“Post-prison super- vision begins to run when the offender is released into the community for community-based supervision.”
How later courts described this case
- “Post-prison super- vision begins to run when the offender is released into the community for community-based supervision.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
No. 2 January 16, 2025 191
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
STATE OF OREGON
RANDALL J. KRAGT,
Petitioner on Review,
v.
BOARD OF PAROLE AND
POST-PRISON SUPERVISION,
Respondent on Review.
(CA A163421) (SC S070426)
En Banc
On review from the Court of Appeals.*
Argued and submitted March 14, 2024.
Kyle Krohn, Deputy Public Defender, Office of Public
Defense Services, Salem, argued the cause and filed the
brief for petitioner on review. Also on the brief was Ernest
G. Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section.
Jeff J. Payne, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued
the cause and filed the briefs for respondent on review. Also
on the briefs were Ellen Rosenblum, Attorney General, and
Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.
JAMES, J.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the final order
of the Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision are
affirmed.
______________
* On judicial review from the Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision,
325 Or App 688, 529 P3d 1019 (2023).
192 Kragt v. Board of Parole
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 193
JAMES, J.
In this case, we consider again ORS 144.103(1),
which provides, in part:
“[A]ny person sentenced to a term of imprisonment for vio-
lating or attempting to violate [a listed subset of crimes]
shall serve a term of active post-prison supervision that con-
tinues until the term of the post-prison supervision, when
added to the term of imprisonment served, equals the max-
imum statutory indeterminate sentence for the violation.”
In State v. Kragt, 368 Or 577, 596, 495 P3d 1233
(2021) (Kragt I), we held that, when a defendant is convicted
of multiple counts that are covered by ORS 144.103, the stat-
ute requires the trial court to impose separate terms of post-
prison supervision (PPS) for each conviction. In doing so, we
noted that petitioner had assumed that “term of imprison-
ment served,” as used in the statute, meant “the total incar-
ceration time served for multiple offenses.” Id. at 583 n 8.
Due to the posture of that case, we were not required to, nor
did we, consider whether petitioner’s assumption was cor-
rect. Id. (“[W]e are reviewing the trial court’s sentence, not
a calculation by the board, and we do not address what the
result of the board’s calculation should be in this case.”).
This case now presents the issue that we reserved in
Kragt I: how the Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision
should calculate petitioner’s PPS term and apply it. Specifically,
this case presents two questions. First, does “term of imprison-
ment served,” as used in ORS 144.103, refer to the time spent
in prison on the particular count for which the term of post-
prison supervision is being calculated, or is it a broader term,
referring to the total period of incarceration on all counts?1
Second, and relatedly, if a person is serving consecutive sen-
tences, each of which has a term of PPS under ORS 144.103,
does the PPS term on one count begin to run when the term of
imprisonment on that count is complete, even when that per-
son remains incarcerated on a consecutive count?
For the reasons that follow, we conclude that “term
of imprisonment served,” as used in ORS 144.103, refers only
1
In Kragt I, we described that broader proposed meaning as the “total incar-
ceration time served for multiple offenses.” Id. at 583 n 8.
194 Kragt v. Board of Parole
to the time spent in prison on the particular count for which
the term of post-prison supervision is being calculated. We
also conclude that the term of post-prison supervision on a
given count does not begin running while a person remains
incarcerated on other counts. Accordingly, we affirm the
decision of the Court of Appeals and the board’s final order.
I. FACTS
On October 25, 1999, petitioner pleaded guilty to
three counts of first-degree sodomy: Counts 1, 3, and 5. The
parties do not dispute that first-degree sodomy is a crime
subject to the PPS calculation requirements set out in ORS
144.103(1).2 The relevant provision of ORS 144.103 largely
turns on a calculation made using two factors: the “maxi-
mum statutory indeterminate sentence,” and the “term of
imprisonment served.” The “maximum statutory indetermi-
nate sentence” for first-degree sodomy is 240 months. See
ORS 163.405(2) (first-degree sodomy is Class A felony); ORS
161.605(1) (the “maximum term of an indeterminate sen-
tence of imprisonment” for a Class A felony is 20 years).
The trial court imposed a 60-month prison sentence
on Count 1, a 100-month sentence on Count 3, and a 100-
month sentence on Count 5. The 100-month sentence on Count
5 was made consecutive to the 100-month sentence on Count
3, leading to a prospective total prison term of 200 months
(not counting other credits to which petitioner may have been
entitled). The court also imposed terms of post-prison super-
vision. As to each count, the trial court’s ultimate judgment
provided for a term of post-prison supervision equal to “240
months, less the term of imprisonment served.”3
Petitioner has since completed his prison terms,
but the dates on which he completed each prison term
2
By its terms, the PPS calculation requirements articulated in ORS
144.103(1) apply to convictions for ORS 163.365 (rape in the second degree), ORS
163.375 (rape in the first degree), ORS 163.395 (sodomy in the second degree),
ORS 163.405 (sodomy in the first degree), ORS 163.408 (unlawful sexual penetra-
tion in the second degree), ORS 163.411 (unlawful sexual penetration in the first
degree), ORS 163.425 (sexual abuse in the second degree) or ORS 163.427 (sexual
abuse in the first degree).
3
The trial court entered a fifth amended judgment, after this court’s deci-
sion in Kragt I. Both petitioner and the superintendent accept the fifth amended
judgment as the relevant one for our purposes.
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 195
potentially bear on the length of the PPS term. Petitioner’s
incarceration began on October 28, 1999. On that date,
both his 60-month sentence on Count 1 and his 100-month
sentence on Count 3 began running. The 60-month prison
term on Count 1 ended on August 25, 2004, while the 100-
month prison term on Count 3 ended December 26, 2007.
Petitioner’s 100-month prison term on Count 5 was consec-
utive to the 100-month term on Count 3, and so it did not
begin to run until petitioner’s Count 3 sentence had ended
on December 26, 2007. Petitioner was released from prison
on April 26, 2016, when his prison term on Count 5 expired.
Petitioner was released to a term of post-prison
supervision. In calculating that term, the board relied on
two specific premises that petitioner brings into question
here. The first premise was that the PPS term for each count
should be calculated by subtracting the “term of imprison-
ment” served, on that count only, from the maximum inde-
terminate sentence for that count. In the board’s view, then,
the PPS term for Count 1 was 180 months: the 240-month
maximum sentence minus the 60 months that petitioner had
spent in prison on Count 1. The PPS terms for Counts 3 and 5
were each 140 months (the 240-month maximum minus 100
months served on each of those counts). The second premise
was that petitioner’s PPS terms would not begin to run until
petitioner was released from prison, in April 2016.
Using those premises in its calculation, the board
concluded that petitioner’s PPS term for Count 1 would run
until April 2031 (April 2016 plus 180 months), while his PPS
terms for Counts 3 and 5 would run until December 2027
(April 2016 plus 140 months). Here is a visual summary of
the board’s interpretation:
196 Kragt v. Board of Parole
Petitioner sought administrative review from the
board, arguing that the “term of imprisonment served”
meant the entirety of his prison sentence on all his
counts—200 months—and that that number should be sub-
tracted from the 240-month maximum. That would mean a
40-month PPS term, rather than the 180 months calculated
by the board on Count 1 and 140 months on Counts 3 and
5. The board rejected that argument, explaining its calcula-
tions, including the premises mentioned above.
Petitioner sought judicial review in the Court of
Appeals, which also affirmed. Kragt v. Bd. of Parole & Post-
Prison Supervision, 325 Or App 688, 529 P3d 1019, adh’d
to on recons, 327 Or App 25, 533 P3d 392 (2023) (Kragt II).
As relevant here, the Court of Appeals explained, without
detailed discussion, that petitioner’s arguments were fore-
closed by that court’s prior precedent. 325 Or App at 689-90.
Petitioner sought review, which we allowed on lim-
ited grounds. Specifically, this court limited review to two
questions:
“(1) When the parole board calculates an indetermi-
nate * * * PPS term under ORS 144.103(1) for an offender
who served time in prison on multiple counts, does the
phrase ‘term of imprisonment served’ in that statute equal
the total time that the offender was in prison or, instead,
only the time served for the count associated with the PPS
term?
“(2) If the parole board must calculate a separate PPS
term for each count under ORS 144.103(1), does each PPS
term begin as soon as the offender finishes the associated
prison term (even if the offender will remain incarcerated
on other counts), or do all the PPS terms begin only upon
the offender’s physical release from prison?”
II. ANALYSIS
Petitioner’s arguments require us to interpret the
meaning of ORS 144.103. In interpreting a statute, we
apply the method first set out in PGE v. Bureau of Labor
and Industries, 317 Or 606, 610-12, 859 P2d 1143 (1993),
and later modified by State v. Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72,
206 P3d 1042 (2009). We consider the text in context, giv-
ing relevant legislative history appropriate consideration.
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 197
The questions before us are legal, rather than factual.
Accordingly, we review the board’s decisions for errors of
law. ORS 144.335(3) (providing that on a petition for judi-
cial review, decision of board is reviewed pursuant to ORS
183.482(8)); ORS 183.482(8)(a) (stating that a court reviews
legal errors for errors of law).
We begin by briefly discussing the operative dates
we consider in our analysis. “The Legislature intends that
Oregon courts sentence criminal defendants under the stat-
utory scheme in force when a particular criminal act was
committed.” State v. Isom, 313 Or 391, 395, 837 P2d 491
(1992). Here, the indictment in petitioner’s case spanned
a range of dates—some as early as 1988. Yet in briefing,
the parties had cited statutes and administrative rules
enacted after 1988. We asked the parties for supplemental
briefing addressing what versions of ORS 144.103, and con-
textual administrative rules, we should consider. Petitioner
acknowledged that, while the indictment listed a date as
early as 1988, he did not limit the scope of his plea, and he
concedes that ORS 144.103 (1991) is the operative version of
the statute. We accept that framing, and our analysis con-
siders statutes and contextual administrative rules in effect
in 1991. The relevant text of ORS 144.103 as it existed in
1991, is as follows:
“Any person sentenced to a term of imprisonment for
violating or attempting to violate ORS 163.375, 163.405,
163.408, 163.411, or 163.425 shall serve a term of post-
prison supervision that shall continue until the term of the
post-prison supervision, when added to the term of impris-
onment served, equals the maximum statutory indetermi-
nate sentence for the violation.”
Petitioner presents two alternative positions to
us on review. In response to the first question allowed on
review, he contends that the phrase “term of imprisonment
served,” as used in ORS 144.103(1), means the total period of
time a person is incarcerated on all counts, rather than the
term of imprisonment for an individual count. As applied
to petitioner’s case, then, the post-prison supervision term
would be determined by subtracting the cumulative 200
months he served on all three counts from the 240-month
198 Kragt v. Board of Parole
maximum. He illustrates that calculation with the following
visual diagram:
Petitioner’s second argument is in the alternative to
his first. If we reject his first contention, petitioner asserts
that—in response to the second question presented—his
PPS terms on Count 1 should be treated as having started
while he was still in prison on Counts 3 and 5 (and simi-
larly, the PPS term for Count 3 would have started while he
was in prison on Count 5). He illustrates with the following
visual diagram:
We turn first to the text of ORS 144.103. By its
terms, the statute applies only to certain crimes, first-degree
sodomy (ORS 163.405) being one of them. When the statute
applies, it directs the board to make a specific calculation
to determine the PPS term. The board is to take “the max-
imum statutory indeterminate sentence for the violation,”
subtract the “term of imprisonment served,” and impose the
result as the “term of post-prison supervision.”
Petitioner argues that one would naturally read
“term of imprisonment served” to mean the entire time that
a person spends in prison, and not the time in prison for a
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 199
single count. We do not disagree that—in a vacuum—one
might read the words that way. However, when examined
within the sentences in which that term is embedded, as
well as further context, the “term of imprisonment served”
does not carry the meaning suggested by petitioner.4 We
think that the text and context show that the “term of
imprisonment served” in ORS 144.103 means the time that
a person spent in prison on a specific conviction; it is not an
aggregated period of time spent in prison on all convictions.
To begin with, ORS 144.103 prescribes a mathemat-
ical formula. One end of the equation is fixed: the “maximum
statutory indeterminate sentence for the violation.” The word
“violation” is in the singular. We acknowledge that the leg-
islative choice to use the singular is far from dispositive.
See ORS 174.127(1) (in statutes, “[t]he singular number may
include the plural and the plural number, the singular”). But
as used in ORS 144.103, as in other statutes, the words “max-
imum statutory indeterminate sentence” applies to individ-
ual violations. See ORS 144.103 (referring to “maximum
statutory indeterminate sentence for the violation” (emphasis
added)); see also, e.g., ORS 161.605(1) (providing that “maxi-
mum term of an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment” for
Class A felony is 20 years (240 months)). Petitioner does not
identify any statute that would prescribe a maximum inde-
terminate sentence for anything other than a single offense.
The phrase “maximum statutory indeterminate sentence for
the violation” thus means the maximum sentence, prescribed
by statute, for a particular criminal conviction.
The Oregon Sentencing Guidelines further sup-
port that conclusion. We have previously explained that
the guidelines are context for ORS 144.103, as they were
enacted as law by the legislature. See Kragt I, 368 Or at
581, 587-88; State v. Langdon, 330 Or 72, 74, 999 P2d 1127
(2000) (“Although the sentencing guidelines were created
as administrative rules, the legislature approved them in
4
Petitioner himself gives an example showing how context can support either
meaning of “term of imprisonment.” In a single sentence, ORS 144.783(1) uses
those words in both senses at the same time: once to mean the individual term for
a single conviction, and a second time to mean the total prison term for all convic-
tions. Id. (when person is “sentenced to two or more consecutive terms of imprison-
ment, the duration of the term of imprisonment shall be the sum of the terms”).
200 Kragt v. Board of Parole
1989, giving them the authority of statutory law. Or Laws
1989, ch 790, § 87.”). ORS 144.103 did little new in capping
the combined PPS term and prison term at the length of the
statutory maximum sentence. The guidelines had already
required an essentially identical calculation for any PPS
term. Looking to former OAR 253-05-002(4) (Sept 1, 1989),
renumbered as OAR 213-005-0002(4) (Mar 8, 1996), we see:
“The term of post-prison supervision, when added to
the prison term, shall not exceed the statutory maximum
sentence for the crime of conviction. When the total dura-
tion of any sentence (prison incarceration and post-prison
supervision) exceeds the statutory maximum sentence, the
sentencing judge shall reduce the duration of post-prison
supervision to the extent necessary to conform the total
sentence length to the statutory maximum.”
The guidelines use slightly different terminology—“prison
term” rather than “term of imprisonment served”—because
it applies prospectively. But the calculation is the same.
Petitioner finds significance in the guidelines’
requirement that a person serve only a single PPS term. See
former OAR 253-12-040 (Sept 1, 1989), renumbered as OAR
XXX-XX-XXXX (Mar 8, 1996) (providing that, when a person
“has been sentenced to multiple terms of post-prison super-
vision, the terms of post-prison supervision shall be served
as a single term”). Petitioner’s argument appears to mis-
take the output—what happens when a person has multiple
PPS terms—with the inputs—the duration of each individ-
ual PPS term. The formula in ORS 144.103 sets out how
to calculate the length of the PPS term for certain crimes,
whether or not there are any other crimes. Former OAR 253-
12-040 states what should be done when there are multiple
PPS terms, but it says nothing about what the individual
PPS terms might be.5 That is true whether the individual
PPS terms are set by ORS 144.103, or instead set at one,
two, or three years under former OAR 253-05-002(2).6
5
The commentary to former OAR 253-12-040 confirms that the individual
PPS terms do not “merge”: instead, “[w]henever an offender is serving more than
one term of post-prison supervision at a single time, the terms shall be treated
as a single term of supervision.” Oregon Sentencing Guidelines Implementation
Manual 118 (1989) (emphasis added).
6
In this case, consecutive sentences were imposed. That implicates
another rule: former OAR 253-12-020(3)(a) (Sept 1, 1989), renumbered as OAR
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 201
The board’s reading of ORS 144.103 results in pre-
dictable outcomes: In this case, one compares the Count 1
statutory maximum of 240 months to Count 1’s 60-month
prison time, arriving at a PPS term for Count 1 of 180
months. That would be true regardless of whether petition-
er’s sentences on Counts 3 and 5 were consecutive or concur-
rent—or, for that matter, whether petitioner had any other
sentences at all.
In contrast, petitioner’s proposed interpretation
would produce unusual outcomes. The PPS term could
change dramatically for reasons having nothing to do with
Count 1. If all three sentences had been concurrent, then
the PPS time would be 140 months (the 240-month maxi-
mum for Count 1, minus the 100 months served on Counts
3 and 5). If Count 3 had been consecutive to Count 1, with
Count 5 concurrent, then the PPS term would be 80 months
(the 240-month maximum on Count 1 minus 160 months
total prison time on Counts 1 and 3). If (as actually hap-
pened) Count 3 was consecutive to Count 5, with Count 1
concurrent, then the PPS term would be 40 months (the
240-month maximum on Count 1 minus 200 months total
prison time on Counts 3 and 5). And if all three sentences
were consecutive, then the PPS term would be negative 20
months, transformed by the action of the statute to zero (the
240-month maximum for Count 1 minus 260 months of total
prison time for Counts 1, 3, and 5). And even that list does
not exhaust the possibilities (e.g., other prison terms from
unrelated earlier or later convictions).
Although the legislative history does not contain
any explicit discussion of how the legislature expected ORS
144.103 to apply to multiple convictions, it is clear from that
history that the legislature intended to expand, not reduce,
post-prison supervision for certain crimes. What is now
ORS 144.103 was first introduced as House Bill (HB) 2543
(1991). The legislature sought to extend the post-prison
supervision periods for persons convicted of certain sex
crimes. See, e.g., Summary, HB 2543 (1991), Introduced, Feb
213-012-0020(4)(a) (Mar 8, 1996). That rule prescribes that the PPS term is
to be “[t]he presumptive post-prison supervision term imposed for the primary
offense.” Petitioner does not dispute that his sentence on Count 1 was the pri-
mary offense.
202 Kragt v. Board of Parole
1, 1991 (“Provides that post-prison supervision for a person
convicted of committing or attempting to commit specified
sexual offenses shall extend for length of time equal to
maximum statutory indeterminate sentence for offense.”);
Staff Measure Summary, House Committee on Judiciary,
Subcommittee on Criminal Law and Corrections, HB 2543,
Feb 19, 1991 (“Extends the period of time which a person
convicted of Rape I, Sodomy I, Sexual Penetration I or II,
or Sex Abuse I will serve a term of post-prison supervision
or probation. * * * For post-prison supervision, the length
of supervision will increase to the statutory indeterminate
sentence.”); Testimony, House Committee on Judiciary,
Subcommittee on Criminal Law and Corrections, HB 2543,
Feb 19, 1991, Ex B (testimony of Elyse Clawson, Assistant
Director of Community Services Branch of Department of
Corrections) (stating that department “supports the need
to expand the supervision time of the more serious sex
offenders in the community” because “[m]any sex offenders
respond well to supervision,” but expresses concern over
expense additional supervision would require). The fiscal
analysis of the bill assumed that, for covered offenses, the
post-prison supervision term would on average extend the
PPS term from three years to 10:
“For the purposes of this estimate, the maximum period of
incarceration for Class A felony sex crimes is estimated at
10 years and the period of post-prison supervision is esti-
mated at 10 years, to reach the total maximum sentence of
20 years for a Class A felony.”
Fiscal Analysis of Proposed Legislation, HB 2543, Mar 5,
1991, at 1.
Under petitioner’s construction of the statute, as
discussed above, an offender with multiple consecutive sen-
tences could end up serving no PPS, whereas an offender
with but a single conviction would serve PPS. Nothing in the
legislative history indicates that the legislature intended
such a result.
We therefore conclude that, as used in ORS 144.103,
the “term of imprisonment served” refers to the term of
imprisonment served for an individual conviction subject to
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 203
that statute. The Court of Appeals reached the correct result
when it rejected petitioner’s argument to the contrary.7
In response to the second question allowed on review,
petitioner argues, in the alternative, that ORS 144.103
requires each individual PPS term to begin at the end of the
associated prison term. Thus, petitioner maintains, the PPS
term on Count 1 began to run after 60 months, even while
he remained in prison on the remaining part of his 100-
month sentence for Count 3 and the consecutive 100-month
sentence for Count 5. Again, a visual summary:
Turning to that issue, our task remains the same—
determining the meaning of ORS 144.103. And as with our
first inquiry, other sentencing statutes and administrative
rules provide context.
Again, neither the text nor context of ORS 144.103
support petitioner’s argument. First, nothing in the statute
itself explicitly states when post-prison supervision begins.
See ORS 144.103. Second, the rules in effect at the time of
petitioner’s sentencing—as now—defined post-prison super-
vision as community-based, not incarcerative, supervision:
7
Petitioner’s brief attempts to raise an additional claim that that interpre-
tation renders the sentence unconstitutionally disproportionate. The Court of
Appeals declined to reach that question. See Kragt II, 325 Or App at 695 (“[P]
etitioner exceeded the permissible scope of the supplemental brief that he was
given leave to file, when he raised an entirely new constitutional challenge to the
board’s order on review”). Our order accepting review in this case limited review
to other questions. See ORAP 9.20(2) (authorizing court to limit questions on
review). We therefore decline to reach the constitutional issue.
204 Kragt v. Board of Parole
“A term of community supervision shall be imposed as
part of the sentence for any offender who is sentenced to
prison as provided by these rules or as a departure. This
term of community supervision shall be described as post-
prison supervision.”
Former OAR 253-05-002(1) (Sept 1, 1989), renumbered as OAR
213-005-0002(1) (Mar 8, 1996). And separately, former OAR
253-05-003 (Sept 1, 1989), renumbered as OAR 213-005-0003
(Mar 8, 1996), provides that, “[w]hen a term of post-prison
supervision is imposed as part of a sentence, the offender shall
serve the term of supervision in the community.” (Emphasis
added.) Time that a person spends incarcerated—that is, not
in the community—is not time served on supervision “in the
community.” Accordingly, that time cannot rationally be con-
sidered time served on post-prison supervision.
Petitioner’s argument that PPS can begin while a
person remains incarcerated is further belied by the rules
that govern how consecutive sentences for new crimes
are structured. Former OAR 253-12-030(2) (Sept 1, 1989),
renumbered as modified at OAR 213-012-0030(3) (Mar 8,
1996), provided, in pertinent part:
“(2) When a sentence is imposed consecutively to a sen-
tence imposed in a prior proceeding, the supervision term
or terms of the new sentence shall be served concurrently
with the prior sentence as follows:
“(a) If the supervision term of the new sentence is a
term of probationary supervision, the supervision shall
begin at the date of sentencing.
“(b) If the supervision term of the new sentence is a
term of post-prison supervision, the supervision term shall
begin upon the completion of the incarceration term of the
combined sentences.”
(Emphasis added.)8
Additionally, that post-prison supervision must
occur in the community, and not in prison, is further reflected
in the way that the department uses risk assessment evalu-
ations to set the conditions of post-prison supervision. That
8
OAR 213-012-0030(3)(b) has since been amended to add that the supervi-
sion term may also begin “upon release pursuant to ORS 421.508.” That amend-
ment does not affect our conclusion here.
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 205
risk assessment system is designed to facilitate manage-
ment of the inmate in the community. OAR 213-005-0014,
which was formerly numbered as OAR 253-05-014 (Sept 1,
1989), requires:
“(1) The Department or its designees shall use a risk
assessment classification system to classify offenders for
supervision purposes.
“(2) The level of supervision shall be established by
the Department or its designees based on the offender-risk
classification. The level of supervision may be increased or
decreased by the supervisory authority in response to the
offender’s conduct under supervision and as is necessary to
manage the offender in the community.”
(Emphasis added.)
The discussion of release in the sentencing stat-
utes further reflects an understanding that post-prison
supervision must be served in the community and therefore
cannot be considered to start while an offender remains
incarcerated. Specifically, ORS 144.096 requires that “[t]
he Department of Corrections shall prepare a proposed
release plan for an adult in custody and submit the pro-
posed release plan to the State Board of Parole and Post-
Prison Supervision prior to the release.”9 The statute man-
dates that, before release from incarceration, the release
plan must specify “recommended conditions of post-prison
supervision.” ORS 144.096(3)(b).
Turning to the legislative history of ORS 144.103,
petitioner points to nothing in that history—or in that of
any sentencing statute, nor have we have found anything
ourselves, indicating that the legislature has ever, in any
context, envisioned post-prison supervision as occurring
while a person remained incarcerated in a penal institution.
Rather, the entire logical structure of the sentencing stat-
utes and administrative rules would be upended by such a
proposition. ORS 144.103 sets out the method to calculate
the length of certain PPS terms. The rules determine when
the PPS term begins, and those rules require a single term
9
ORS 144.096 has been amended on several occasions since its initial pas-
sage. Because those amendments do not affect our analysis, we cite to the cur-
rent version of the statute.
206 Kragt v. Board of Parole
that cannot begin until after petitioner has been released to
community supervision.
To be sure, petitioner is able to find language in the
rules that, in isolation, could be viewed as offering support
for his interpretation. Petitioner relies primarily on former
OAR 253-05-002(3) (Sept 1, 1989), renumbered as OAR 213-
005-0002(3) (Mar 8, 1996), for that support. That rule reads,
in part, “The term of post-prison supervision shall begin
upon completion of the offender’s prison term.” But that rule
does not sit alone; it is part of a comprehensive framework
of statutes and rules governing sentencing and post-prison
supervision, several of which we have just discussed. We
will not read it in isolation, separate from the larger frame-
work, which provides considerable context cutting against
petitioner’s argument.
Indeed, beginning individual PPS terms while a
person is still incarcerated on other counts is not fully con-
sistent with the framework that we identified in Kragt I.
There, we held that ORS 144.103 required the trial court
to set separate PPS terms for each conviction. 368 Or at
596 (“Our consideration of the text, context, and legislative
history leads us to conclude that a trial court must impose
a PPS term for each violation of the statutes listed in ORS
144.103(1).”). The sentencing guidelines contemplated that
a person may be sentenced to multiple PPS terms, and they
direct the board to treat them as a single term. Former OAR
253-12-040(1) (Sept 1, 1989), renumbered as OAR 213-012-
0040(1) (Mar 8, 1996) (providing that, when a person “has
been sentenced to multiple terms of post-prison supervision,
the terms of post-prison supervision shall be served as a sin-
gle term”). Accepting petitioner’s argument would require
the board to run separate PPS terms, in violation of for-
mer OAR 253-12-040(1)’s directive that the terms “shall be
served as a single term.”
Ultimately, as we understand it, petitioner’s two
arguments discussed above express a fundamental concern
with the gaps in the board’s calculation of his sentences, as
shown again here:
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 207
As petitioner argues, “the board’s calculation on Count 1
resulted in a gap of 140 months between the end of petition-
er’s prison term and the start of his PPS term. That means
he will spend 380 months serving a sentence for an offense
with a statutory maximum indeterminate sentence of only
240 months.” In our view, that argument fails to grapple
with the nature of consecutive sentences.
In Oregon, generally, sentences are presumed to
run concurrently to one another. ORS 137.123(1). A court
has discretion to order sentences to run consecutive when
the criminal activity does not arise from the “same contin-
uous and uninterrupted course of conduct.” ORS 137.123(5).
Thus, a court has broad discretion to run sentences consec-
utively when differing counts reflect differing instances of
unlawful conduct, or different victims. ORS 137.123(5)(b).
And in fact, Article I, section 44 of the Oregon Constitution
states that “[n]o law shall limit a court’s authority to sen-
tence a criminal defendant consecutively for crimes against
different victims.”
For convictions arising out of a continuous and
uninterrupted course of conduct, a court has limited dis-
cretion to order sentences to run consecutively, when the
court finds one of the following:
“(a) That the criminal offense for which a consecutive
sentence is contemplated was not merely an incidental vio-
lation of a separate statutory provision in the course of the
commission of a more serious crime but rather was an indi-
cation of defendant’s willingness to commit more than one
criminal offense; or
208 Kragt v. Board of Parole
“(b) The criminal offense for which a consecutive sen-
tence is contemplated caused or created a risk of causing
greater or qualitatively different loss, injury or harm to the
victim or caused or created a risk of causing loss, injury or
harm to a different victim than was caused or threatened
by the other offense or offenses committed during a contin-
uous and uninterrupted course of conduct.”
ORS 137.123(5).
In all of those instances, consecutive sentences
reflect a recognition that, in some instances, a court may
discretionarily determine that different counts of conviction
represent different and distinct harms—harms that, in the
court’s discretion, may appropriately require separate pun-
ishments to effectuate “the stated purposes of the revised
criminal code in ORS 161.025: ‘[t]o prescribe penalties
which are proportionate to the seriousness of offenses,’ and
‘[t]o safeguard offenders against excessive, disproportionate
or arbitrary punishment.’ ” State v. Garcia, 288 Or 413, 430,
605 P2d 671 (1980) (brackets in Garcia).
When a court exercises discretion to craft consecu-
tive sentences, a person will serve each sentence, in sequence,
in part to represent those separate and distinct victims, or
harms, brought about by the separate counts of conviction.
In petitioner’s case, therefore, the 140-month “gap” was not
a continuing punishment for that count; it was not a period
of time petitioner is serving his sentence on Count 1. Rather,
upon completion of his 60-month incarcerative sentence on
Count 1, his incarcerative sentence on that count was over,
and he continued serving the remaining 40 months to be
served on Count 3. Then, 40 months later, petitioner began
serving his consecutive incarcerative sentence on Count 5,
reflecting the court’s discretionary determination (not chal-
lenged in this case) that the harm of Count 5 was deserving
of discrete and separate incarcerative punishment separate
from the other counts. That is the very nature, and purpose,
of consecutive sentences.
Accordingly, even though petitioner spent 200
months in a penal institution, petitioner was incarcerated
for only 60 months on Count 1, 100 months on Count 3, and
100 months on Count 5. As such, his 180-month term of
Cite as 373 Or 191 (2025) 209
PPS, added to his incarcerative term of 60 months on Count
1, equals a total period of supervision of 240 months, not 380
months.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out, the phrase “term of impris-
onment served,” as used in ORS 144.103, means the term
of imprisonment imposed on the individual count of convic-
tion. Further, post-prison supervision begins to run when
the offender is released into the community for communi-
ty-based supervision.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the final
order of the Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision
are affirmed.