Buckhead Investment Partners, Inc., Matthew J. Morgan and Kevin M. Kirton v. Brompton Community Housing Development Corporation

Opinion issued December 31, 2024

In The

Court of Appeals

For The

First District of Texas

————————————

NO. 01-22-00389-CV

———————————

BUCKHEAD INVESTMENT PARTNERS, INC., MATTHEW J. MORGAN,

AND KEVIN M. KIRTON, Appellants

V.

BROMPTON COMMUNITY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

CORPORATION, Appellee

On Appeal from the 55th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 2016-50902

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This is a breach of contract case. After partial summary judgments and a

bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment that the plaintiffs, appellants

Buckhead Investment Partners, Inc. (“BIP”), Matthew J. Morgan, and Kevin M.

Kirton (collectively, “appellants”), take nothing on their claims.

Appellants sold a low-income housing development to appellee, Brompton

Community Housing Development Corporation (“Brompton”). Appellants sued

Brompton for an accounting and for breach of contract alleging that Brompton had

failed to make payments in accordance with the contract and that it owed more

than $1 million for a final payment. Brompton filed a counterclaim for a

declaratory judgment seeking declarations regarding the construction of the

contract at issue in appellants’ suit.

The trial court granted three pretrial partial summary judgments construing

the contract and leaving some questions of contract construction for trial. The

remainder of the dispute, including a calculation of the final payment, if any, that

was owed, was submitted to the court at a bench trial. During trial, the court

excluded the appellants’ expert testimony as a sanction for failing to supplement

their expert report. The parties submitted the issue of attorney’s fees to the court

after trial. The trial court rendered judgment that the appellants take nothing on

their claims, granted declaratory judgment further construing the contract, and

awarded Brompton attorney’s fees.

The appellants raise ten issues on appeal. The first issue challenges the trial

court’s pretrial summary judgment, which held that appellants waived the right to

2

receive surplus cash installments. The fifth issue challenges the trial court’s failure

to file findings of fact and conclusions of law. The second, fourth, sixth, seventh,

and eighth issues all, in some way, require us to interpret the contract. The third

issue challenges the exclusion of expert testimony. The ninth and tenth issues

challenge the award of attorney’s fees.

We conclude that the appellants did not waive the right to receive surplus

cash installments calculated as required by the contract, and we hold that the trial

court’s failure to file findings of fact and conclusions of law was harmless. We

further conclude that the court reversibly erred by excluding the appellants’ expert

testimony and in the determination of the contract’s maturity date. Accordingly, we

will reverse for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Background

I. The Enclave at Buckhorn Crossing

A. Morgan and Kirton decide to develop low-income apartment

housing.

Matthew J. Morgan and Kevin M. Kirton went into business together

developing real estate, primarily apartment complexes. According to Morgan, BIP

was formed in 1996 “to serve as the corporate general partner for various single-

purpose partnerships or entities,” that would develop new construction multifamily

apartment projects. BIP, the general partner of Buckhorn Apartments, Ltd.

(“Buckhorn”), a Texas limited partnership, was the developer of The Enclave at

3

Buckhorn Crossing Apartments in San Antonio (“the Enclave”). The construction

was financed with a loan from GMAC Commercial Mortgage Corporation, which

was insured by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”)

under a program that insures mortgage loans for low-income apartment housing.

The original deed of trust, which the parties refer to as the “Prior Note,” was

signed on October 17, 2000, for the sum of $13,649,200 with 8% interest.

B. HUD-insured loans are subject to additional laws and regulations.

The loan was “originally endorsed for insurance under Section 221(d)(4) of

the National Housing Act.” Buckhorn was required to sign a “Regulatory

Agreement for Multifamily Housing Projects.” In October 2000, Kirton (on behalf

of Buckhorn’s general partner, BIP) signed the Regulatory Agreement, which

provided that it applied to the owner (Buckhorn) as well as its “successors, heirs,

and assigns.” Among other things, the Regulatory Agreement prohibited any

transfer or further encumbrance of the mortgaged property without prior written

approval of the Secretary of HUD. The Regulatory Agreement also stated that BIP

was not permitted, without prior approval from the Secretary of HUD, to “[m]ake,

or receive and retain, any distribution of assets or any income of any kind of the

project except surplus cash,” and subject to certain conditions, including that

distributions could be made only “as of and after the end of a semiannual or annual

fiscal period.” (Emphasis added).

4

The Regulatory Agreement provided the following definitions:

13(f) “Surplus Cash” means any cash remaining after:

(1) The payment of:

(i) All sums due or currently required to be paid under the

terms of any mortgage or note insured or held by the

Secretary [of HUD];

(ii) All amounts required to be deposited in the reserve fund

for replacements;

(iii) All obligations of the project other than the insured

mortgage unless funds for payment are set aside or

deferment of payment has been approved by the

Secretary [of HUD]; and

(2) The segregation of:

(i) An amount equal to the aggregate of all special funds

required to be maintained by the project; and

(ii) All tenant security deposits held.

(g) “Distribution” means any withdrawal or taking of cash or any assets

of the project, including the segregation of cash or assets for

subsequent withdrawal within the limitations of Paragraph 6(e)

[regarding surplus cash payments] hereof, and excluding payment for

reasonable expenses incident to the operation and maintenance of the

project.

C. The Enclave opens to poor financial performance.

The Enclave opened in 2002. It operated at a deficit during 2002 and 2003,

and Buckhorn made no profit because there was no surplus cash. At that time, the

largest annual expenses were the interest on the Prior Note, which was $989,906 in

2003, and property tax, which was $355,920 in 2003. Morgan and Kirton reasoned

that for the Enclave to generate surplus cash, both the interest rate on the Prior

Note and the property tax needed to be reduced. Texas law provides an exemption

5

from property tax for property owned by a qualifying community housing

development organization (“CHDO”), so long as the CHDO received an exemption

“for any part of the 2003 tax year.”1 So, in 2003, Morgan and Kirton began looking

for a buyer that was a CHDO.

II. The Enclave is sold to Brompton.

In December 2003, Morgan and Kirton located a buyer: Brompton, a

nonprofit CHDO whose mission is to provide and operate affordable housing.

Brompton agreed to assume the Prior Note and to pay a total of $3,335,899.01 in

semiannual installment payments with a final payment due at maturity if the

indebtedness had not been fully satisfied. However, the agreement was

complicated by laws and regulations that applied because the mortgage on the

Enclave was insured by HUD. Furthermore, the parties incorporated specific

performance targets in the terms of payment to incentivize Brompton to operate the

Enclave efficiently and profitably and all parties to work to reduce the debt service

payments by modification or refinance of the Prior Note. To effectuate the parties’

agreement, multiple contract documents were required. All but one document—the

Articles of Conversion—were signed contemporaneously on December 31, 2003.

1

See TEX. TAX CODE § 11.182(j).

6

A. Articles of Conversion, Assignment of Membership Interest, and

Surplus Cash Note

On December 30, 2003, Buckhorn converted to Brompton Community III,

LLC (“BC3”). The next day, on December 31, 2003, BIP, Kirton, Morgan, and

their other Buckhorn partners (L.B. Horn, Jr.; L.B. Horn, III; and John M. Rabon)

assigned 100% of their membership interest in BC3 to Brompton in exchange for

“Ten Dollars and other good and valuable consideration.” That same day, these

parties also signed a Surplus Cash Note with Brompton, as “Maker.”

The Surplus Cash Note required Brompton to make semiannual payments on

February 1 and August 1 of each year, which corresponded to the semiannual

periods in the HUD Regulatory Agreement. The semiannual installments would

consist of $11,087.50 of surplus cash plus 75% of all surplus cash earned thereafter

in said semiannual installment period. Brompton also agreed to a one-time

payment of $168,208.00. The Surplus Cash Note was secured by Brompton’s

interest in BC3, and Brompton’s obligation to repay the Surplus Cash Note was

expressly made subordinate to the obligation Brompton assumed to pay the Prior

Note. The Surplus Cash Note was expressly made non-recourse, with the sole

method for satisfying the debt after foreclosure to be enforcement of the sellers’

security interest in BC3.

In addition, the Surplus Cash Note included the following language:

7

As long as the Secretary of [HUD] or his successors or assigns is the

insurer or holder of the mortgage on [the Enclave], any payments due

from project income under this Note shall be payable only from

permissible distributions from surplus cash of the said project, as that

term is defined in the Regulatory Agreement . . . between the

Secretary of [HUD] and [BC3].

B. Promissory Obligation, Membership Interest Purchase

Agreement, and Pledge & Security Agreement

Also on December 31, 2003, Brompton and BIP signed a Promissory

Obligation that replaced and superseded the Surplus Cash Note, a Pledge and

Security Agreement (“PSA”), and a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement

(“MIPA”). The parties maintain that these three documents together comprise their

“contract.”

1. Promissory Obligation (“the Note”)2

The Promissory Obligation expressly stated that that it replaced and

superseded the Surplus Cash Note, which was void and of no effect. The

Promissory Obligation was largely the same as the Surplus Cash Note, with the

following changes that are relevant to this appeal. First, it added language about

the applicability of HUD regulations and rules. The first paragraph of the

Promissory Obligation states, in italicized typeface:

2

The parties sometimes referred to the Promissory Obligation simply as “the Note,”

and to maintain consistency with record references, we likewise may refer to the

Promissory Obligation either as “the Promissory Obligation” or “the Note” in this

opinion.

8

Nothing herein is intended to alter or conflict with the terms,

conditions, and provisions of the HUD regulations, handbooks,

administrative requirements and Mortgagee notices in effect at the

time of the endorsement of the certain Prior Note dated and insured

by U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD)

October 1, 2000, or the documents required to be executed by the

mortgagor in connection with the Prior Note; and to the extent they

do so, the HUD regulations, administrative requirements, handbooks,

Mortgagee notices and documents shall control and this document

shall be amended or deemed amended so as to not alter or conflict

with the aforesaid regulations, documents, administrative

requirements, handbooks or notices. This provision shall terminate

and be void upon termination of the HUD insurance of the Prior Note.

At the bottom of the first page of the Promissory Obligation, the following

language appeared in bold, all capitalized typeface:

THIS PROMISSORY OBLIGATION HAS NOT BEEN GIVEN OR

UNDERTAKEN BY BUCKHORN APARTMENTS, LTD., N/K/A

BROMPTON COMMUNITY III, LLC, A TEXAS LIMITED

LIABILITY COMPANY, THE HUD BORROWER AND THE

OWNER OF THE ENCLAVE AT BUCKHORN CROSSING, FHA

PROJECT NO. 115-35364 (“OWNER”).

NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN NOTWITHSTANDING, IN

THE EVENT THERE IS A CONFLICT BETWEEN ANY

PROVISION OF THIS NOTE AND A HUD REGULATORY

AGREEMENT, HUD REGULATION OR HUD POLICY THE

CONFLICT SHALL BE RESOLVED IN FAVOR OF THE HUD

REGULATORY AGREEMENT, HUD REGULATION OR HUD

POLICY.

The Promissory Obligation referenced HUD regarding a transfer of

membership interest in BC3: “Notwithstanding any provision contained in this

Note or any other document providing security for this promissory obligation, any

transfer of membership interest in Owner [BC3], shall be subject to and in

9

accordance with HUD’s transfer of physical assets requirements and policies that

are [in] effect at that time.”

The Promissory Obligation further provided for a final payment if the

principal had not been fully paid by the maturity date. The amount of the final

payment would be calculated in accordance with a formula in the Promissory

Obligation, which was:

$221,750

– [the sum of the principal paid before the Maturity Date]

+ [75% of unpaid Annual Expense overruns]

+ [75% of reduction in debt service from modification of Prior Note]

Final Payment Due on Maturity Date

2. MIPA

The MIPA defined the terms of the sale of the membership interest in BC3

and required that funds used to pay principal or interest installments come from

“surplus cash and no other source.” The MIPA included and the following

definition of surplus cash:

any cash remaining after

(1) the payment of:

(i) all sums due or currently required to be paid under

the terms of any mortgage or note insured or held

by the Secretary of HUD,

(ii) all amounts required to be deposited in the reserve

fund for replacements,

10

(iii) all obligations of the Subject Property other than

the insured mortgage unless funds for payment are

set aside or deferment of payment has been

approved by the Secretary of HUD,

(iv) a one and one-half (1½) percent asset management

fee which may be retained by Maker, and

(v) CHDO expenditures of up to . . . $145,000 . . . per

year; and

(2) the segregation of:

(i) an amount equal to the aggregate of all special

funds required to be maintained by the Subject

Property as set forth in the HUD Regulatory

Agreement, and

(ii) all tenant security deposits held.

An amendment to the MIPA required the sellers to “diligently attempt” to

refinance the Prior Note to obtain a lower interest rate and Brompton to file for and

diligently pursue a property tax exemption.

The MIPA required that any waiver of the agreement must be in writing:

8.3 Entire Agreement and Construction. This Agreement, together

with the Exhibits attached hereto, constitutes the entire agreement

between the parties pertaining to the subject matter hereof and

supersedes all prior arrangements, understandings, negotiations and

discussions, whether oral or written, of the parties. No amendment,

supplement, modification, waiver or termination of this Agreement

shall be binding unless executed in writing by the party against whom

enforcement is sought. . . .

(Emphasis added.)

11

B. Pledge and Security Agreement (“PSA”)

The Promissory Obligation was secured by the PSA, which granted BIP a

security interest in Brompton’s membership interest in BC3. It gave BIP the right

to replace the property manager based on poor financial performance and specified

which property managers would be adequate successors. It defined an event of

default, provided remedies for default, and prohibited modifications of the PSA

except in a signed writing. Further, it defined “Annual Expense Overruns” and

“Controllable Operating Expenses,” as follows:

• Annual Expense Overruns are “Controllable Operating Expenses incurred

while the Property is managed by Texas Inter-Faith Management in excess

of . . . $531,360.00 . . . for the calendar year 2004 (or a pro rata portion

thereof), said amount increasing annually by the greater of . . . 2% . . . or the

CPI-U for All Items for the San Antonio, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area,

as published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (the ‘CPI’).”

• Controllable Operating Expenses are “all expenses incurred by Borrower

[Brompton] in the operation of the Subject Property owned by the Company

[BC3] (as defined below) less:

(1) All sums due Lender pursuant to the terms of the Prior Note, Prior

Deed of Trust or any other instruments securing the payment of said

Prior Note, including, without limitation, all payments of principal,

interest, fees, charges or reserves which Lender is entitled to collect

thereunder, except to the extent such amounts were incurred as a

result of Borrower’s default thereunder (but not including any default

which may have existed prior to the date hereof);

(2) All premiums and/or deductibles expended by Borrower [Brompton]

or Company [BC3] in connections with policies of casualty, hazard

and liability insurance which relate to the Property;

(3) Accounting Expenses of not more than $5,000 per year;

12

(4) CHDO expenditures of $145,000.00 per year;

(5) An Asset Management fee of not more than 1.5% of the gross rentals

received from the Property; and

(6) Extraordinary costs and expenses incurred in connection associated

[sic] with the management and operation of the Property including

litigation expenses, expenses incurred in defense of title to any part of

the Subject Property, governmentally mandated charges (such

additional regulatory requirements, etc.), condemnation or casualty of

all or any part of the Property, or any other extraordinary expense

which was not reasonably foreseeable by Borrower or not covered by

insurance and which, if in excess of $25,000 in any calendar year, was

not reasonably approved by Lender.

The PSA also required that any changes be in writing:

7.2 Modifications. No provision hereof shall be modified or limited

except by a written agreement expressly referring hereto and to the

provisions so modified or limited and signed by Borrower and Lender.

No modification or limitation may be accomplished by course of

conduct, usage of trade, or by the law merchant.

III. After the sale to Brompton

J.O.T. Couch was the executive director of Brompton, BC3, and Texas Inter-

Faith Housing Corporation (“TIF Housing”), an entity affiliated with Brompton

that served as the asset manager for the Enclave. Some of the information

regarding what happened after the sale comes from his declaration; other

information comes from trial testimony or documents in the appellate record.

A. The Enclave generates no surplus cash for the first three years.

From 2004 through mid-2007, Greystar Management Services, Inc. served

as the property manager for the Enclave. Morgan and Kirton failed to negotiate a

13

lower interest rate on the Prior Note, but the Bexar Appraisal District granted

BC3’s application for a property tax exemption for 2003. For the first three years

after the sale, BC3 generated no surplus cash, and therefore Brompton made no

installment payments to BIP from 2004 through 2006.

B. Brompton replaces the property manager and refinances the

Prior Note to obtain a lower interest rate.

On March 29, 2007, the parties amended the Promissory Obligation’s

maturity date, extending it to “the last day of the 22nd semi-annual fiscal period

following the closing of the refinance of the [P]rior [N]ote.” Couch said that this

was done “to allow more time for cash flow to pay on the note.” About two months

later, BC3 refinanced the Prior Note with a HUD-insured loan that reduced the

interest rate from 8% per year to 6.09%. BC3 replaced the property manager with

Texas Inter-Faith Management Corporation (“TIF Management”), for which

Couch was the executive director.

C. Bexar Appraisal District revokes the property tax exemption, and

Brompton advances money to BC3.

Bexar Appraisal District revoked the Enclave’s tax exemption for tax year

2007 and denied the tax exemption for tax years 2008 through 2010. Brompton

challenged the denials, and, in early 2012, it won its property tax exemption suit.

Bexar Appraisal District eliminated its claims for property taxes for years 2007

14

through 2010, but it later denied the exemption again for years 2011 through 2013.

Brompton again challenged the denials in court.

While operating in a surplus cash deficiency, BC3 lacked “the cash to pay

the CHDO Fees, which are used to provide social services for tenants.” TIF

Housing advanced BC3 $145,000 for each of the first three years to pay the CHDO

fees. Brompton or TIF Housing also advanced cash to BC3 or paid BC3’s property

taxes under protest each year from 2004 through 2006 and 2008 through 2014.

Couch referred to the advances from both Brompton and TIF Housing as “Owner

Advances.”

Brompton later repaid these interest-free advances from BC3’s surplus cash,

reimbursing itself before making installment payments from surplus cash to BIP.

Repayment from surplus cash was reported in year-end financial statements and

audits, which were sent to BIP. These financial statements and audits routinely

noted that Brompton had advanced funds and that the advances were “non-interest

bearing and . . . payable from surplus cash.”

C. BIP questions the calculations and payments, urges Brompton to

sell the Enclave.

In February 2011, Kirton asked Couch about the semi-annual installment

payment calculations. In April 2011, BIP sent Brompton a notice of default

asserting that Brompton had failed to make a semi-annual installment payment that

was due in February 2011. After Brompton prevailed in its tax suit, Kirton began

15

pressuring Brompton to sell the Enclave. A sale of the Enclave would make the full

amount of principal and accrued interest immediately due to BIP, while

Brompton’s continued ownership of the Enclave meant that BIP was limited to

receiving installment payments from surplus cash. Brompton did not want to sell

the Enclave because its mission is to provide low-income housing.

D. BIP notifies Brompton of default, and Brompton agrees to pay

some alleged past due amounts.

In May 2012, BIP sent Brompton three letters. The first letter was a notice of

default asserting that Brompton had failed to make the $168,208 lump sum

payment. The second letter was a notice of default asserting that Brompton owed a

combined total of approximately $114,087 in semi-annual installment payments

from February 1, 2008, through February 1, 2012. The third letter was a notice of

intent to change the property manager, alleging a total of $1,205,011 in Annual

Expense Overruns from calendar years 2008 through 2011. BIP demanded that

Brompton either pay 75% of the Annual Expense Overruns or replace the property

manager.

Although Brompton disputed the amounts owed and refused to acknowledge

the validity or accuracy of the claims, it agreed to make payments of $168,208 and

$114,087, as demanded, so long as both sums would be applied to the principal of

the Note. But Brompton denied the allegations about Annual Expense Overruns,

challenging BIP’s failure to deduct sums that Brompton maintained should have

16

been deducted under the PSA: litigation costs and extraordinary expenses; CHDO

expenditures of $145,000 per year; asset management fees; payments of principal;

and lender-required reserve payments. Brompton denied that BIP had the right to

require replacement of the property manager.

E. Brompton replaces the property manager, refinances a second

time, and pays property taxes under protest at closing.

In January 2013, to reduce its potential liability for Annual Expense

Overruns, Brompton replaced property manager TIF Management with Alpha-

Barnes Real Estate Management. BC3 refinanced the mortgage on the Enclave a

second time, with another HUD-insured loan, which lowered the interest rate to

3.21% per year. In connection with this 2013 refinancing and despite continued

property tax exemption litigation, BC3 paid, under protest, the combined 2011 and

2012 property taxes of $1,185,654, and 2013 property taxes of $561,587. BC3 paid

$499,235 in property taxes for tax year 2014, but the appraisal district later granted

a tax exemption for 2014, and, at that time, BC3 anticipated a refund. The tax

payments were made with owner advances from Brompton.

F. BIP and Brompton continue to dispute calculations and

payments.

Meanwhile, BIP’s partners grew more frustrated by Brompton’s failure to

make installment payments. In an August 2014 letter to BIP, Couch recounted the

financial history of the Enclave since Brompton’s purchase. According to Couch,

17

Brompton had advanced over a $1,000,000 to the Enclave for property taxes and

CHDO fees. Nevertheless, he maintained that Brompton’s work to refinance the

mortgage and lower management costs had “decreased annual costs of the property

by approximately $532,512 excluding the effects of property taxes which are

beyond our control, but which we are fighting as you know.”

Couch indicated that, after the 2013 refinance, Brompton projected that the

Enclave would have a cash flow between $100,000 to $200,000 per year before

payment of CHDO or asset management fees. “That means that the property

should operate with stability and allow us to meet our mission without concern of

foreclosure for the 1st time in 10 years.” He disputed BIP’s assertion that

Brompton owed an additional $3.5 million, especially in light of their efforts to

maximize surplus cash and Morgan and Kirton’s failure to modify the Prior Note.

Couch noted that the owner advances, which had ranged from approximately

$9,000 to over $1.1 million per year, had grown so large that it would take years to

repay. By December 2014, unreimbursed advances from Brompton to BC3 totaled

$926,347, and year-end financial reports indicated that these advances were

“repayable from surplus cash.” Couch also asserted that BIP had been overpaid by

$306,000. Finally, Couch opined that it “seem[ed] clear” that the appraisal district

“will continue to be malicious in denying our exemption. . . . Predictable surplus

cash flow has materially diminished.”

18

From 2014 through 2016, BIP sought financial documents from Brompton

and scrutinized surplus cash calculations. In September 2015, Morgan noted in an

email to a BIP partner that the latest surplus cash calculation showed “a substantial

surplus cash amount all being returned to [Brompton] to satisfy prior advances—

and nothing left over to distribute to our group.”

IV. The lawsuit

A. BIP, Morgan, and Kirton file suit.

In August 2016, BIP, Morgan, and Kirton sued Brompton, BC3, and Couch.

They alleged that BIP had received no payments of surplus cash between 2004 and

2010, eight payments between February 2010 and August 2012, and no payments

from August 2012 to February 2018. BIP alleged that the various financial reports

and surplus cash calculations, particularly those received since 2012, had been

inaccurate “and/or funds may have been misapplied, misallocated or otherwise

accounted for in ways that are inconsistent with the intent of the Note, the

associated credit documents,” and the HUD Regulatory Agreement. The appellants

alleged that the principal and interest due under the surplus cash note was

$3,666,187.70 as of June 30, 2016. They pleaded for an accounting, breach of the

surplus cash note and the Promissory Obligation, fraud and conspiracy to defraud,

and attorney’s fees. After the Promissory Obligation matured, the appellants

amended their pleading to add a claim for the final payment due under the contract.

19

B. Brompton answers and files a counterclaim.

Brompton, BC3, and Couch answered and filed a counterclaim for a

declaratory judgment regarding construction of the parties’ contracts. As to the

Promissory Obligation, Brompton asked the court to declare that the Prior Note

was never modified, the appellants were not entitled to a personal judgment for

deficiencies, and the lump sum payment of $168,208 must be credited to the

principal balance. As to the Pledge and Security Agreement, Brompton asked the

court to declare that it was only liable for Annual Expense Overruns between July

1, 2007, and January 31, 2013, when TIF Management managed the Enclave.

Brompton also sought declarations that both CHDO expenses ($145,000 per year)

and asset management fees incurred from 2008 through 2013 must be deducted

from the calculation of Controllable Operating Expenses. As to the MIPA,

Brompton asked the court to declare that the “repayment of owner advances by

BC3 to Brompton was an obligation of the Subject Property under the definition of

Surplus Cash.” Finally, Brompton sought a declaration that the Promissory Note

matured on December 31, 2017.

C. The parties reach different conclusions about how much money

Brompton owed upon maturity.

In May and June 2019, BIP and Brompton exchanged expert reports

regarding the calculation of how much money, if any, Brompton owed BIP at the

20

maturity date under the contracts. Brompton also deposed Scott Robin, a certified

public accountant whom BIP had designated as its testifying expert.

Robin opined that Brompton owed approximately $10,885,000, but

Brompton’s testifying expert, Todd Burchett, opined that the final payment under

the contractual formula resulted in a negative number, -$604,147. Robin and

Burchett made different assumptions regarding the construction of the parties’

contracts in making their calculations.

D. The trial court grants pretrial partial summary judgments and

enjoins foreclosure.

Brompton filed four pretrial motions for partial summary judgment and a

motion for reconsideration of the court’s ruling on the second motion for partial

summary judgment. The trial court made the following pretrial rulings:

• In light of discovery, there was no need for an accounting.

• The June 2012 payment of $168,000 must be credited to the principal

for the purpose of calculating the amount due at maturity.

• The term “Controllable Operating Expenses” did not include

depreciation expense.

• BIP was not entitled to judgment for alleged underpayments of

surplus cash prior to the maturity date.

• CHDO expenditures of $145,000 per year must be deducted from the

calculation of Controllable Operating Expenses.

• Asset Management Fees must be deducted from the calculation of

Controllable Operating Expenses.

21

In July 2019, BIP notified Brompton that it intended to sell Brompton’s

membership interest in BC3 the following month. The trial court later granted

Brompton’s application for temporary injunction to halt the foreclosure sale, and it

set the case for trial.

E. Trial begins with testimony from Kirton, Morgan, and Couch.

1. Morgan and Kirton testimony

Trial to the bench began on January 12, 2021. At trial, both Kirton and

Morgan testified about their understanding of the parties’ agreements.

Maturity Date. Morgan and Kirton believed that the provision extending

the maturity date to “the last day of the 22nd fiscal period following the refinance

of the Prior Note,” meant that the maturity date would follow 22 full semi-annual

fiscal periods, making the maturity date June 30, 2018. Morgan noted that the

amendment referenced semi-annual installment periods, not due dates.

All expenses. Kirton testified that he believed “all expenses incurred by

borrower” as used in the definition of controllable operating expenses necessarily

included the six items to be deducted when calculating controllable operating

expenses. Morgan testified that he understood “all expenses” to include CHDO

expenses and asset management fees, which are not included in “all expenses” for

the purpose of a HUD audit.

22

Annual expense overruns. Morgan and Kirton testified that they were

responsible for operation of the Enclave until October 2006, when Brompton took

over. They believed that Brompton was not liable for annual expense overruns

before 2007, but it was liable from 2007 through the maturity date. Both believed

that “Texas Inter-Faith,” “Texas Inter-Faith Management,” or an affiliated entity

managed the Enclave in some capacity (property manager or asset manager) from

2007 through 2018.

Morgan testified that he understood the inclusion of 75% of annual expense

overruns in the amount due at maturity was to ensure that BIP would be

compensated for not receiving surplus cash distributions during the life of the

contract because cost overruns reduced the amount of surplus cash available for

distribution.

Debt service reduction and modification of the Prior Note. Kirton

testified that the provision for debt service reduction payments due at maturity

applied to both modification and refinancing of the Prior Note. Kirton believed

there was no difference between modification and refinancing. Kirton said that it

was his intention that “if the interest rate was modified via modification or

refinance, we [the plaintiffs] were entitled to 75 percent of that reduction.” Morgan

acknowledged that the debt service reduction part of the maturity payment applies

only when there was a modification of the Prior Note, not if the Prior Note had

23

been extinguished. On cross-examination, Kirton acknowledged that the original

lender never agreed to a modification of the Prior Note.

Sum of principal payments and repayment of principal. Morgan testified

that the sum of Brompton’s principal payments was “approximately $1.15

million,” which included the $168,000 payment in the contract, which he described

as a downpayment, not an installment. Morgan and Kirton understood that it was

possible, under the agreements, that Brompton would not fully repay the principal

balance of the Promissory Obligation, but both were confident that they would

receive full payment, especially considering the provision for a final payment at

maturity.

2. Couch testimony

Texas Inter-Faith entities. Couch testified that the various nonprofit

entities with “Texas Inter-Faith” in their names were independent of each other:

“There is no parent company of nonprofits. Nonprofits are controlled by their own

board of directors. They are all volunteers. It’s not any umbrella.” According to

Couch, fewer than 50% of the members of each board overlapped by serving on

the other nonprofits’ boards. From 2003 to 2018, Couch served as the executive

director of TIF Housing, TIF Management, and Brompton. TIF Management was

the asset manager for the Enclave, and it supported refinancing, compliance, and

insurance, for example. TIF Housing was the property manager, and it was

24

involved with maintaining leases and compliance, and Brompton was the manager

of the property in its entirety. Couch testified that the three entities had the same,

shared address.

Management of the Enclave. After a broker put Couch in touch with

Morgan and Kirton, Brompton purchased six properties–the Enclave at Buckhorn

Crossing, and five others not related to this appeal. Couch said that, in 2004,

Greystar, which was the property manager, began reporting to him in his capacity

as executive director of TIF Housing. In 2007, Couch, on behalf of Brompton,

decided that TIF Management would take over as property manager.

Debt service reduction. Couch testified that the 75% of debt service

reduction component of the final payment was a bonus for BIP for getting a

reduction in the interest rate of the Prior Note through a modification. Couch said

that more work was required to refinance as opposed to obtaining a modification.

He described the amount of work for a refinancing as “horrendous” and

“terrifically different.” Couch testified that BIP was “to do the modification

because they knew the lender . . . and [could] negotiate with these folks and

possibly get us all in a better position for cash flow.”

F. Brompton learns that BIP’s expert revised his calculations many

times before trial.

At trial, BIP’s expert, Scott Robin, testified about his calculations of the

amount due at maturity. Brompton realized that Robin’s testimony was not

25

consistent with the expert report that BIP produced in May 2019. After producing

that report, BIP asked Robin to recalculate the amount due at maturity based on

varying assumptions about how the parties’ contracts may ultimately be construed.

Although BIP argued that this did not require production of an updated report

because it was no different from varying numbers in a calculator, the trial court

recessed and continued the trial to permit Brompton to conduct additional

discovery. The trial court later granted Brompton’s motion for sanctions for

discovery abuse. The trial court prohibited BIP from introducing evidence or

testimony that: (1) CHDO fees, asset management fees, principal expenses, and/or

reserve expenses are included in the meaning of “all expenses incurred” in the

“operation” of the Enclave; and (2) mortgage payments, interest payments,

mortgage insurance premiums, and/or reserves are not deducted when calculating

Annual Expense Overruns after Brompton’s first refinance.

G. The trial court rules in favor of Brompton and awards attorney’s

fees.

After trial, the parties presented evidence of attorney’s fees to the court in

writing, in accordance with a Rule 11 Agreement. The trial court rendered

judgment that appellants take nothing on their claims and that Brompton take

nothing on its counterclaims. The court made the following declarations:

1. There was no modification of the Prior Note. Brompton does

not owe BIP any sums under the Promissory Obligation

resulting from any modification of the Prior Note.

26

2. The Promissory Obligation is a note in which recourse is

limited to collateral covered by the Pledge and Security

Agreement.

3. Brompton is liable for Annual Expense Overruns, as defined in

the Pledge & Security Agreement, to the extent they were

incurred while the Property was managed by Texas Inter-Faith

Management between July 1, 2007 and Maturity Date. Texas

Inter-Faith Management managed the property from July 1,

2007 [to] January 31, 2013.

4. The Promissory Obligation matured on December 31, 2017.

5. The Promissory Obligation superseded and replaced the Surplus

Cash Note.

6. The $168,208.00 payment by Brompton to BIP in June of 2012

must be applied to the Promissory Obligation’s principal.

7. The phrase Controllable Operating Expenses in the Pledge &

Security Agreement does not include depreciation.

8. CHDO expenditures of $145,000.00 per year must be deducted

from the calculation of Controllable Operating Expenses.

9. Asset management fees must be deducted from the calculation

of Controllable Operating Expenses.

The trial court awarded Brompton trial attorney’s fees of $843,669.00, plus

conditional appellate attorney’s fees. BIP appealed.

Analysis

On appeal, the appellants raise ten issues. The first issue challenges the trial

court’s pretrial summary judgment, which held that appellants waived the right to

receive surplus cash installments. The fifth issue challenges the trial court’s failure

to file findings of fact and conclusions of law. The second, fourth, sixth, seventh,

27

and eighth issues all, in some way, require us to interpret the contract. The third

issue challenges the exclusion of expert testimony. The ninth and tenth issues

challenge the award of attorney’s fees.

I. Findings of fact and conclusions of law

In their fifth issue, the appellants assert that the trial court reversibly erred

by not making findings of fact or conclusions of law. Because BIP maintains that

this alleged error prevented it from properly presenting its issues on appeal, we

address this issue first.

When properly requested, the trial court has a mandatory duty to file

findings of fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 296, 297. If the court fails to file findings in

response to a proper and timely request, the court of appeals must presume the trial

court made all the findings necessary to support the judgment. Ad Villarai, LLC v.

Chan Il Pak, 519 S.W.3d 132, 135 (Tex. 2017) (citing BMC Software Belgium,

N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002)). “A party may rebut the

presumption by demonstrating that the record evidence does not support a

presumed finding.” Id. at 135; Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 795.

A trial court’s failure to file findings of fact in response to a timely and

proper request is presumed harmful unless the record affirmatively demonstrates

the requesting party has suffered no harm. Ad Villarai, 519 S.W.3d at 135; see

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1 (“Reversible Error in Civil Cases”). This can occur when the

28

dispositive factual matters are undisputed or the issues on appeal are reviewed de

novo. See Ad Villarai, 519 S.W.3d at 135; Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 310

(Tex. 2006); Holmes v. Williams, 355 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2011, no pet.). In this case, the issues on appeal center on construction of the

parties’ contracts, which we review de novo, or involve undisputed facts.

On appeal, Brompton argues that the appellants did not properly request

findings of fact and conclusions of law. However, assuming that the request was

proper and timely, the trial court’s failure to file findings of fact and conclusions of

law would, nevertheless, not be harmful. We overrule the fifth issue.

II. Waiver of surplus cash payments and request for an accounting

In the first issue, the appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting

summary, declaratory judgment that BIP waived the right to seek surplus cash

installments and by denying their request for an accounting under the contract. We

agree that the trial court erred by holding that BIP waived the right to seek surplus

cash, but, in light of the availability of discovery, we find no error in the denial of

BIP’s request for an accounting.

A. Standards of review

1. Declaratory judgment

Declaratory judgments are reviewed under the same standards as other

judgments and decrees. Unocal Pipeline Co. v. BP Pipelines (Alaska) Inc., 512

29

S.W.3d 492, 499 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied); see also TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.010 (“All orders, judgments, and decrees under this

chapter may be reviewed as other orders, judgments, and decrees.”). We look to

the procedure used to resolve the issue at trial to determine the standard of review

on appeal. Unocal Pipeline Co., 512 S.W.3d at 499–500.

2. Summary judgment

We review a traditional motion for summary judgment de novo to determine

whether a party’s right to prevail is established as a matter of law. Mann Frankfort

Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). A party

moving for traditional summary judgment bears the burden of showing that no

genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); see Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott,

128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003). “[S]ummary judgments must stand or fall on

their own merits, and the non-movant’s failure to answer or respond cannot supply

by default the summary judgment proof necessary to establish the movant’s right

to judgment.” Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d

507, 511–12 (Tex. 2014). Under the traditional rule, courts “never shift the burden

of proof to the non-movant unless and until the movant has establish[ed] his

entitlement to a summary judgment . . . by conclusively proving all essential

elements of his cause of action or defense as a matter of law.” Draughon v.

30

Johnson, 631 S.W.3d 81, 87–88 (Tex. 2021) (quoting Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d

551, 556 (Tex. 1989) (internal quotation omitted)).

“Declaratory judgments rendered by summary judgment are reviewed under

the same standards that govern traditional summary judgments generally.”

Sustainable Tex. Oyster Res. Mgmt., L.L.C. v. Hannah Reef, Inc., 623 S.W.3d 851,

862 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, pet. denied).

B. Implied waiver

“Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a right actually known, or

intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.” Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied

Pilots Ass’n, 262 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008). It is an affirmative defense. TEX.

R. CIV. P. 94. The elements of waiver are (1) an existing right, benefit, or

advantage held by a party; (2) the party’s actual knowledge of its existence; and

(3) the party’s actual intent to relinquish the right, or intentional conduct

inconsistent with the right. Ulico Cas. Co., 262 S.W.3d at 778.

Waiver is largely a matter of intent. Motor Vehicle Bd. of Tex. Dep’t of

Transp. v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers Ass’n, 1 S.W.3d 108, 111 (Tex. 1999) (per

curiam); Garcia v. First Colony Mall, LLC, No. 01-17-00336-CV, 2018 WL

2638684, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 5, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

“[F]or implied waiver to be found through a party’s actions, intent must be clearly

demonstrated by the surrounding facts and circumstances.” Jernigan v. Langley,

31

111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex. 2003). “Ordinarily, waiver is a fact question, but a

party can establish waiver as a matter of law when the facts and circumstances are

admitted or clearly established.” Garcia, 2018 WL 2638684, at *7. “In determining

whether waiver has occurred, courts examine the acts, words, or conduct of a party

to determine if the party unequivocally manifested an intent to no longer assert the

right in question.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).

C. Brompton failed to carry its summary-judgment burden.

Appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment

that BIP waived the surplus cash installments. In its summary-judgment motion,

Brompton argued that the appellants knew that BC3 was using owner advances to

pay CHDO fees and property taxes and that BC3 was repaying these advances

before determining how much surplus cash was available for distribution to BIP.3

Brompton’s summary-judgment evidence included: (1) the Promissory Obligation;

(2) the MIPA; (3) the PSA; (4) numerous financial statements and audits;

(5) Couch’s declaration; (6) deposition excerpts from Kirton, Morgan, and Robin;

(7) correspondence among the parties regarding surplus cash calculations; and

3

Brompton argued that it provided information, including notes in financial

statements, indicating that BC3 had repaid owner advances as “other obligations,”

and that, by not timely pursuing a challenge to the payments, the appellants had

impliedly waived their right to a computation of surplus cash as required by the

contracts.

32

(8) cancelled checks showing payment of surplus cash to BIP and repayment of

owner advances.

The appellants argue that there was a question of fact about their actual

intent to waive surplus cash payments because they did not have sufficient

information to allow them to intentionally waive the right. In addition, they argued

that they contemporaneously objected to the calculation and underpayment of

surplus cash.

1. The MIPA prohibited a finding of implied waiver.

Brompton’s summary-judgment evidence included the MIPA, which defines

surplus cash and includes a merger clause, which states that “[n]o . . . waiver . . . of

this Agreement shall be binding unless executed in writing by the party against

whom enforcement is sought.” Brompton therefore could not prove that the

appellants impliedly waived the right to receive installment payments of surplus

cash calculated in accordance with the MIPA. And Brompton could not prove

waiver at all in the absence of a writing signed by the appellants. Brompton’s

summary-judgment evidence did not include a writing signed by the appellants

waiving or altering their right to receive installment payments of surplus cash

calculated in accordance with the MIPA. Therefore, Brompton did not carry its

burden to conclusively establish its affirmative defense of waiver. Because

Brompton’s summary-judgment evidence failed to establish its entitlement to

33

summary judgment, no burden ever shifted to the appellants. See Draughon, 631

S.W.3d 87–88 (stating that courts never shift burden of proof to nonmovant unless

and until movant has shown entitlement to summary judgment).

2. HUD Requirements support this conclusion

Moreover, even if implied waiver were available in this case, we would not

conclude that Brompton conclusively proved that the appellants intended to

relinquish their right to semi-annual surplus cash installment payments calculated

in accordance with the parties’ contracts. The Promissory Obligation provides for

its interpretation in consonance with HUD regulations, handbooks, administrative

requirements, mortgagee notices, and documents. Under applicable HUD

regulations and handbooks, owner advances can be repaid from surplus cash, but

not as operating expenses that are paid prior to a determination of surplus cash.

See, e.g., United States v. Coleman, 200 F. Supp. 2d 561, 568 (E.D.N.C. 2002)

(holding that owner advances could not be repaid as “operating expenses” when

multifamily housing project, purchased with HUD-insured loan, was in non-

surplus cash position); U.S. DEP’T OF HOUS. & URBAN DEV., FINANCIAL

OPERATIONS AND ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES FOR INSURED HANDBOOK 4370.2 REV-

1, § 2-11 (Repayment of Owner Advances) (“Advances made for reasonable and

necessary operating expenses may be paid from surplus cash at the end of the

annual or semi-annual period. . . . Repayment of owner advances when the project

34

is in a non-surplus cash position will subject the owner to criminal and civil

monetary penalties.”).

In this case, the Promissory Agreement limited Brompton’s ability to use

surplus cash to repay owner advances by obligating Brompton to use surplus cash

to make semi-annual installment payments of the cash flow target (beginning at

$11,087.50) plus 75% of all remaining surplus cash. Brompton argues that the

appellants acquiesced in its decision to spend more than 25% of the remaining

surplus cash (after the cash flow target) to repay owner advances instead of making

semi-annual installment payments to BIP. But from 2011 on, the parties had

ongoing disagreements about the calculation of surplus cash and the making of

semi-annual installment payments. In May 2012, BIP asserted that Brompton was

in default for failing to make semi-annual surplus cash installment payments

beginning in February 2008. Because there is evidence that the appellants did not

intentionally relinquish their right to payment in accordance with the contracts,

Brompton could not conclusively prove implied waiver even in the absence of the

anti-waiver provisions in the contracts.

Brompton failed to carry its summary-judgment burden, and the trial court

erred by granting summary judgment.4

4

While we conclude that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment

because Brompton did not carry its burden, we also agree that the appellants’

35

We sustain this part of the appellants’ first issue.

D. Accounting

On appeal, BIP states that the trial court erred by denying its request for an

accounting. Appellant’s Br. 17. BIP argues that the agreement was so complicated

that it merits an accounting. We disagree.

We review a trial court’s ruling denying a request for an accounting for an

abuse of discretion. See Sw. Livestock & Trucking Co. v. Dooley, 884 S.W.2d 805,

809 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1994, writ denied) (“The granting of an accounting

is within the discretion of the trial court.”). “An ‘accounting’ is designed to require

a person in possession of financial records to produce them, demonstrate how

money was expended, and return pilfered funds in his or her possession.” 1 TEX.

JUR. 3d Accounts and Accounting § 166 (2024); see Dipprey v. Double Diamond,

Inc., 637 S.W.3d 784, 806 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2021, no pet.).

“[A] suit for an accounting may be either a separate suit in equity or a

remedy sought in conjunction with another cause of action.” Constellation Brands,

Inc. v. Roach, No. 01-21-00155-CV, 2022 WL 17981666, at *5 n.4 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2022, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Yeske v. Piazza

Del Arte, Inc., 513 S.W.3d 652, 674 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no

pet.)). “To be entitled to an accounting, a plaintiff usually must have a contractual

repeated questioning about the surplus cash calculations and payments at least

raised a fact issue to preclude summary judgment.

36

or fiduciary relationship with the party from which the plaintiff seeks the

accounting.” T.F.W. Mgmt., Inc. v. Westwood Shores Prop. Owners Ass’n, 79

S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). Courts

ordinarily will not imply a requirement for an accounting when the parties’

contract is “silent on the matter.” T.F.W. Mgmt., 79 S.W.3d at 719. An accounting

is proper “when the facts and accounts presented are so complex adequate relief

may not be obtained at law.” Id. However, “[w]hen a party can obtain adequate

relief at law through the use of standard discovery procedures, such as requests for

production and interrogatories, a trial court does not err in not ordering an

accounting.” Id. at 717–18.

In this case, the parties’ contracts are silent on the matter of whether either

party has a right to an accounting. The appellants have not demonstrated that they

had a fiduciary relationship—as opposed to an arms-length contractual

relationship—with the appellees. On appeal, the appellants did not demonstrate

that standard discovery procedures were or would be inadequate. Accordingly, we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the request for

an accounting.

We overrule this part of the appellants’ first issue.

37

III. Exclusion of expert testimony

In the third issue, the appellants argue that the trial court abused its

discretion by imposing a discovery sanction that prohibited their testifying expert

witness, Scott Robin, from testifying about certain matters. Specifically, the trial

court prohibited Robin from testifying that: (1) CHDO fees, asset management

fees, principal expenses, and/or reserve expenses are included in the meaning of

“all expenses incurred” in the “operation” of the Enclave and (2) mortgage

payments, interest payments, mortgage insurance premiums, and/or reserves are

not deducted when calculating Annual Expense Overruns after Brompton’s first

refinance. Brompton argues that the sanction was warranted due to BIP’s violation

of discovery rules.

A. Discovery requirements for testifying experts

Rule of Civil Procedure 195 describes required and permissible discovery

regarding a testifying expert witness in a suit not governed by the Texas Family

Code. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.1–195.7.

Without awaiting a discovery request, for any testifying expert, a

party must provide a report that includes the following:

....

(3) the general substance of the expert’s mental impressions

and opinions and a brief summary of the basis for them, or if

the expert is not retained by, employed by, or otherwise subject

to the control of the responding party, documents reflecting

such information;

38

(4) if the expert is retained by, employed by, or otherwise

subject to the control of the responding party:

(A) all documents, tangible things, reports, models, or

data compilations that have been provided to, reviewed

by, or prepared by or for the expert in anticipation of the

expert’s testimony;

....

TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.5(a).

Communications between a party’s attorney and a testifying expert are

generally protected; however, communications that identify facts, data, or

assumptions that the party’s attorney provided, and the expert considered or relied

on in forming opinions to be expressed are not protected and must be disclosed.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.5(c). However, a “draft expert report . . . is protected from

discovery, regardless of the form in which the draft is recorded.” TEX. R. CIV. P.

195.5(d). If an expert report was “incomplete or incorrect when made, or, although

complete and correct when made, is no longer complete or correct,” TEX. R. CIV. P.

193.5(a), the party must amend or supplement its testifying expert report “but only

with regard to the expert’s mental impressions or opinions and the basis for them.”

TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.6.

Nevertheless, “[o]ur rules do not prevent experts from refining calculations

and perfecting reports through the time of trial.” Exxon Corp. v. W. Tex. Gathering

Co., 868 S.W.2d 299, 304 (Tex. 1993). “The testimony of an expert should not be

39

barred because a change in some minor detail of the person’s work has not been

disclosed a month before trial.” Id. The requirement to supplement discovery exists

to ensure “that opposing parties have sufficient information about an expert’s

opinion to prepare a rebuttal with their own experts and cross-examination, and

that they be promptly and fully advised when further developments have rendered

past information incorrect or misleading.” Id. Thus, an expert is required to

supplement discovery when he changes his opinion about a material issue after

deposition and production of a report. See Kingsley Props., LP v. San Jacinto Title

Servs. of Corpus Christi, LLC, 501 S.W.3d 344, 353 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg 2016, no pet.).

B. Sanctions for discovery abuse

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.6 provides the general rule for

sanctioning a party for failing to provide or supplement a discovery response:

A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery

response, including a required disclosure, in a timely manner may not

introduce in evidence the material or information that was not timely

disclosed, or offer the testimony of a witness (other than a named

party) who was not timely identified, unless the court finds that:

(1) there was good cause for the failure to timely make, amend,

or supplement the discovery response; or

(2) the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the

discovery response will not unfairly surprise or unfairly

prejudice the other parties.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6.

40

The party who seeks to introduce the evidence has the burden to establish

good cause or lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice. Id. The trial court may

continue or temporarily postpone the trial to allow a party to make, amend, or

supplement a discovery response and to allow the opposing party to conduct

discovery about new information presented. Id.

Rule 195.6 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides the specific rule

requiring that parties must amend or supplement the written reports of testifying

expert witnesses with reasonable promptness. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.6. A

supplemental response made less than 30 days before trial is presumed to be not

reasonably prompt. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5(b).

C. Standard of review

We review the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence and its

determination of good cause or lack of unfair surprise or prejudice under an abuse

of discretion standard, considering whether the trial court’s action was arbitrary or

unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–43

(Tex. 1985); Leax v. Leax, 305 S.W.3d 22, 32 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2009, pet. denied).

Erroneous admission or exclusion of evidence requires reversal if the error

probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. State v. Cent. Expressway

Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009); Nissan Motor Co. v. Armstrong,

41

145 S.W.3d 131, 144 (Tex. 2004). The Texas Supreme Court has recognized the

impossibility of prescribing a specific test to determine whether a particular error is

harmful and entrusts that determination to the sound discretion of the reviewing

court. Cent. Expressway, 302 S.W.3d at 870. In conducting a harm analysis, we

review the entire record. Cent. Expressway, 302 S.W.3d at 870; Nissan, 145

S.W.3d at 144; Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. 2000).

“[I]t is not necessary for the complaining party to prove that ‘but for’ the exclusion

of evidence, a different judgment would necessarily have resulted.” McCraw v.

Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 758 (Tex. 1992). The complaining party must only show

“that the exclusion of evidence probably resulted in the rendition of an improper

judgment.” Id.

D. The trial court improperly excluded evidence.

On appeal, appellants argue that the court erred by excluding evidence

because no supplementation was required and there was no unfair surprise or

prejudice to Brompton. We agree.

Our Rules of Civil Procedure sometimes require supplementation, but for a

testifying expert report, supplementation applies “only with regard to the expert’s

mental impressions or opinions and the basis for them.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.6. The

revised reports and calculations created by Robin were done in regard to

appellants’ mental impressions and opinions about the meaning of the contracts.

42

During direct examination at trial, plaintiffs’ counsel asked Robin about his

calculations of debt service reduction, which was part of the formula for

determining the amount of money owed on maturity. Robin testified that when he

wrote the May 2019 report, he used August 1, 2018, as the date of maturity,

saying: “[T]hat’s what I was told the date was at the time I did this report.” He

described his method of calculating the debt service reduction as relying on

arithmetic, and he explained how he would calculate the debt service reduction if

the maturity date were one month earlier than the assumption used in his report.

When asked what the total debt service reduction due at maturity would be based

on a maturity date of June 30, 2018, Robin testified that it would be $3,112,940.

After Brompton’s attorney noticed that Robin was reading from a document, the

court asked what the document was. Robin responded: “It’s a printout of the

revised changes I made to the report.”

The trial court excluded evidence or testimony regarding (1) inclusion of

CHDO fees, asset management fees, principal expenses, and/or reserve expenses in

the meaning of “all expenses incurred” in the “operation” of the Enclave; and

(2) not deducting mortgage payments, interest payments, mortgage insurance

premiums, and/or reserves when calculating Annual Expense Overruns after

Brompton’s first refinance.

43

BIP and Robin had maintained throughout litigation that “all expenses

incurred” included all expenses, including CHDO fees, asset management fees, and

even depreciation. Kirton testified without objection that he believed “all expenses

incurred by borrower” as used in the definition of controllable operating expenses

necessarily included the six items to be deducted when calculating controllable

operating expenses. He testified: “In order for those to be deducted, they have to be

included, I believe, is the way that works.” Morgan testified that he understood “all

expenses” to include CHDO expenses and asset management fees, which are not

included in “all expenses” for the purpose of a HUD audit. He said that “all

expenses incurred by the borrower . . . . [was] not just some of the expenses

incurred by the property.” In its sanctions order, the trial court did not just exclude

expert testimony, but it also struck “any testimony or evidence previously offered

at trial relating to” the categories of evidence the trial court was excluding.

But Kirton’s and Morgan’s testimony on these matters came into evidence

without objection. And their impressions and opinions are not the expert’s mental

impressions or opinions. Furthermore, Robin’s recalculations made at BIP’s

request were simply a calculation based on hypotheticals considering how the court

might construe the parties’ contracts.5 See Exxon Corp., 868 S.W.2d at 304

5

Robin made various calculations based on different assumptions about the

eventual interpretation of the contracts, including: (1) varying the maturity

date between June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; (2) varying the time

44

(holding that rules of procedure do not prevent experts from refining calculations

through the time of trial). The hypothetical calculations that Robin made in the 14

months before trial were a refinement of calculations rather than a change in an

expert’s opinion that would surprise Brompton at trial. See Exxon Corp., 868

S.W.2d at 304.

The trial court therefore erred by concluding that BIP had erroneously failed

to supplement its expert report. Even if supplementation were required, however,

exclusion is required only when the failure to supplement was without good cause

or unfairly surprised or prejudiced the other parties. We have already explained

that BIP’s and Robin’s position on what fees should be included in “all expenses

incurred by borrower” was disclosed to Brompton before trial based on the

calculations in the May 2019 report. The question about “amounts due lender” is

present within the four corners of the PSA, which the trial court was asked to

construe.

In the trial court, Brompton’s attorney asserted that he would need additional

time to take further depositions of Morgan and Kirton to discern their opinions

period for annual expense overruns based on assumptions about the

relationship between Texas Inter-Faith Management and Texas Inter-Faith

Housing Corporation; (3) varying the calculation of “all expenses incurred”

from relying on the audited financial statements to include asset

management fees and CHDO expenses in the tally of expenses; (4) and

varying whether “sums due lender” would be included in the controllable

operating expenses based on Brompton’s contention that the Prior Note was

paid in full when it was refinanced in May 2007.

45

about construction of the parties’ contracts and time to again cross-examine them

at trial. But at least some of their opinions about interpretation of the contracts was

already part of their trial testimony. Brompton’s attorney also testified that he

would need additional time to ask his expert to perform additional calculations.

While the trial court ultimately rejected this proposition, the changed assumptions

were present on the revised calculations that BIP provided Brompton during trial in

January. The trial court recessed trial for three months, which afforded Brompton

time to take Robin’s deposition a second time, and during which time Brompton

could have asked his testifying expert to offer an opinion or additional calculations

in response to the report Brompton received in January 2021.

Moreover, even if supplementation were required, Rule of Civil Procedure

193.6 provides the rule for exclusion of evidence:

A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery

response, including a required disclosure, in a timely manner may not

introduce in evidence the material or information that was not timely

disclosed, or offer the testimony of a witness (other than a named

party) who was not timely identified, unless the court finds that:

(1) there was good cause for the failure to timely make,

amend, or supplement the discovery response; or

(2) the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the

discovery response will not unfairly surprise or unfairly

prejudice the other parties.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6.

46

In May 2019, Robin produced a supplemental expert report, which was the

only report that contained his opinions about the amount of money Brompton owed

at maturity. No further supplemental or amended reports were produced prior to

the start of trial in January 2021. In November 2019, the trial court granted three

partial motions for summary judgment, settling some of the parties’ disputes about

interpretation of the contracts. Three days later, Robin emailed BIP’s counsel with

new damage calculations revised to account for the trial court’s summary

judgments and to show what the numbers would look like under different

assumptions regarding construction of the contracts. These assumptions included:

(1) varying the maturity date between June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017;

(2) varying the time period for annual expense overruns based on assumptions

about the relationship between TIF Management and TIF Housing; (3) varying the

calculation of “all expenses incurred” from relying on the audited financial

statements to include asset management fees and CHDO expenses in the tally of

expenses; (4) and varying whether “sums due lender” would be included in the

controllable operating expenses based on Brompton’s contention that the Prior

Note was paid in full by the refinancing in May 2007. Documents produced during

trial showed that Robin initially made additional calculations in November 2019,

and he continued to refine his calculations and share updates with appellants’

counsel through the first day of trial.

47

Over a break in testimony, the appellants shared the document with the

appellees, who later objected on the record, saying: “The number of calculations,

I’m not exaggerating, will blow your mind. We have, I think, five or six different

scenarios now, all with a bunch of new assumptions. None of this I’ve ever seen

before.” The appellants’ attorney told the court that Robin never supplemented his

report because the methodology did not change, and “it’s basic arithmetic.” The

appellants maintained that supplementation was not required. They acknowledged

that Brompton’s attorney might be surprised but asserted that it was not unfair or

prejudicial “because the data hasn’t changed, nor has the formula or the basis for

the calculation.” Appellants’ attorney asserted that Robin would be testifying about

different hypothetical situations, calculated based on the same set of data that

Brompton’s expert relied on. Brompton maintained that the changes went beyond

arithmetic because they represent different assumptions about interpretation of the

contracts.

The court recessed the trial to give Brompton time to conduct further

discovery including deposing Robin for a second time. After the deposition,

Brompton filed a motion for sanctions asking the court to exclude evidence that

was not disclosed. The appellants argued that exclusion of evidence was excessive

and disproportional because they had already supplemented disclosures, Brompton

48

had the opportunity to take Robin’s deposition a second time, and Brompton had

ample time to review the information and prepare for cross-examination.

We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding testimony

because the record does not support a finding of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(b). We sustain this issue.

IV. The combined error of finding waiver of surplus cash installment

payments and exclusion of evidence at trial is harmful.

Trial court error in a civil case is reversible if we conclude that the error

“probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.

As shown in the diagram below, the question of what specific values must

be included in the quantity “all expenses incurred” in the operation of the Enclave

is fundamental to a correct determination of the amount due at maturity. “All

expenses incurred” is first used to determine the “controllable operating expenses,”

which is then used to determine “annual expense overruns,” which is then used to

determine the final payment due at maturity.

49

Controllable Operating Expenses (“COE”) Annual Expense Overruns (“AEO”)

COE = all expenses incurred operating the (approx.)

Enclave MINUS the total of:

1. Sums due on Prior Note (COE incurred while Property managed

2. Insurance premiums/deductibles by Texas Inter-Faith Management)

3. Accounting expenses up to $5,000/y - $531,360

4. CHDO expenditure $145,000/y

5. Asset Mgmt Fee; 1.5% gross rentals AEO

6. Extraordinary costs

Payment Due at Maturity

$221,750

– (total principal paid before Maturity Date)

+ (75% of unpaid AEO)

+ (75% of debt service reduction

from modification of Prior Note)

Payment Due at Maturity

The parties do not dispute that there was some element of risk in their

business arrangement. The inclusion of a final payment due at maturity in their

contracts acknowledged that it might take time for the Enclave to generate enough

surplus cash to enable Brompton to satisfy its contractual obligation to pay the

appellants. The final payment due at maturity was a means to provide the

appellants with some compensation should the semi-annual surplus cash

installment payments fall short of satisfying Brompton’s contractual obligation.

The trial court erroneously granted summary judgment that the appellants waived

their right to surplus cash payments, leaving the appellants without recourse to the

50

underpayments, except for the final payment on maturity. But the court then

erroneously excluded evidence that was relevant to the determination of “all

expenses incurred” in the operation of the Enclave and what amounts should be

deducted in the calculation of controllable operating expenses once the Prior Note

was extinguished by refinancing. This left the appellants without recourse to obtain

compensation by way of a final payment. This combined error is harmful.

Accordingly, we will reverse this case and remand to the trial court for a new trial

and other proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

V. Issues pertaining to interpretation of the parties’ contracts

Because we will remand—and in the interest of judicial efficiency—we will

address the several properly assigned issues of contract construction. Several

disputes in this case center on the interpretation of the parties’ contracts, whether

Brompton was in default, and how much money, if any, is owed to the appellants

under the terms of the contracts. Because of the lengthy litigation—including

numerous pretrial motions—some of these issues were resolved by declaratory or

partial summary judgment. On appeal, the appellants raise the following issues:

• Issue 2: Whether the trial court erred by granting Brompton’s

motion for summary, declaratory judgment that CHDO

expenses and asset management fees must be deducted from the

calculation of Controllable Operating Expenses;

• Issue 4: Whether the trial court erred by declaring that property

taxes should be deducted as an extraordinary expense in the

calculation of Annual Expense Overruns;

51

• Issue 6: Asserting that no evidence supports the trial court’s

“declarations (and any implied findings in support thereof) that:

‘There was no modification of the Prior Note’ and ‘Brompton

does not owe BIP any sums under the Promissory Obligation

resulting from any modification of the Prior Note’”;

• Issue 7: Asserting that no evidence supports the trial court’s

declaration that the Promissory Obligation matured on

December 31, 2017.

A. Standards of review

1. We construe appellants’ issues reasonably, yet liberally.

BIP argues issues six and seven as sufficiency-of-the evidence issues.

However, both issues, as well as issues two and four, require for their resolution

construction of the parties’ contracts. While construction of an ambiguous contract

could implicate the sufficiency of parol evidence used to help discern the intent of

the parties, whether a contract is ambiguous and that contract’s interpretation are

both questions of law that we review de novo. URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cnty., 543

S.W.3d 755, 763 (Tex. 2018).

In this case, both the appellants and appellees have argued that their

contracts are unambiguous, and we agree. Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure

38.1(f) provides that “[t]he statement of an issue or point will be treated as

covering every subsidiary question that is fairly included.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f).

“Appellate briefs are to be construed reasonably, yet liberally, so that the right to

appellate review is not lost by waiver.” Perry v. Cohen, 272 S.W.3d 585, 587 (Tex.

52

2008). “[B]riefs do not have to perfectly articulate every point of law to preserve

arguments that are fairly subsumed in the issue addressed.” Gill v. Hill, 688

S.W.3d 863, 869 (Tex. 2024). Although appellants have briefed issues six and

seven as sufficiency-of-the-evidence issues, we conclude that these issues fairly

include a challenge to the trial court’s construction of the contracts, and we will

review them in that light. See id. (repeating oft-stated principle that appellate

courts should reach merits of appeal whenever reasonably possible).

2. We construe the contracts to ascertain the parties’ intent.

In construing a contract, our goal is to ascertain the true intentions of the

parties as expressed in the writing itself. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v.

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 333 (Tex. 2011) (citing J.M.

Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex. 2003)). This an objective

determination. See URI, Inc., 543 S.W.3d at 764. “[I]n interpreting a contract, we

“ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intent expressed in the text, read without

rendering any portion meaningless, and not in the abstract but in the context in

which the words appear and were written—the realities they were meant to

address.” Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Tex. Sys. v. IDEXX Labs., Inc., 691 S.W.3d

438, 445 (Tex. 2024).

To make this determination, we begin with “the contract’s express

language,” and we “consider the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and give

53

effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered

meaningless.” Italian Cowboy Partners, 341 S.W.3d at 333 (internal quotations

omitted). In interpreting a contract, we give undefined words their plain, ordinary,

and generally accepted meanings absent some indication of a different intent. U.S.

Metals, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Grp., Inc., 490 S.W.3d 20, 23 (Tex. 2016). We do not

read any provision in isolation but consider each provision with reference to the

whole. See Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983).

We may consider the context in which words are used in the contract itself

when determining their meaning. URI, Inc., 543 S.W.3d at 764; see U.S. Polyco,

Inc. v. Tex. Cent. Bus. Lines Corp, 681 S.W.3d 383, 390 (Tex. 2023) (“Context is

certainly a permissible indicator of meaning, . . . and courts must strive to

‘harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract by analyzing the

provisions with reference to the whole agreement.’”) (quoting Frost Nat’l Bank v.

L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex. 2005)). “Context is not, however,

confined to the two-dimensional contractual environs in which the words exist but

may also encompass ‘the circumstances present when the contract was entered.’”

URI, Inc., 543 S.W.3d at 764.

A court may consider the facts and circumstances surrounding the contract’s

formation as an aid in interpreting the contract’s language, Sun Oil Co. (Del.) v.

Madeley, 626 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. 1981), because the parol evidence rule does

54

not bar consideration of “surrounding circumstances that inform, rather than vary

from or contradict, the contract text.” First Bank v. Brumitt, 519 S.W.3d 95, 110

(Tex. 2017). A court may not, however, consider “extrinsic evidence ‘to create an

ambiguity or to give the contract a meaning different from that which its language

imports.’” Id. at 109–10 (quoting Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg

Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d 445, 451 (Tex. 2011) (internal quotations omitted)).

Evidence of the parties’ conduct after contract formation is extrinsic evidence that

may not be considered when interpreting an unambiguous contract. See Sun Oil,

626 S.W.2d at 732.

In addition, “Texas courts have long recognized that, under appropriate

circumstances, ‘instruments pertaining to the same transaction may be read

together to ascertain the parties' intent, even if the parties executed the instruments

at different times and the instruments do not expressly refer to each other.’” Rieder

v. Woods, 603 S.W.3d 86, 94 (Tex. 2020) (quoting Fort Worth Indep. Sch. Dist. v.

City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d 831, 840 (Tex. 2000) (citations omitted)). A court

may consider multiple separate contracts, documents, and agreements as part of a

single, unified instrument when each written agreement and instrument was a

necessary part of the same transaction. Id. at 94. This approach is, however, simply

a method for ascertaining and giving effect to the parties’ intent. Id. at 95–96.

55

If, after applying these rules and principles of contract construction, the

contract is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, then we will

conclude that it is ambiguous. See Plains Expl. & Prod. Co. v. Torch Energy

Advisors Inc., 473 S.W.3d 296, 305 (Tex. 2015). We may conclude that a contract

is ambiguous even if no party pleads ambiguity. Sage St. Assocs. v. Northdale

Constr. Co., 863 S.W.2d 438, 445 (Tex. 1993). If the contract is ambiguous, the

parties’ intent is a question of fact for the factfinder. See Grohman v. Kahlig, 318

S.W.3d 882, 887 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam). If the contract’s language can be given

only one definite legal meaning or interpretation, then it is not ambiguous, and we

will construe the contract as a matter of law. See Plains Expl., 473 S.W.3d at 305.

B. CHDO Expenses and Asset Management fees must be deducted in

accordance with the contract.

In the trial court, Brompton sought a summary, declaratory judgment about

the calculation of the final payment due at maturity. Brompton argued that the

appellants were refusing to follow the plain language of the PSA by not subtracting

CHDO expenses and asset management fees from “all expenses incurred” when

calculating Controllable Operating Expenses. The trial court declared that CHDO

expenses and asset management fees must be deducted in that calculation.

In the second issue, the appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting

Brompton’s partial motion for summary judgment regarding CHDO and asset

management fees because it was contrary to the parties’ intent. The appellants

56

maintain that the parties intended to provide a calculation that would allow them to

compare expenses to an index and compensate them upon maturity if annual

expense overruns had reduced the semi-annual installment payments they received

during the life of the Promissory Obligation. They maintain that the Controllable

Operating Expenses calculation was intended to subtract some expenses from all

expenses, and that subtracting CHDO expenditures and asset management fees

from “all expenses” only made sense if CHDO expenditures and asset management

fees were first included in “all expenses.” The appellants argued that because

CHDO expenditures and asset management fees were not included in accounting

statements as expenses, the court’s declaration that required the parties to subtract

those items from “all expenses incurred” made the term “all expenses incurred”

meaningless.

Section 7.10 of the PSA provides that if the Enclave had an Annual Expense

Overrun, as defined by the formulas in the PSA, then BIP could terminate the

existing property manager and replace it with one of several approved property

managers. This paragraph ends with the definition of Controllable Operating

Expenses:

The term Controllable Operating Expenses shall mean all expenses

incurred by Borrower in the operation of the Subject Property owned

by the Company (as defined below) less:

....

57

(4) CHDO expenditures of $145,000.00 per year;

(5) An Asset Management fee of not more than 1.5% of the gross

rentals received from the Property; and

....

The plain language of the PSA requires that CHDO expenditures and an

asset management fee be deducted from “all expenses incurred” to calculate the

Controllable Operating Expenses. We do not find this straightforward requirement

to be susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation and therefore

ambiguous. See Plains Expl., 473 S.W.3d at 305. “[W]e presume the parties intend

what the words of their contract say.” Gilbert Tex. Constr., L.P. v. Underwriters at

Lloyd’s London, 327 S.W.3d 118, 126 (Tex. 2010). We hold that the trial court did

not err by declaring that CHDO expenditures of $145,000.00 per year and asset

management fees must be deducted from the calculation of Controllable Operating

Expenses.

We overrule the second issue.

C. Brompton’s payment of property taxes for 2011 and 2012 in

conjunction with its refinance is an extraordinary expense.

In connection with a refinancing in 2013, Brompton was required to pay

property taxes for 2011 and 2012 that were then under protest. At trial, the parties

argued about whether the $1,185,654 expense should be deducted as an

“extraordinary expense” when calculating controllable operating expenses as a

preliminary calculation to be used in computing annual expense overruns and the

58

final payment due at maturity. At trial, Brompton’s expert deducted the property

taxes as an extraordinary expense. The appellants’ expert did not. Unlike the prior

issue, the trial court did not expressly interpret the contract through a declaration. 6

The appellants argue that the trial court implicitly held that Brompton’s

payment of 2011 and 2012 property taxes in 2013 should be deducted in the

calculation of controllable operating expenses as an extraordinary expense. They

maintain that this is an erroneous interpretation of the contract. Brompton asserts

that the payment of property taxes was never expected because the parties’

transaction was based on its ability to obtain a tax exemption for the Enclave.

When construing a contract, our goal is to ascertain the true intent of the

parties when the contract was formed. See Anglo–Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352

S.W.3d at 449–50. The PSA defined controllable operating expenses as “all

expenses incurred by Borrower [Brompton] in the operation of the Subject

Property owned by the Company [BC3] (as defined below) less” six items to be

deducted, the last of which was

Extraordinary costs and expenses incurred in connection associated

[sic] with the management and operation of the Property including

litigation expenses, expenses incurred in defense of title to any part of

the Subject Property governmentally mandated charges (such

additional regulatory requirements, etc.), condemnation or casualty of

all or any part of the Property, or any other extraordinary expense

which was not reasonably foreseeable by Borrower or not covered by

6

The trial court granted a judgment that the appellants take nothing on their claims

against Brompton.

59

insurance and which, if in excess of $25,000 in any calendar year, was

not reasonably approved by Lender.

“Extraordinary costs and expenses” were not further defined in any of the

contracts. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines “extraordinary” as “going

beyond what is usual, regular, or customary.” Merriam–Webster Dictionary,

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extraordinary (last visited December

27, 2024). Similarly, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “extraordinary” as “beyond

what is usual, customary, regular, or common.” EXTRAORDINARY, Black’s

Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines

“foreseeable” as “being such as may be reasonably anticipated.” Merriam–

Webster Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foreseeable (last

visited December 27, 2024). Black’s Law Dictionary defines “foreseeability” as

“the quality of being reasonably anticipatable.” FORESEEABILITY, Black’s Law

Dictionary (12th ed. 2024).

Considering the plain language of the contract in light of these definitions,

we conclude that an extraordinary expense is one that was unusual and could not

be reasonably anticipated by the parties at the time that they entered into the

contracts. The interpretive question then becomes whether the parties could have

reasonably anticipated that BC3 would need to pay property taxes at all or as part

of a refinance when they signed their contracts on December 31, 2003.

60

We conclude that the answer is no. When the parties entered into their

contracts, it was after BIP had failed to make a profit operating the Enclave, due

primarily to the high cost of debt service and property taxes. Brompton was

selected as a buyer—and agreed to buy the Enclave despite the property’s

distressed financial position—because it had the ability to obtain a tax exemption.

Brompton’s payment of property taxes for the Enclave was therefore unusual, not

customary, and not anticipated when the parties entered into the contract. We

conclude that the payment of 2011 and 2012 taxes was extraordinary because the

parties could not have reasonably foreseen the need for Brompton to pay property

taxes. To the extent that the trial court inherently construed the PSA in this way,

we overrule this issue.

D. The Prior Note was not modified.

In its amended final judgment, the trial court declared: “There was no

modification of the Prior Note. Brompton does not owe [BIP] any sums under the

Promissory Obligation resulting from any modification of the Prior Note.” In the

sixth issue, the appellants challenge this declaration.

The Promissory Obligation included a paragraph called “Terms of

Payment.” In addition to setting out the basic terms for semi-annual installment

payments, and a single lump-sum payment, and a final payment due at maturity,

61

this paragraph also includes the following language relating to decreases in debt

service.

Notwithstanding any other provision contained herein, but subject to

the provisions of the Regulatory Agreement and HUD requirements, if

Maker modifies or refinances the mortgage indebtedness associated

with the Prior Note at any time prior to the Maturity Date, then,

(i) any net proceeds resulting from any such modification or refinance

transaction shall be paid to Seller and credited as a principal reduction

of this Note to the extent that any principal balance hereof remains

outstanding on the closing and funding date of any such modification

or refinance transaction; (ii) beginning on the date that the next

Installment is due, the Cash Flow Target will be increased by an

amount equal to fifty percent (50%) of any resulting reduction in the

Property’s annual debt service, including any reductions in interest,

mortgage insurance premiums, and replacement reserve deposits. In

addition, the amount due on the Maturity Date defined below shall

be increased by an amount equal to seventy-five percent (75%) of

any reduction in the Property’s debt service (including any

reductions in interest, mortgage insurance premiums, and replacement

reserve deposits) that accrues from the effective date through the

Maturity Date resulting from any modification of the Prior Note,

the terms of which shall be consistent with prevailing market

conditions.

(Emphasis added.)

The appellants argue that the word “modification” as used in the phrase

“resulting from any modification of the Prior Note” at the end of this paragraph is

used in an ordinary way to refer to any change in the interest rate. Brompton

asserts that the term “modification” in that phrase refers to a modification of the

Prior Note itself, as contrasted with a refinance. We agree with Brompton.

62

First, a plain reading of the relevant provision reveals that the increase in the

payment due at maturity is contingent on a “modification of the Prior Note,” not a

a reduction in interest rate. The words “interest rate” do not appear in this

provision, where the parties refer to the debt service. Earlier in the paragraph, the

words “modification or refinance” are used, whereas at the end of the paragraph,

only the word “modification” is used. This points toward a conclusion that the

parties intended the provision at the end of the paragraph to apply only if the Prior

Note itself was modified but not if it was refinanced.

Second, we must also consider the context of this provision in light of the

realities this provision was meant to address. See IDEXX Labs., 691 S.W.3d at 445.

When the parties entered into this transaction, recognizing that a reduction in debt

service was critical to the success of the business venture and that the legal

responsibility for the Prior Note was being transferred to Brompton, all the parties

promised to use their best efforts to reduce the debt service. Morgan and Kirton

agreed to use their relationship with the mortgage lender to try to persuade the

mortgage lender to reduce the interest rate on the Prior Note. Brompton agreed to

consider refinancing to reduce the debt service on the mortgage indebtedness

associated with the Prior Note. The parties envisioned that it would most likely be

Morgan and Kirton’s efforts that would bring about a modification of the Prior

Note to reduce the debt service, but it would necessarily be Brompton’s efforts that

63

would bring about a refinancing of the Prior Note to reduce the debt service. And

Couch testified that the effort needed to refinance the mortgage indebtedness far

surpassed the effort that would have been required to obtain a modification of the

Prior Note.

The final payment due at maturity was intended to provide additional

compensation to the appellants in the event that circumstances prevented

Brompton from fully paying the purchase price through semi-annual surplus cash

installments during the term of the parties’ contract. Any reduction in debt service

would, in theory, help increase the surplus cash available for making semi-annual

installment payments on Brompton’s debt to BIP. But it would also increase the

amount of surplus cash that Brompton would retain and be able to use for its own

purposes because BIP was entitled to only 75% of the surplus cash remaining after

Brompton paid the cash flow target installment payment.

Our conclusion that this provision applied only to a modification and not

refinancing is bolstered by consideration of the context and realities of the business

transaction. By increasing the final payment due at maturity if the debt service was

reduced through a modification, the contract incentivized Morgan and Kirton to

work to obtain the modification after the sale. It reallocates the potential windfall

that Brompton would have received from that debt service reduction without

having to expend much effort. But by limiting the additional amount of the final

64

payment due at maturity to only a modification and not a refinance, it compensates

Brompton for the work and effort needed to obtain a refinance—which it did, not

once but twice in this case.

We conclude that the contractual provision in question applies only to a

modification of the Prior Note. It is undisputed that there was never a modification

of the Prior Note, though the mortgage indebtedness was refinanced twice. We

hold that there was no error in the trial court’s declaration that there was no

modification of the Prior Note and that Brompton does not owe any sums under the

Promissory Obligation resulting from any modification of the Prior Note. We

overrule this issue.

E. The Promissory Obligation matured on June 30, 2018.

In the seventh issue, the appellants argue that the trial court erred by

declaring that the Promissory Obligation matured on December 31, 2017. The

appellants argue that this was an erroneous construction of the parties’ amendment.

The Amendment to the Promissory Obligation that changed the maturity

date stated:

The Maturity Date (as defined in the Note) is hereby extended to the

last day of the twenty-second (22nd) semi-annual fiscal period

following the closing of the refinance of the Prior Note.

It is undisputed that the refinance of the Prior Note closed on May 30, 2007.

The appellants assert that, under the amendment, the first semi-annual fiscal period

65

following the closing of the refinance of the Prior Note began on July 1, 2007, and

the last day of the first semi-annual fiscal period following the refinance was

December 31, 2007. This would result in a maturity date of June 30, 2018, the last

day of the 22nd semi-annual period following the refinance. Brompton argues that

the last day of the first semi-annual period following the refinance was June 30,

2007, which would make the maturity date December 31, 2017.

The plain language of the amendment is susceptible of two contrary

readings. It could require that the parties count 22 last days of the semi-annual

fiscal periods after the closing of the refinance to arrive at a maturity date. Or it

could require that the parties count 22 full semi-annual fiscal periods after the

refinance, with the maturity date occurring on the last day. But this does not render

the amendment ambiguous; it simply means that a plain reading of the text alone is

inconclusive. See Endeavor Energy Res., L.P. v. Energen Res. Corp., 615 S.W.3d

144, 152 (Tex. 2020) (“Although the sentence might therefore be characterized as

‘ambiguous’ in the colloquial sense of the word, the term ‘ambiguity’ in Texas

contract law connotes a greater degree of linguistic indeterminacy than it does in

common parlance.”).

Instead, we must consider the context in which the parties entered into the

amendment to the Promissory Note. The amendment was signed in anticipation of

the 2007 refinance of the Prior Note. As we have explained, reduction of the debt

66

service on the mortgage indebtedness was critical to the success of this business

deal because the high cost of debt service impacted the amount of surplus cash

available for Brompton to pay its debt to BIP. Indeed, from 2004 through 2006,

Brompton had not made any installment payments to BIP. At trial, Couch testified

that extension of the maturity date was included in the amendment to the

Promissory Obligation “to allow more time for cash flow to pay on the note.”

Allowing more time for “cash flow to pay on the note” would have advantages for

BIP, because it would allow more time for the Enclave to become profitable and

allow Brompton to pay its debt from surplus cash. Allowing more time for “cash

flow to pay on the note” would also have advantages for Brompton by reducing the

final payment due at maturity. The Promissory Obligation’s formula for calculating

the final payment due at maturity requires the subtraction of “the sum of the

principal portion of all Installments paid by Maker, prior to the Maturity Date.”

More installment payments would mean a larger principal portion of installment

payments made before the maturity date, and a lower final payment due at

maturity.

Construing the text and context of this provision together yields a conclusion

that there is only one reasonable construction: that the parties intended the

Maturity Date to be extended to June 2018. Because the trial court erred by

67

declaring that the Promissory Obligation matured on December 31, 2017, we

sustain this issue.

***

Because we are remanding to the trial court, we do not need to address

appellants’ issues 8, 9, and 10. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

Conclusion

We reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand to the trial court for

further proceedings in accordance with this Court’s opinion.

Peter Kelly

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Landau, and Rivas-Molloy.

68