N.J. 36, 59 (2015). Like the motion judge, we view "the competent evidential

materials presented . . . in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, [and

determine whether they] are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve

the alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party." Town of Kearny

v. Brandt, 214 N.J. 76, 91 (2013) (quoting Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of

Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995)); see also R. 4:46-2(c). "Where the record taken

7

Despite this initial focus on two claims in its brief, plaintiff submits nineteen

points on appeal including twenty-four subparts.

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as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party,

there is no 'genuine issue for trial.'" Alfano v. Schaud, 429 N.J. Super. 469, 474-

75 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,

475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986)).

We review a trial judge's decision on whether to grant or deny a motion

for reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. JPC Merger Sub LLC v. Tricon

Enters., Inc., 474 N.J. Super. 145, 160 (App. Div. 2022). "Where the order

sought to be reconsidered is interlocutory, as in this case, Rule 4:42-2 governs

the motion." Ibid. Under Rule 4:42-2, "interlocutory orders 'shall be subject to

revision at any time before the entry of final judgment in the sound discretion

of the court in the interest of justice.'" Lawson v. Dewar, 468 N.J. Super. 128,

134 (App. Div. 2021). Compare DEG, LLC v. Twp. of Fairfield, 198 N.J. 242,

261 (2009) (explaining relief under Rule 4:50-1 is "granted sparingly" (quoting

F.B. v A.L.G., 176 N.J. 201, 207 (2003))), with Lawson, 468 N.J. Super. at 134

(explaining only the court's "'sound discretion' and the 'interest of justice'

guide[]" the disposition of a motion for reconsideration under Rule 4:42-2

(quoting R. 4:42-2)). In this instance, the court was not constrained in its

determination of the reconsideration motion by the summary judgment record

and could properly consider defendants' newly asserted arguments presented in

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support of the reconsideration motion. Lombardi v. Masso, 207 N.J. 517, 537

(2011).

We apply well-established principles when engaging in statutory

interpretation. "The overriding goal" of statutory interpretation "is to determine

. . . the intent of the Legislature, and to give effect to that intent." State v.

Hudson, 209 N.J. 513, 529 (2012). We begin with the understanding "the

language of the statute, and the words chosen by the Legislature should be

accorded their ordinary and accustomed meaning." Ibid. "Where the plain

language of a statute is clear, we enforce the statute as written." Correa v.

Grossi, 458 N.J. Super. 571, 579 (App. Div. 2019) (citing DiProspero v. Penn,

183 N.J. 477, 492 (2005)).

Moreover, "[i]f the language leads to a clearly understood result, the

judicial inquiry ends without any need to resort to extrinsic sources." Hudson,

209 N.J. at 529. "[E]xtrinsic aids may not be used to create ambiguity when the

plain language of the statute itself answers the interpretative question; however,

when the statutory language results in more than one reasonable interpretation,

then resort may be had to other construction tools . . . in the analysis." Id. at

529-30 (citing State v. Shelley, 205 N.J. 320, 323-24 (2011)). These may

"includ[e] legislative history, committee reports, and contemporaneous

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construction." DiProspero, 183 N.J. at 492-93 (quoting Cherry Hill Manor

Assocs. v. Faugno, 182 N.J. 64, 75 (2004)).

A.

Paterson argues the court lacked jurisdiction over Pritchard's

counterclaims because N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) arises under Title 18A, and the

Commissioner "retains exclusive jurisdiction" over matters arising under school

laws. It contends "Pritchard does not allege . . . money is owed pursuant to a

breach of contract," but instead demands relief based "wholly on the application

of [a] school law statute, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)," which falls under the

Commissioner's jurisdiction. Paterson further claims the Administrative Code

and caselaw "confirm[]" the Commissioner's jurisdiction.

Paterson contends that if the Commissioner does not have exclusive

jurisdiction, the court still lacks primary jurisdiction over Pritchard's

counterclaim. Citing to Nordstrom v. Lyon, plaintiff notes the following four

factors must be weighed when determining the application of the primary

jurisdiction doctrine:

1) whether the matter at issue is within the conventional

experience of judges; 2) whether the matter is

peculiarly within the agency's discretion, or requires

agency expertise; 3) whether inconsistent rulings might

pose the danger of disrupting the statutory scheme; and

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4) whether prior application has been made to the

agency.

[424 N.J. Super. 80, 99 (App. Div. 2012) (quoting

Muise v. GPU, Inc., 332 N.J. Super. 140, 160 (App.

Div. 2000)).]

Paterson asserts the issues in this case are not within the conventional experience

of a judge, but rather the interpretation of how the statute applies to school

districts falls within the expertise of the Commissioner. It argues the

interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) is not a purely legal issue and requires

an analysis of how it burdens school districts. It also claims the court's decision

will cause inconsistent rulings and risk disrupting the statutory scheme.

Pritchard counters that it was Paterson who initially brought this claim in

Superior Court. If Paterson maintained that the exclusive jurisdiction for all

matters falling under Title 18A lies with the Commissioner, it should have

petitioned the Commissioner for relief under N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3).

Pritchard asserts Paterson waived its rights by proceeding in Superior Court and

that the entire controversy doctrine requires the disposition of both Paterson's

suit and Pritchard's counterclaims in a single proceeding. It argues N.J.S.A.

18A:6-9 does not confer exclusive jurisdiction and notes that trial courts

routinely address cases brought under the Public Schools Contract Laws,

N.J.S.A. 18A:18A-1 to -68. Pritchard also relies on Archway Programs, Inc. v.

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Pemberton Township Board of Education, for the proposition that contract

claims against school districts are properly addressed by trial courts. 352 N.J.

Super. 420, 425 (App. Div. 2002).

We conclude the trial court correctly determined the Commissioner does

not have exclusive jurisdiction under the facts of this case. The statute granting

the Commissioner's jurisdictional authority provides, "[t]he commissioner shall

have jurisdiction to hear and determine . . . all controversies and disputes arising

under the school laws . . . ." N.J.S.A. 18A:6-9. This court has noted the

"institutional respect . . . for the Commissioner's first-instance[, or primary,]

jurisdiction" over school-related matters. Archway Programs, 352 N.J. Super.

at 424. "Under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, when enforcement of a

claim requires resolution of an issue within the special competence of an

administrative agency, a court may defer to a decision of that agency."

Campione v. Adamar of N.J., Inc., 155 N.J. 245, 263 (1998).

Although we have noted "[t]he Commissioner's authority is plenary," the

sweep of its jurisdiction "does not extend to all matters involving boards of

education." Archway Programs, 352 N.J. Super. at 424-25. Notably, "contract

claims against boards do not arise under the school laws but rather from statutory

or common law" and are "typically and appropriately adjudicated in the courts."

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Id. at 425. Consequently, "[t]he basic proposition that no administrative officer

or agency, absent a specific grant of legislative authority, is empowered to

decide questions of law, such as those arising in contract actions, applies to the

Commissioner of Education." Id. at 426.

Therefore, notwithstanding N.J.S.A. 18A:6-9 failing to grant the

Commissioner exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes related to Title 18A, our

courts have consistently held questions of law, including statutory construction

and specific actions in contract, "do not require [the] exhaustion of

administrative remedies before resort may be had to the courts." Wilbert v.

DeCamp, 72 N.J. Super. 60, 68 (App. Div. 1962). Moreover, Paterson has failed

to provide any controlling authority where a contract dispute was adjudicated

before the Commissioner relating to an issue of statutory interpretation under

Title 18A.

We observe that our courts have retained jurisdiction over a dispute

involving different interpretations of the proper method for calculating tax

assessments under N.J.S.A. 18:8-17(3) because "courts are uniquely suited" to

decide matters of statutory interpretation. Borough of Matawan v. Monmouth

Cnty. Bd. of Tax'n, 51 N.J. 291, 297 (1968). Similarly, we have found that an

arbitrator and, subsequently, a trial court, had jurisdiction to interpret N.J.S.A.

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18A:28-6.1, which required school districts agreeing to receive students from a

discontinued school to offer employment to teachers from the discontinued

school. Buena Bd. of Educ. v. Buena Reg'l Educ. Ass'n, 300 N.J. Super. 415,

418 (App. Div. 1997).

Contrary to Paterson's broad view of the Commissioner's jurisdiction,

neither case law nor N.J.S.A. 18A:6-9 afford the Commissioner "exclusive

jurisdiction" over all disputes arising under Title 18A. Likewise, the doctrine

of primary jurisdiction did not divest the trial court of jurisdiction because

matters involving contract and statutory interpretation fall within the expertise

of the courts, even when implicating a statute within the sphere of school laws.

Paterson further argues N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(a) confirms the Commissioner's

jurisdiction because it authorizes the Commissioner "to withhold all or part of a

district's State aid for failure to comply with any rule, standard or directive."

However, this argument is unavailing because the Commissioner's ability to

withhold state funding does not suggest that courts are precluded from

interpreting N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) to enforce a contract between a school

district and a contracted service provider.

Indeed, as the trial court correctly found, "the present case is essentially

one of breach of contract that requires the interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F -

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9(e)(3)." Paterson's complaint asserts numerous claims implicating the statute,

including Pritchard's alleged breach of contract and violation of N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3). Similarly, Pritchard asserts counterclaims based on breach of

contract, unjust enrichment, and failure to follow N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3).

Accordingly, the court did not err in invoking jurisdiction to interpret N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3) and determining its impact on the parties' contractual rights and

obligations.

B.

Paterson next argues Pritchard cannot properly maintain this action

because the Legislature did not imply a private right of action against school

districts to enforce violations of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3). Paterson contends

the "[l]egislative scheme . . . obviate[d] the need for [Pritchard] to pursue a

private cause of action in Superior Court," and Pritchard was required to first

exhaust all administrative remedies. It proceeded to cite to statutes where the

Legislature expressly conferred a private right to sue a public entity in court.

See Open Public Records Act, N.J.S.A. 47:1A-6; New Jersey Tort Claims Act,

N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to :12-3.

Pritchard contends Paterson's arguments would vitiate the effect of

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) because the absence of a private right of action would

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allow school districts to withhold payments and deny contractors the ability to

pursue monetary compensation it is owed. It asserts that local boards of

education can, and frequently are, sued for breach of contract and there is no

statutory authorization required to do so.

The parties agree that N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) does not expressly

authorize a private right of action, and thus, the issue presented is whether a

private right of action is implied. "New Jersey courts have been reluctant to

infer a statutory private right of action where the Legislature has not expressly

provided for such action." R.J. Gaydos Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Nat'l Consumer Ins.

Co., 168 N.J. 255, 271 (2001). However, the Gaydos Court set forth a tripartite

test to determine if there is an implied private right of action in a statute. The

Court noted:

To determine if a statute confers an implied

private right of action, courts consider whether: (1)

[the party asserting the action] is a member of the class

for whose special benefit the statute was enacted; (2)

there is any evidence that the Legislature intended to

create a private right of action under the statute; and (3)

it is consistent with the underlying purposes of the

legislative scheme to infer the existence of such a

remedy.

[Id. at 272.]

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"Although courts give varying weight to each one of those factors, 'the primary

goal has almost invariably been a search for the underlying legislative intent.'"

Id. at 272-73 (quoting Jalowiecki v. Leuc, 12 N.J. Super. 22, 30 (App. Div.

1981)).

Viewing N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) under the lens of this test convinces us

the statute provides a private right of action. N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) requires

school districts to continue making "payments of . . . compensation . . . pursuant

to the terms of a contract with a contracted service provider . . . as if the services

for such . . . compensation . . . had been provided, and as if the school facilities

had remained open." It also provides that contracted service providers are to

use those payments "to meet the payroll and fixed costs obligations of the

contracted service provider" and to pay its employees "as if the school facilities

had remained open and in full operation." Ibid.

Regarding the first prong, contracted service providers, like Pritchard and

its employees, are most certainly members of the class that the statute intended

to benefit. The statute became effective during the height of the COVID-19

pandemic, and hence, intended to remediate contracted service providers' and

their employees' sudden loss of income from the school closures.

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Under the second prong, courts have found the Legislature did not intend

to confer a private right of action if the "statutory scheme vests enforcement

powers exclusively in the Commissioner," authorizes the Commissioner to

impose civil penalties on violators, and "gives the Commissioner the authority

to set up comprehensive procedures for resolving [disputes]" under the

applicable statute. R.J. Gaydos Ins. Agency, Inc., 168 N.J. at 280.

Here, regarding the second prong, the Legislature intended to confer a

private right of action because N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9 does not vest the

Commissioner with the power of exclusive enforcement, or to impose civil

penalties. As we concluded above, the Commissioner did not have exclusive

jurisdiction. Moreover, we determine the Legislature intended to create a

private right of action because the statute speaks in terms of school districts

continuing to compensate the contractors as if the schools had remained open,

which would be rendered meaningless if there was no enforcement mechanism.

Under the third prong, courts consider whether an implicit private right of

action furthers rather than frustrates the legislative scheme. In re State Comm'n

of Investigation, 108 N.J. 35, 44 (1987). Here, we likewise conclude a private

right of action is consistent with and furthers the legislative scheme because the

provisions of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9 intend to ease the negative impacts of health-

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27

related school closures, but provide no specific mechanism for enforcement.

Thus, absent a private right of action to enforce contractual rights against school

districts, a party's opportunity under the statutory scheme to address the harms

caused by prolonged school closures would be frustrated.

We are also unpersuaded by Paterson's argument that N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-

9(e)(3) does not provide Pritchard a private remedy and, therefore, no implied

cause of action. Paterson overlooks that Pritchard's remedy lies not within the

statute but in enforcing the terms of the parties' contract pursuant to the statute.

That is, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) is a mechanism satisfying Pritchard's

contractual obligation to perform the custodial services it would have rendered

but for the prolonged health-related school closure. Specifically, if schools are

subject to a health-related closure longer than three consecutive days, "then the

school district shall continue to make payments of . . . compensation . . . pursuant

to the terms of a contract with a contracted service provider . . . as if the services

for such . . . compensation . . . had been provided, and as if the school facilities

had remained open." N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) (emphasis added).

In essence, the statute reflects a contractor's inability to perform

contractual services during prolonged school closures and directs that the

services are considered to have been performed. Hence, by operation of the

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statute, Pritchard satisfied its obligation to perform custodial services and

triggered Paterson's obligation to make payments pursuant to the terms of the

parties' contract. Therefore, Pritchard's counterclaim based on Paterson's failure

to make those payments is a cause of action arising under the parties' contract.

C.

Paterson argues the doctrine of accord and satisfaction and the doctrine of

laches prohibit Pritchard from recovering the April and July 2020 invoices over

two budget years later in retaliation for Paterson filing a lawsuit. It is

unnecessary to address these claims, as Paterson fails to offer legal authority or

meaningful analysis. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

Paterson further contends the counterclaim to enforce compliance with

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) is an action in lieu of prerogative writ filed past the

forty-five-day limitation period of Rule 4:69-6. Noting Paterson's failure to

state the commencement date of the limitation period and lack of legal authority,

Pritchard claims an action for money damages against a governmental entity is

not a mandamus action.

A writ of mandamus is an order given to "a government official 'that

commands the performance of a specific ministerial act or duty, or compels the

exercise of a discretionary function, but does not seek to interfere with or control

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the mode and manner of its exercise or to influence or direct a particular result.'"

In re Council on Affordable Hous. by Murphy, 477 N.J. Super. 576, 591 (App.

Div. 2024) (quoting Switz v. Middletown Twp., 23 N.J. 580, 598 (1957)).

Mandamus provides a remedy for official inaction by ordering government

officials to perform ministerial duties. Ibid.; Selobyt v. Keough-Dwyer Corr.

Facility, 375 N.J. Super. 91, 96 (App. Div. 2005). Such actions must be

commenced no later than forty-five days after the right to the relief claimed

arises. R. 4:69-6. A ministerial duty is "the execution of a set task, and when

the law which imposes it prescribes and defines the time, mode and occasion of

its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or

discretion." Ivy Hill Park Apartments v. N.J. Prop. Liab. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 221

N.J. Super. 131, 140 (App. Div. 1987) (quoting Case v. Daniel C. McGuire, Inc.,

53 N.J. Super. 494, 498 (Ch. Div. 1959)).

Here, Paterson focuses on Pritchard's counterclaim exceeding the forty-

five-day statutory period without first explaining how Pritchard seeks

mandamus relief based on its contractual counterclaim for monetary damages.

Notably, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) requires school districts to pay their

contractors as if they provided services, but this does not create or impose a

ministerial duty on Paterson. Instead, Paterson's obligation to pay Pritchard

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30

originates under the parties' contract, and therefore, Pritchard is not seeking to

compel Paterson to perform a ministerial duty, subject to the limitation period

of Rule 4:69-6. Rather, it is seeking to enforce a contract.

D.

Paterson argues that, under the contract, Pritchard had an obligation to

perform services as a prerequisite to receiving payment, and Paterson had an

obligation to pay Pritchard upon receiving proof it rendered services. Paterson

asserts it is not challenging the constitutionality of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3), but

rather for Pritchard to be successful on its counterclaims, the court would need

to interpret the statute in a manner that violates the Contract Clauses in the

United States and State Constitutions. Thus, Paterson contends the trial court's

interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) to excuse Pritchard's performance and

require Paterson to make payments without a renegotiated contract authorizing

payment for not working impaired the parties' contractual rights and obligations.

Pritchard, in turn, argues the statute was necessary to cope with the

pandemic and cannot be intelligently read without giving effect to its plain

language, which Paterson urges the court to ignore. It notes that Paterson "cites

to no law" in support of its argument and ignores the case law addressing this

issue.

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31

The Contract Clause of the United States Constitution provides, "No State

shall . . . pass any . . . Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts . . . ." U.S.

Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1. Similarly, in New Jersey, "The Legislature shall not

pass any . . . law impairing the obligation of contracts . . . ." N.J. Const. art. IV,

§ 7, ¶ 3. "[D]espite the dissimilarity in language, [our Supreme] Court has

recognized that the provisions of the federal and state constitutions provide

'parallel guarantees.'" Fid. Union Tr. Co. v. N.J. Highway Auth., 85 N.J. 277,

299 (1981) (quoting P. T. & L. Constr. Co. v. Comm'r, 60 N.J. 308, 313 (1972)).

"Thus, . . . if the order and regulatory scheme under attack are valid under the

federal contract clause, then they are necessarily valid under the parallel State

provision." In re Recycling & Salvage Corp., 246 N.J. Super. 79, 100 (App.

Div. 1991).

Moreover, courts have adhered to the well-established principle that

"every possible presumption favors the validity of an act of the Legislature."

Fid. Union Tr. Co., 85 N.J. at 300 n.13 (quoting N.J. Sports & Exposition Auth.

v. McCrane, 61 N.J. 1, 8 (1972)). The party challenging the statute's

constitutionality "bears the burden of establishing its unconstitutionality." State

v. One 1990 Honda Accord, 154 N.J. 373, 377 (1998). Claims brought under

either the federal or state Contract Clause are subject to a two-prong analysis:

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32

determining first "whether a change in state law results in the substantial

impairment of a contractual relationship and, if so, then . . . whether the

impairment nevertheless is 'reasonable and necessary to serve an important

public purpose.'" Berg v. Christie, 225 N.J. 245, 259 (2016) (quoting U.S. Tr.

Co. of N.Y. v. N.J., 431 U.S. 1, 25 (1977)). "The first step in that analysis

involves three inquiries: (1) whether a contractual right exists in the first

instance; (2) whether a change in the law impairs that right; and (3) whether the

defined impairment is substantial." Ibid.

In addition, this legislation was passed in the context of a global

pandemic. Specifically, on April 14, 2020, amidst the pandemic, amendments

to N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9 were given immediate effect to require school districts to

continue compensating their employees, contracted service providers, and other

public entities.

We have noted, "a temporary restraint on private contracts may become

necessary when the State is addressing 'a great public calamity.'" Kravitz v.

Murphy, 468 N.J. Super. 592, 625 (App. Div. 2021) (quoting Home Bldg. &

Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 435-36 (1934)). An emergency condition

may "justify flexible applications of constitutional restrictions in order to

facilitate rather than obstruct governmental steps necessary to cope with the

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33

emergency." Hutton Park Gardens v. Town Council of W. Orange, 68 N.J. 543,

566 (1975). "An emergency is an unusual public exigency calling for the

exercise of the police power to alleviate the common peril or need; and the

inquiry in all such cases is whether in right reason the public urgency sustains

the remedy invoked." Jamouneau v. Harner, 16 N.J. 500, 514 (1954). "Every

intendment is indulged in favor of the validity of the act. It is to be assumed

that the act was directed to an exigency made manifest by experience, and the

remedy was in accordance with the known need." Id. at 515-16. Thus,

addressing any constitutional challenge must be viewed in light of the

unanticipated pandemic and the Legislature's effort to deal with the severe

economic hardship it imposed on contracted service providers.

Here, Paterson provided no discussion of this case law, analysis of the

relevant factors, or the relative impact of the pandemic on the evaluation of these

constitutional issues. Consequently, we decline to address this constitutional

issue based on the insufficient briefing and record on this issue. An issue may

be deemed waived if not properly briefed. See Pressler & Verniero, Current

N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 5 on R. 2:6-2 (2017); see also Telebright Corp. v. Dir.,

Div. of Tax'n, 424 N.J. Super. 384, 393 (App. Div. 2012) (treating such a failure

to brief an argument as a waiver); Gormley v. Wood-El, 422 N.J. Super. 426,

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437 n.3 (App. Div. 2011), aff'd in part and rev'd in part, 218 N.J. 72 (2014);

Zavodnick v. Lever, 340 N.J. Super. 94, 103 (App. Div. 2001) (noting that a

party's failure to present any argument relating to a cross-appeal constituted an

abandonment of that claim).

E.

Paterson alleges Pritchard's breach of contract counterclaim should be

dismissed because Pritchard failed to establish a prima facie case. Establishing

a breach of contract claim requires plaintiff to prove: "the parties entered into

a contract, containing certain terms; plaintiffs performed what was required

under the contract; defendant did not fulfill its obligation under the contract; and

defendant's breach caused a loss to plaintiffs." Pollack v. Quick Quality Rests.,

Inc., 452 N.J. Super. 174, 188 (App. Div. 2017) (citing Globe Motor Co. v.

Igdalev, 225 N.J. 469, 482 (2016)). "Each element must be proven by a

preponderance of the evidence." Globe Motor Co., 225 N.J. at 482.

Regarding whether the parties entered into an enforceable contract,

Pritchard's counterclaim asserts the parties entered into a contract in which

Pritchard would provide custodial services, and Paterson would pay for those

services. Paterson argues Pritchard did not provide work in April 2020, and

thus, its counterclaim fails because it did not plead or identify a new

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35

"renegotiated" contract obligating Paterson to pay Pritchard over $620,250.09

for not working. Similarly, Paterson also claims the parties did not have an

enforceable contract because Pritchard's inability to perform failed to provide

consideration for Paterson's payments. Paterson's conclusion rests upon the

premise that "Pritchard did not renegotiate its 2019-2020 contract" and therefore

could not receive payment without working and that N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)

cannot form the "pretext" for a breach of contract claim. (Emphasis added).

Pritchard asserted in its counterclaim that it was "ready and able to provide

custodial services" from April through June 2020 but could not do so only due

to the pandemic. It further claimed Paterson breached the contract by virtue of

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) because Paterson was required to pay Pritchard's

$620,250.09 April invoice and $77,141.40 July invoice but refused to do so.

Paterson, in turn, argues Pritchard did not establish that it performed

custodial services as a condition of payment under the contract. Thus, Paterson

asserts it did not have to pay Pritchard for the lack of services. Paterson further

claims the court's order failed to articulate which of the three counts it granted

in favor of Pritchard, but at the very least it could not have been based on a

breach of contract because Pritchard failed to establish the requisite elements.

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We conclude the court did not err in granting Pritchard's motion for

reconsideration and entering summary judgment in favor of Pritchard and

against Paterson. Initially, we observe that although the court did not specify in

its order the count on which it was granting Pritchard's motion, its written

decision noted, "the present case is essentially one of breach of contract that

requires the interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)." Accordingly, we are

satisfied the court was addressing Pritchard's contract claim.

Contrary to Paterson's position, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) requires school

districts to make payments "pursuant to the terms of a contract with a contracted

service provider in effect on the date of the closure" as if the services had been

provided. Although the statute also provides that "[a] school district shall make

all reasonable efforts to renegotiate a contract in good faith," the school district's

obligation to renegotiate does not obviate the requirement to make the payments

set forth in the statute. In fact, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) requires that a school

district "shall make all reasonable efforts to renegotiate a contract," but it further

notes the renegotiation is "subject to this paragraph," which means the school

district is still obligated to pay the contracted service provided "as if the services

. . . had been provided." That is, under the statute, a school district's obligation

to renegotiate a contract is not a prerequisite to its obligation to pay service

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providers during school closures. Thus, the statute mandated Paterson to

continue making payments to Pritchard pursuant to the terms of the 2019-2020

contract.

In effect, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) anticipates a declared public health

emergency would prevent certain contracted service providers from performing

services under a contract. Instead of rendering all service contracts void during

the public-health-related school closures, the statute directs school districts and

their service providers to proceed as if the services were performed, satisfying

the service provider's contractual obligation.

Paterson ignores the plain text of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3). The parties

do not dispute that Pritchard did not perform custodial services in April through

June 2020 because, "in line with the Governor's Executive Order[s]," Paterson

informed Pritchard it was "immediately suspending all custodial services,

District-wide as of . . . March 26, 2020." Nevertheless, when, as here, schools

are closed longer than three days due to a declared public health emergency,

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) instructs school districts to continue paying contracted

service providers, under the presumption that the contracted "services . . . had

been provided" and "school facilities had remained open." Accordingly,

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Paterson's refusal to pay the April and July 2020 invoices was a breach of the

contract.

Finally, Paterson argues Pritchard did not suffer any contractual loss

because the only losses it identified were those based on N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-

9(e)(3). Here, Paterson misunderstands the nature of Pritchard's losses.

Pritchard asserts losses based on Paterson's failure to pay the April and July

2020 invoices pursuant to the terms of the parties' contract and N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-

9(e)(3). Specifically, Pritchard cannot counterclaim for these contractual losses

without turning to N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) as the means to enforce its

contractual right to receive payment during the pandemic. Therefore, although

the statute is implicated, Pritchard's alleged losses derive from the terms of the

parties' contract.

Consequently, Paterson does not point to any issue of material fact as to

any of the elements of the breach of contract counterclaim, which would have

precluded the trial court from granting summary judgment in favor of Pritchard.

Therefore, the court appropriately granted summary judgment on Pritchard's

contract claim. Given our conclusion regarding Pritchard's contract claim, we

need not address Paterson's arguments that the court erred in addressing

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39

Pritchard's claims regarding unjust enrichment and "failure to follow a statutory

obligation."

F.

Paterson argues the court erred in dismissing its claims prior to the

discovery end date and making erroneous findings of fact and credibility

determinations. Paterson further asserts it sustained a prima facie case for the

counts pled in its complaint, and the parties disputed the amount of money owed

in April and July 2020.

Paterson alleges the court's April 2023 order granting summary judgment

for Pritchard occurred two-and-one-half months before the July 2023 discovery

end date, which "unfairly prohibited [it] from prosecuting its case, and testing

the credibility, veracity, and analysis of the alleged payroll document and

[Pritchard]'s self-serving certification . . . [upon which] the court relied." In

contrast, Pritchard argues any additional discovery would not have created a

genuine issue of material fact, and, in any event, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) does

not empower Paterson to police how Pritchard applies funds awarded under its

contract.

Generally, summary judgment should not be granted until the plaintiff has

"a reasonable opportunity for discovery." Auster v. Kinoian, 153 N.J. Super.

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52, 56 (App. Div. 1977). Nevertheless, "[a] party opposing summary judgment

on the ground that more discovery is needed must specify what further discovery

is required, rather than simply asserting a generic contention that discovery is

incomplete." Trinity Church v. Lawson-Bell, 394 N.J. Super. 159, 166 (App.

Div. 2007). The challenging party "has an obligation to demonstrate with some

degree of particularity the likelihood that further discovery will supply the

missing elements of the cause of action." Auster, 153 N.J. Super. at 56.

Therefore, "discovery need not be undertaken or completed if it will patently not

change the outcome." Minoia v. Kushner, 365 N.J. Super. 304, 307 (App. Div.

2004).

Here, Paterson argues it was entitled to discovery to "test the veracity of

[Pritchard's] self-serving, disputed claim[s]" and advances two theories of

"factual issues" from its response to Pritchard's statement of material facts.

Paterson believes discovery is necessary to test whether Pritchard's invoices

were "fraudulent and deceitful" and whether Pritchard used the payments for

"other unlawful purposes." 8 Paterson does not indicate how further discovery

8

Paterson repeatedly argues that Pritchard produced fraudulent invoices for

custodial services that it admits were never done. However, Pritchard does not

contend that it performed the services at issue in this litigation. Rather, Pritchard

relies on N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3), which was triggered during the pandemic and

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would show the invoices were fraudulent or deceitful. Moreover, N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-9(e)(3) provides, "[p]ayments received by a contracted service provider

. . . shall be used to meet the payroll and fixed costs obligations of the contracted

service provider, and employees of the contracted service provider shall be paid

as if the school facilities had remained open and in full operation." As the trial

court stated, "it [is not] Paterson's responsibility to determine if [Pritchard is]

using funds for payroll and fixed costs obligations under the statute." Indeed,

the statute does not grant school districts the authority to ensure that contracted

service providers apply the payments lawfully but rather merely directs where

school districts must make the payments. Thus, even if Pritchard failed to

comply with the statute and used the funds for "other unlawful purposes," it

would not create a cause of action that Paterson could pursue.

Paterson also asserts the court erred in making credibility determinations

as to the Martin certification regarding Pritchard's use of the funds received from

Paterson to pay its employees for the months of May and June 2020 and in

dismissing its claim that Pritchard committed conversion and civil theft "when

specifically provides that school board shall continue to make payments "as if

the school facilities . . . remained open." For the same reasons, this court is

unpersuaded by Paterson's arguments that there was no consideration based on

Pritchard's failure to perform.

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42

it violated [N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)] by using public taxpayer dollars for private

profit." Pritchard, in turn, argues that Paterson does not identify any issues of

fact and that the statute does not authorize Paterson to ensure that Pritchard

complies with its statutory obligations. We affirm the trial court on this issue

for the same reason noted above because N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) does not

authorize Paterson to ensure that Pritchard complies with its statutory

obligations. Instead, it merely imposes an obligation on Paterson to pay

Pritchard as if it provided custodial services and obligated Pritchard to use those

payments to meet payroll and other fixed obligations and pay its employees.

Ibid. Pritchard's employees, not Paterson, would potentially have a claim

against Pritchard if the funds it received from Paterson were not paid out in

accordance with N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3).

Paterson also claims it was entitled to "check the veracity" of Pritchard's

claims that it could not provide a listing of the hours worked by its employees

because they were not working during the COVID-19 shutdown. Again,

Paterson does not specify how further discovery could reveal an issue of material

fact. The parties do not dispute that their contract required Pritchard to produce

certified payroll before payment. Notably, on March 25, 2020, Paterson's

Operations Officer of Facilities Maintenance and Custodial Services informed

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Pritchard that it was "immediately suspending all custodial services, District -

wide" due to the "unprecedented crisis" and asked Pritchard to "have the next

pay application reflect services rendered up to . . . March 25, 2020." Because

the parties also do not dispute the school closures prevented Pritchard from

performing services from April to early July 2020, it is unclear how Paterson

believes further discovery would provide any further payroll information for the

period during which Pritchard's employees did not work. Given Paterson failed

to identify that additional discovery may create a genuine issue of material fact,

the trial court properly granted summary judgment for Pritchard. 9

We are likewise unpersuaded by Paterson's various contract-related

claims and its assertion that Pritchard breached the contract by submitting

invoices for April, May, and June 2020 without performing custodial services

while schools were closed. The trial court correctly described the present case

9

Paterson also refers us to its briefs before the trial court and "incorporates by

reference" "for the sake of brevity" various other arguments. Paterson was

already given permission to file an overlength brief, and the inclusion by

reference of various other arguments appears to be an attempt to avoid the page

limit on appellate briefs. See R. 2:6-7. We perceive plaintiff's failure to more

directly and properly address those points by way of its appellate brief, and

instead merely referring us to the trial brief, as abandonment of those claims.

See Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP v. N.J. Dep't of L. & Pub. Safety, 421 N.J.

Super. 489, 496 n.5 (App. Div. 2011).

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as "essentially one of breach of contract that requires the interpretation of

N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)." The parties' contract stated Paterson's obligation to

pay Pritchard is contingent upon Pritchard performing services and providing

payroll documentation. Pritchard and Paterson do not dispute that Pritchard

could not perform services from April through July 2020 due to the pandemic.

As set forth above, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) requires Paterson to pay

Pritchard as if Pritchard performed custodial services under the contract and as

if schools had remained open. It also provides that nothing "shall be construed

to require a school district to make payments to a party in material breach of a

contract with a contracted service provider if the breach was not due to a closure

resulting from a . . . declared public health emergency . . . ." N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-

9(e)(3) (emphasis added). That is, a school district is not obligated to make

payments if a contracted service provider materially breached the contract, and

a public-health-related school closure did not cause that breach.

Here, Paterson closed its schools due to the pandemic, preventing

Pritchard from providing custodial services and payroll documentation.

However, the statute triggers Paterson's obligation to pay Pritchard pursuant to

the terms of the contract. Notably, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) provides Pritchard

may seek payment from Paterson due to the pandemic but does not grant

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Paterson authority to use Pritchard's inability to perform as an excuse not to

make payments because the public-health-related school closures caused

Pritchard's non-performance. Thus, Paterson cannot argue Pritchard breached

the contract or violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by

not rendering custodial services.

Likewise, although the parties' contract required Pritchard to produce

certified payroll, Pritchard's failure to do so is not a justification for Paterson to

withhold payment under N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(f) because Paterson's obligation

to pay Pritchard would be discharged only if Pritchard's material breach of the

contract did not result from the school closure. Given Pritchard did not have a

certified payroll to provide due to its inability to work during the pandemic, the

lack of payroll was not a material breach of the contract. Therefore, Paterson's

claims for Pritchard's breach of contract or violation of the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing were properly dismissed.

G.

Paterson asserts the effective date of N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3) is June 29,

2020, and thus, the statute should be applied prospectively to negate Pritchard's

claims for payment of the April, May, and June 2020 invoices. Paterson ignores

that the original legislation became effective at least as of April 14, 2020, when

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it was enacted. The original statute did not become unenforceable when it was

amended on June 29, 2020. Rather, the amendment only clarified that

"employees of the contracted service provider shall be paid as if the school

facilities had remained open and in full operation." Pritchard was already

required under the original version to use the funds to "meet the payroll."

Accordingly, Paterson's argument that the statute should only be effective as of

June 29, 2020, is unpersuasive because it had an obligation to pay the invoices

since at least April 14, 2020.

Nevertheless, the trial court retroactively applied N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-9(e)(3)

in awarding Pritchard payment from April 1 rather than from the April 14

enactment date. Indeed, Paterson argues in the alternative that the statute should

be applied prospectively from the April 14, 2020 date to reduce Pritchard's claim

for the $620,250.09 April invoice by at least half because the Legislature did

not expressly or impliedly intend for retroactive application of the statute .

Pritchard counters that although the Legislature never expressly addressed

retroactive application of the statute, it is implied based on the pandemic and

legislative intent.

The general rule that newly enacted statutes are applied prospectively "is

not to be applied mechanistically to every case." Johnson v. Roselle EZ Quick

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47

LLC, 226 N.J. 370, 387 (2016) (quoting Gibbons v. Gibbons, 86 N.J. 515, 522

(1981)). Courts must interpret the statute with the overriding goal of

determining the Legislature's intent. Id. at 386-87. If the plain language of the

statute leads to an ambiguous result, "[courts] turn to extrinsic evidence, such

as legislative history." Id. at 386.

Courts must ask two questions to determine whether a statute should be

retroactively applied: (1) "whether the Legislature intended to give the statute

retroactive application," and (2) "whether retroactive application is an

unconstitutional interference with 'vested rights' or will result in a 'manifest

injustice.'" Twiss v. State, Dep't of Treasury, 124 N.J. 461, 467 (1991) (first

quoting State, Dep't of Env't Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 94 N.J. 473, 499 (1983);

and then quoting Gibbons, 86 N.J. at 523). Regarding the first inquiry,

legislative intent for retroactivity can be demonstrated when: (1) the Legislature

expressly or implicitly intended the statute be applied retroactively; (2) an

amendment is curative; or (3) "the reasonable expectations of those affected by

the statute warrant such application." Ibid. Courts will only give a statute

retroactive effect if one of these grounds is present. Johnson, 226 N.J. at 387.

Here, the court did not directly analyze whether the statute should be

applied prospectively, as of April 14, or retroactively. Because the court did not

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address this retroactive issue, we decline to do so in the first instance and remand

for the court to address this question. See Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Gov't Emps.

Ins. Co., 162 N.J. Super. 528, 537 (App. Div. 1978). To the extent the court

determines the statute should be applied prospectively, as of April 14, it shall

recalculate the damages award consistent with that decision. Our remand order

shall not be construed as an expression of an opinion on the merits of this issue.

Finally, to the extent we have not otherwise addressed any of plaintiff's

other arguments, we determine they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion

in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

Affirmed in part, remanded in part. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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