“[A] federal court may [only] issue an injunction if it has personal 8 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; it may not attempt to 9 determine the rights of persons not before the court.”
How later courts described this case
- “[A] federal court may [only] issue an injunction if it has personal 8 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; it may not attempt to 9 determine the rights of persons not before the court.”
- “[I]t is the 12 circumstances at the time of the filing of the complaint that matters for purposes of the ‘imminent 13 danger’ exception to § 1915(g).”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 TYRELL AINSWORTH, No. 2:24-cv-1478 KJM AC P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
14 S. SHEPHERD, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without an attorney in a civil rights action pursuant
18 to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This proceeding was referred to the undersigned by Local Rule 302
19 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
20 Pending before the court are plaintiff’s motions (1) to proceed in forma pauperis, (2) for
21 preliminary injunctions, (3) for appointment of counsel, and (4) for extensions of time. ECF Nos.
22 2, 8-10, 15, 17. For the reasons stated below, plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunctions, to
23 appoint counsel and for extensions of time are denied, and the undersigned recommends that
24 plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis be denied.
25 I. The Complaint
26 Plaintiff seeks declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief against six individual
27 defendants employed at California State Prison (“CSP”) Sacramento for First Amendment
28 retaliation and Eighth Amendment violations. Id. at 1-3, 8, 19. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that
1 prison staff at CSP Sacramento retaliated against him for filing multiple grievances and declining
2 “homosexual advances.” ECF No. 7-17. They tortured him; denied him sanitary drinking water;
3 contaminated his food with “some types of hormones or chemicals”; threatened to never have him
4 treated by a female clinician; provoked him to engage in assaultive behavior; planted a weapon on
5 him; and sedated him and sexually assaulted him while unconscious. Id. Plaintiff alleges that a
6 “secret society type homosexual sex cult” run by prison staff have engaged in or led the sexual
7 harassment against him. Id. at 15. Plaintiff also alleges that these types of actions against him
8 occurred at other prisons since 2019 and that at his current institution, California Men’s Colony,
9 he was also retaliated against when prison staff allowed an inmate to attack plaintiff while
10 plaintiff was handcuffed and shackled at the legs. Id. at 1, 4-5, 7-8.
11 II. Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis
12 Plaintiff has requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis. ECF No. 2. However, the
13 Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PRLA”) provides that:
14 In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgement
in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has,
15 on 3 or more occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility,
brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was
16 dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to
state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner
17 is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
18 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The plain language of the statute makes clear that a prisoner is precluded
19 from bringing a civil action or an appeal in forma pauperis if the prisoner has brought three
20 frivolous actions and/or appeals (or any combination thereof totaling three). Rodriguez v. Cook,
21 169 F.3d 1176, 1178 (9th Cir. 1999). “[Section] 1915(g) should be used to deny a prisoner’s [in
22 forma pauperis] status only when, after careful evaluation of the order dismissing an action, and
23 other relevant information, the district court determines that the action was dismissed because it
24 was frivolous, malicious or failed to state a claim.” Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th
25 Cir. 2005).
26 Based on a review of the court proceedings available on Public Access to Court Electronic
27 Records (“PACER”), the undersigned finds that plaintiff Tyrell Ainsworth, identified as CDCR
28 Inmate #AL-4915, has while incarcerated had at least three prior civil actions dismissed on the
1 grounds that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim upon which relief may be
2 granted. The court takes judicial notice of the following lawsuits filed by plaintiff.1
3 1. Ainsworth v. Frisco, No. 2:18-cv-7682 PSG AGR (C.D. Cal.) (September 14,
4 2018, order dismissing case as “[f]rivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim
5 upon which relief may be granted” (ECF No. 4));
6 2. Ainsworth v. Batsakis, No. 2:23-cv-1281 PA AGR (C.D. Cal.) (February 27,
7 2023, order dismissing case as “frivolous or malicious” or “fails to state a claim
8 upon which relief may be granted” (ECF No. 4));
9 3. Ainsworth v. Macombre, No. 2:23-cv-4263 PA AGR (C.D. Cal.) (July 24, 2023,
10 order dismissing case as “frivolous or malicious” (ECF No. 6));
11 4. Ainsworth v. Luna, No. 2:23-cv-4266 PA AGR (C.D. Cal) (July 24, 2023, order
12 dismissing complaint without leave to amend because plaintiff “fails to state a
13 claim upon which relief may be granted” (ECF No. 7));
14 5. Ainsworth v. Romero, No. 2:23-cv-2714 PA AGR (C.D. Cal.) (November 7,
15 2023, order denying IFP because “Plaintiff has three prior ‘strikes’ but has not
16 plausibly allege that Plaintiff is in imminent danger or serious physical injury
17 fairly traceable to unlawful conduct alleged in the complaint and redressable by
18 the Court” (ECF No. 8));
19 6. Ainsworth v. Macomber, No. 24-cv-1482 AJB (AHG) (S.D. Cal.) (October 15,
20 2024, order denying IFP under three strikes rule (ECF No. 15));
21 7. Ainsworth v. L.A. County Sheriff Deputy Silva, No. 2:24-cv-11178 PA AGR
22 (C.D. Cal.) (January 7, 2025, order denying IFP under three strikes rule (ECF
23 No. 4)); and
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25 1 The court “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal
26 judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” United States ex
rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992)
27 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (collecting cases); Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2) (court
may take judicial notice of facts that are capable of accurate determination by sources whose
28 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned).
1 8. Ainsworth v. Chanthalangsy, No. 3:24-cv-2350 AJB VET (S.D. Cal.) (January
2 14, 2025, order denying IFP under three strikes rule (ECF No. 5)).
3 The first four cases listed above were dismissed well in advance of the May 24, 2024,
4 filing of the instant action, and none of the strikes have been overturned. The last four cases
5 listed are cases in which plaintiff’s IFP applications were denied under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)’s
6 three strikes rule. Based on plaintiff’s prior strikes, the court is precluded from proceeding in
7 forma pauperis unless plaintiff is “under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C.
8 § 1915(g).
9 To satisfy the imminent danger exception, plaintiff must have alleged facts that
10 demonstrate that he was “under imminent danger of serious physical injury” at the time of filing
11 the complaint. Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[I]t is the
12 circumstances at the time of the filing of the complaint that matters for purposes of the ‘imminent
13 danger’ exception to § 1915(g).”). “[T]he imminent danger exception to the PLRA three-strikes
14 provision requires a nexus between the alleged imminent danger and the violations of law alleged
15 in the complaint.” Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 695 (9th Cir. 2022). The nexus prong is satisfied
16 when a plaintiff alleges “imminent danger of serious physical injury that is both fairly traceable to
17 unlawful conduct alleged in his complaint and redressable by the court.” Id. at 701.
18 Plaintiff’s allegations do not demonstrate an imminent risk of serious physical injury at
19 the time of filing. Plaintiff was not, at the time of filing the complaint, housed at CSP
20 Sacramento where the incidents giving rise to his complaint were alleged to have occurred and
21 where all defendants are or were employed. Miller v. Kubicki, No. 20-cv-0812 DAD BAM PC,
22 2020 WL 7753132, at *2, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 243947, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 29, 2020) (no
23 imminent danger because “the complaint alleges claims based on events that allegedly occurred
24 while plaintiff was incarcerated at [a different prison]” than where he was incarcerated when he
25 filed his complaint); Turner v. Allison, No. 18-cv-02061-YGR (PR), 2019 WL 1230437, at *2,
26 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42959, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2019) (“None of these alleged incidents
27 of excessive force occurred at the prison[ ] where Plaintiff was incarcerated at the time he filed
28 his complaint”); Cruz v. Baker, No. 1:18-CV-01641-LJO-SAB PC, 2018 WL 11241283, at *1,
1 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 210563, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2018) (finding past incidents of alleged
2 excessive force by guard allegedly employed at former prison “do not meet the imminent physical
3 danger exception under section 1915(g)”); Bontemps v. Smith, No. 15-cv-8226 JFW (SP), 2016
4 WL 10894023, at *3, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 195880, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 2016) (finding a
5 single incident of excessive force at another prison, occurring more than a year before filing
6 insufficient to satisfy 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(g)’s exception for imminent danger of serious
7 physical injury), aff’d, 708 F. App’x 360 (9th Cir. 2017). Plaintiff does allege a more recent
8 incident at California Men’s Colony, the prison where he was housed at the time of filing his
9 complaint, but the complaint in this case does not assert any claims for relief against any
10 defendants at that prison.2 Moreover, no facts in the complaint link the alleged physical assault at
11 California Men’s Colony to the claims against CSP Sacramento employees based on incidents
12 that occurred at CSP Sacramento. Finally, a favorable judicial outcome in this case would not
13 redress the alleged imminent danger at California Men’s Colony. For all these reasons, the
14 required nexus between the asserted imminent danger and the substance of plaintiff’s claims is
15 lacking.
16 Because the allegations in the complaint do not demonstrate an imminent risk of serious
17 physical injury at the time of filing, or a nexus between the claims and an imminent risk of
18 serious physical injury, the undersigned will recommend that plaintiff’s request for leave to
19 proceed in forma pauperis be denied and plaintiff be required to pay the filing fee in full or have
20 the complaint dismissed.
21 III. Motions for Preliminary Injunction
22 Plaintiff has filed two motions for preliminary injunctions. ECF Nos. 8, 10. The first
23 motion was filed while plaintiff was housed at Kern Valley State Prison. ECF No. 8 at 1. In that
24 motion, plaintiff seeks injunctive relief against CDCR Director Macomber and prison officials at
25 Kern Valley State prison, who are not defendants in this action. The second was filed while
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2 The court takes judicial notice of plaintiff’s pending case No. 2:24-cv-4029 PA AGR (C.D.
27 Cal.), in which plaintiff asserts claims against individual defendants at California Men’s Colony
for excessive force based on his alleged assault at that facility. See United States ex rel. Robinson
28 Rancheria Citizens Council, 971 F.2d at 248; Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2).
1 plaintiff was housed at R.J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego, California. ECF No. 10
2 at 1. In the second motion, plaintiff seeks injunctive relief against the CDCR Director, who is not
3 a defendant in the case. As discussed above, the only defendants named in this case are six
4 employees from CSP Sacramento. Because the court is unable to issue an order against
5 individuals who are not parties to a suit pending before it, the court should deny plaintiff’s
6 motions for preliminary injunctions. See Zepeda v. United States Immigration Service, 753 F.2d
7 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“[A] federal court may [only] issue an injunction if it has personal
8 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; it may not attempt to
9 determine the rights of persons not before the court.”).
10 IV. Motion To Appoint Counsel
11 Plaintiff has requested appointment of counsel. ECF No. 9. He claims he needs counsel
12 because he represents himself in multiple pending civil and criminal cases, his legal mail does not
13 always follow him with each transfer, prison staff are continuing to attack plaintiff and provoke
14 him, he has not been provided with an Android tablet, and he does not have enough time to
15 represent himself. Id. at 1-2.
16 The United States Supreme Court has ruled that district courts lack authority to require
17 counsel to represent indigent prisoners in § 1983 cases. Mallard v. United States Dist. Court, 490
18 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). In certain exceptional circumstances, the district court may request the
19 voluntary assistance of counsel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d
20 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1990).
21 The test for exceptional circumstances requires the court to evaluate the plaintiff’s
22 likelihood of success on the merits and the ability of the plaintiff to articulate his claims pro se in
23 light of the complexity of the legal issues involved. See Wilborn v. Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328,
24 1331 (9th Cir. 1986); Weygandt v. Look, 718 F.2d 952, 954 (9th Cir. 1983). Circumstances
25 common to most prisoners, do not establish exceptional circumstances that would warrant a
26 request for voluntary assistance of counsel.
27 In the present case, the court does not find the required exceptional circumstances.
28 Plaintiff has been able to articulate his claims without counsel and the claims he puts forth are not
1 complex. “Plaintiff’s claims of limited access to legal materials is not an exceptional
2 circumstance, but one all prisoners face.” Gonzalez v. Brown, No. 2:17-cv-0176-WBS-CMK-P,
3 2017 WL 4340008, at *1, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 161469, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2017). That
4 plaintiff is actively litigating multiple cases, which creates additional demands on his time, is also
5 not uncommon and does not support the appointment of counsel in this case. Accordingly,
6 plaintiff’s motion is denied.
7 V. Motions for Extensions of Time
8 On August 19, 2024, and November 4, 2024, plaintiff filed motions for extensions of time
9 as to any pending deadlines. ECF Nos. 15, 17. Plaintiff is informed that at the time he filed his
10 motions, there were no pending deadlines, and his motions for extensions of time are therefore
11 denied as unnecessary.
12 VI. Conclusion
13 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
14 1. Plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel (ECF No. 9) is DENIED; and
15 2. Plaintiff’s motions for extensions of time (ECF Nos. 15, 17) are DENIED as
16 unnecessary.
17 Further, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:
18 1. Plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) be DENIED;
19 2. Plaintiff be ordered to pay the entire $405 in required fees within thirty days or face
20 dismissal of the case; and
21 3. Plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunctions (ECF Nos. 8, 10) be DENIED.
22 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
23 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days
24 after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections
25 with the court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings
26 ////
27 ////
28 ////
1
2 || and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified
3 || time waives the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th
4} Cir. 1991).
5 || DATED: January 24, 2025 ~
6 Htttenr— Lhor—e_
ALLISON CLAIRE
7 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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