McCollum v. Pries

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

JOHNNIE MCCOLLUM,

Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:22-cv-1710

v. (SAPORITO, J.)

DAUPHIN COUNTY PRISON

BOARD, .,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM

Plaintiff Johnnie McCollum, now incarcerated at SCI-Pine Grove,

has filed an amended complaint alleging that he was subjected to

unconstitutional conditions of confinement and denied access to religious

literature at the Dauphin County Prison. Defendants move to dismiss the

complaint for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 48). Finding that McCollum

has plausibly stated certain claims for relief as to religious literature, but

not as to the lockdowns, the Court grants the motion in part.

I. BACKGROUND

On April 2, 2024, the Court dismissed McCollum’s first amended

complaint, and granted him “a final opportunity to amend his pleading.”

(Doc. 39). On July 19, 2024, the Court received a second amended

complaint from McCollum, naming five defendants affiliated with the

Dauphin County Prison: Warden Gregory Briggs, Deputy Warden Lionel

Pierre, Grievance Coordinator Mike Welker, Chaplain Damon Fields, and

the Dauphin County Prison Board. (Doc. 46).

The complaint alleges as follows: Between August 2020 and October

2022, McCollum was incarcerated at the Dauphin County Prison. For

“roughly” 19-23 days per month, the prison was on lockdown due to “staff

shortages.” During lockdowns, inmates were confined to their cells and

therefore denied access to the gym, video visits, outside recreation, and

unspecified “program opportunities.” As a result of the lockdowns,

McCollum suffered from depression, anxiety, mood swings, and related

symptoms. McCollum wrote grievances and complaints to prison

“administration,” including Briggs and Pierre, who are also members of

the Dauphin County Prison Board. McCollum alleges that at other

prisons, the prison boards alleviated staff shortages by offering

“incentives” to recruit new staff, but the Dauphin County Prison Board

did not offer such incentives.

McCollum also objects to the availability of religious literature at

the prison. To combat the smuggling of contraband, the prison did not

permit prisoners to bring in their own books, even if they were mailed to

the prison directly by a retailer. The prison digitized certain Christian,

Muslim, Nation of Islam, Buddhist, and Wiccan books, among other

religions, so prisoners could have continual access to those books.

However, McCollum’s religion is Santeria, and the prison did not digitize

any Santeria books. There was at least one Santeria book available in the

“general library,” but the waiting list was nine months long, and when

McCollum’s turn came, he could only have the book for 14 days at a time.1

While prisoners practicing other religions had “unhindered” access to

their religious literature, McCollum did not. McCollum directed

grievances about the issue to Briggs and Fields, and specifically asked

Briggs if he could order a Santeria book “in [Briggs’s] name and have him

photocopy it[,] but he refused.”

McCollum asserts claims under the First Amendment for

interference with free exercise of religion, and claims under the Fifth and

Fourteenth Amendments premised on “unnecessary punishment of a pre-

1 Although the Santeria literature was not “digitized,” it was

apparently an e-book provided on a tablet rather than in paper form.

Nonetheless, the complaint is clear that regardless of the format,

McCollum only had access to it for 14 days at a time, and only subject to

his place on the waiting list.

trial detainee” and unequal access to religious material.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

“Under Rule 12(b)(6), a motion to dismiss may be granted only if,

accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and

viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, a court finds the

plaintiff’s claims lack facial plausibility.”

, 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing ,

550 U.S. 544, 555–56 (2007)). In deciding the motion, the Court may

consider the facts alleged on the face of the complaint, as well as

“documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of

which a court may take judicial notice.”

, 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007). Although the Court must accept

the fact allegations in the complaint as true, it is not compelled to accept

“unsupported conclusions and unwarranted inferences, or a legal

conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” , 719 F.3d

160, 165 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting , 481 F.3d 187, 195

(3d Cir. 2007)). Further, to the extent McCollum attempts to supplement

his complaint with allegations through briefing on the motion to dismiss,

those allegations are disregarded, because “the complaint may not be

amended by the briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.”

, 639 F. App’x 99, 104 (3d Cir. 2016) (citation

omitted).

McCollum brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983

provides in pertinent part:

Every person who, under color of any statute,

ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or

Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or

causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States

or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the

deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities

secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to

the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or

other proper proceeding for redress . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 1983. To establish a Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must

establish that the defendants, acting under color of state law, deprived

the plaintiff of a right secured by the United States Constitution.

, 51 F.3d 1137, 1141 (3d Cir. 1995). To avoid

dismissal for failure to state a claim, a civil rights complaint must state

the conduct, time, place, and persons responsible for the alleged

violations. , 423 F.3d 347, 353 (3d Cir. 2005). Further,

“[c]ivil rights claims cannot be premised on a theory of

. Rather, each named defendant must be shown . . . to have been

personally involved in the events or occurrences which underlie a claim.”

, 8 F. Supp. 3d 601, 613 (M.D. Pa. 2014)

(citation omitted). As explained by the Third Circuit Court of Appeals:

A defendant in a civil rights action must have personal

involvement in the alleged wrongs . . . . [P]ersonal

involvement can be shown through allegations of

personal direction or of actual knowledge and

acquiescence. Allegations of participation or actual

knowledge and acquiescence, however, must be made

with appropriate particularity.

, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d Cir. 1988).

III. DISCUSSION

Defendants argue that the complaint must be dismissed because

McCollum has not stated a claim for relief, and because they either lack

the requisite personal involvement for liability or are entitled to qualified

immunity.

A. Conditions of Confinement

McCollum’s conditions of confinement claims addressed to the

prison lockdowns must be dismissed, for reasons explained in the Court’s

memorandum and order on his prior complaint. A pre-trial detainee2 can

2 The circumstances of McCollum’s detention are unclear; he alleges

that he was a “pre-trial detainee,” but also that he was “awaiting

sentencing.” As with his prior complaint, the Court assesses the claim

pursue a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment when he is exposed to

conditions of confinement that “amount to punishment.”

, 538 F.3d 229, 232 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting , 441 U.S.

520, 535 (1979)). When the conditions are not imposed for the “express

purpose” of punishment, the question is whether the conditions are

“rationally connected to a legitimate purpose but excessive in relation to

[that] purpose.” , 972 F.3d 310, 328 (3d

Cir. 2020) (citing , 441 U.S. at 538).

Here, there is no indication that the lockdowns were imposed for

the express purpose of punishment; rather, McCollum explicitly alleges

they were imposed to accommodate staff shortages. , 441 U.S. at

540 n.23 (legitimate purposes include “maintaining security and order

and operating the institution in a manageable fashion”). Nor does the

complaint support an inference that the conditions themselves were

“excessive in relation to” this legitimate purpose. Nothing in the

complaint suggests that any defendant sought to impose any harsher

conditions than necessary given the staff shortages. Although the

under the Fourteenth Amendment, the most favorable standard to

McCollum. (Doc. 38 at 25 n.6).

conditions McCollum describes are clearly unpleasant, the amended

complaint still lacks detail from which to infer that the conditions

“amount[ed] to punishment.”3

McCollum argues that certain defendants, as members of the prison

board, should have allocated more resources to recruit new staff. With no

sense of how much money was available or what the alternatives were,

there is no basis to infer that intermittent lockdowns were “excessive”

given the legitimate need to run the prison within a budget. Regardless,

“such considerations are peculiarly within the province and professional

expertise of corrections officials . . . [and] courts should ordinarily defer

to their expert judgment in such matters.” , 441 U.S. at 540 n.23.

3 McCollum is frequently vague or contradictory in discussing his

conditions of confinement. For example, he alleges he was confined to his

cell for “19-23 days a month.” At the same time, he alleges that he had no

access to the gym because of “continuous” lockdowns (Doc. 46 at 4), but

also that the denial of gym time was the result of a “chain reaction”

prompted by the lockdowns (Doc. 46 at 5). The Court is unable to discern

whether McCollum had access to the gym on days when he was not

confined to his cell. Nor does the complaint clearly describe the conditions

on days when he confined to his cell, other than the fact that he

shared the cell with another person. The Court previously advised that

without such detail, McCollum’s allegations did not support an inference

that the conditions amounted to punishment. (Doc. 38 at 29-30).

B. Denial of Religious Literature

McCollum alleges that the deprivation of Santeria literature

violated his free exercise and equal protection rights. “Inmates clearly

retain protections afforded by the First Amendment . . . including its

directive that no law shall prohibit the free exercise of religion.”

, 482 U.S. 342, 348 (1987) (citations omitted). A prison

regulation can impinge on the right of free exercise only to the extent

“reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” ,

482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987). Assuming that an inmate’s religious view is

“sincerely held,” courts consider four factors determining whether the

regulation is reasonable: (1) whether the regulation bears a valid,

rational connection to a legitimate and neutral government objective; (2)

whether there are alternative means of exercising the right that remain

open to prison inmates; (3) the impact accommodation of the asserted

constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates, and on the

allocation of prison resources generally; and (4) the absence of ready

alternatives. , 648 F. App’x 168, 173 (3d Cir. 2016)

(citing , 482 U.S. at 89-90).

Defendants argue that as a matter of law, McCollum’s free exercise

right was not affected because the Santeria book was available to him for

fourteen days after a nine-month wait. However, the case they rely on,

, 330 F. App’x 406 (3d Cir. 2009), does not stand for that

principle. In , the prison permitted inmates to bring in their own

books if directly shipped from publishers or retailers. The plaintiff was

denied access to two books for eight months because they were not

accompanied by a publisher’s invoice, but received the books once the

invoice was secured. He also had access to “many other similar books”

from the prison library during this delay. 330 F. App’x at 408-09.

is hardly analogous to this case, since McCollum allegedly lacked

consistent access to Santeria books as a direct and unavoidable result

of the prison’s book policy. Nor does support the idea that a

person’s religious exercise cannot be burdened by long delays in access to

religious literature.4

4 In the context of a RLUIPA claim, the court noted that the

deprivation of the two books – “Survival Kit: 5 Ways to Spiritual Growth”

and “The Power of a Praying Parent” – was not a “substantial burden” on

the plaintiff’s Christian practice. This was not because the eight-month

delay itself was insignificant (the court described it as “undoubtedly a

burden”) but because the absence of those particular texts did not require

the plaintiff to abandon the precepts of his religion, substantially modify

his behavior, or violate his beliefs. 330 F. App’x at 409.

McCollum alleges that the deprivation of the Santeria book limited

his ability to “venerate [his] Orisha” and “fully educate [him]self based

on his religion.” Beyond this, the precise impact on McCollum’s religious

practice is unclear. Nonetheless, particularly since McCollum had no

consistent access to Santeria5 literature of any kind, the complaint

supports a plausible inference that he was deprived of “critical religious

instruction without which [he] could not practice [his] religion generally.”

, 323 F.3d 236, 255-57 (3d Cir. 2003).6

Defendants argue that McCollum has not properly alleged the

personal involvement of any defendant. The Court agrees with respect to

5 At the pleading stage, the Court cannot accept defendants’

inference that McCollum’s religious exercise was unaffected because he

had access to Roman Catholic literature and Santeria “involves elements

of the Roman Catholic faith.”

6 , 306 F. App’x 778, 780 (3d Cir. 2009)

(“[L]imiting an inmate’s access to the religious literature that he is

required to read as part of his practice constitutes a substantial burden

on his religious exercise.”); , No. 1:20-CV-00235-SPB-RAL,

2021 WL 3610034, at *5 (W.D. Pa. July 19, 2021), report and

recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 3603621 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 13, 2021);

, No. 2:18-CV-01160-MJH, 2020 WL 3211893, at *5 (W.D.

Pa. May 11, 2020), report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL

3196261 (W.D. Pa. June 15, 2020), aff’d, No. 22-1328, 2022 WL 16707071

(3d Cir. Nov. 4, 2022); , No. CIV 1:09-CV-0267, 2010

WL 817398, at *6 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 9, 2010) (denial of access to Bible during

three-week lockdown).

all defendants except Warden Briggs. McCollum alleges that, separately

from his grievances, he asked Briggs to arrange a photocopy of the

Santeria book so that he could access it, and Briggs refused that request.

This interaction, combined with McCollum’s grievances to Briggs,

supports a reasonable inference that Briggs knew McCollum did not have

access to essential religious literature, was empowered to resolve the

issue, and declined to do so.

For these reasons, McCollum has also stated a Fourteenth

Amendment equal protection claim against Briggs. McCollum must

allege that he was intentionally treated differently from similarly

situated persons because of membership in a particular protected class,

such as a religious group. , 299 F.3d 197, 206 (3d

Cir. 2002). As with McCollum’s free exercise claim, a discriminatory

regulation would still be justified if reasonably related to a legitimate

penological interest. , 227 F.3d 47, 61 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing

, 482 U.S. at 89).

McCollum alleges that books for numerous other religions were

digitized to grant their adherents “unhindered” access. While this fact

alone does not show intentional discrimination against him, McCollum’s

subsequent interactions with Briggs would have placed Briggs on notice

that Santeria was not included. The complaint supports an inference that

Briggs, as the warden, was aware that religious books were digitized, and

that his refusal to accommodate McCollum’s request represented an

intentional decision not to permit McCollum the same access to religious

material as other similarly situated inmates. To the extent there was a

legitimate penological interest in treating Santeria differently from other

religions whose books were digitized, it is not apparent from the

complaint.

Finally, Defendants argue that they are entitled to qualified

immunity. Qualified immunity applies to federal and state actors unless

(1) the “facts, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,

demonstrate a constitutional violation,” and (2) the alleged right was

clearly established at the time of the violation.

, 88 F.4th 275, 281 (3d Cir. 2023) (citation omitted). A clearly

established right is one so apparent that “every reasonable official would

understand that what he is doing is unlawful.” ,

957 F.3d 165, 169 (3d Cir. 2020) (quoting , 583

U.S. 48, 63 (2018)). However, the Third Circuit has cautioned courts not

to “venture into a qualified immunity analysis at the pleading stage as it

is necessary to develop the factual record in the vast majority of cases.”

, 328 F. App’x 788, 791 n.3 (3d Cir. 2009)

(unpublished).

Defendants present a series of conclusions that they believe

foreclose any violation of a clearly established right as to McCollum’s

religious literature. (Doc. 50 at 24). However, these arguments are

premised on inferences unjustified at the pleading stage (e.g., that

McCollum’s religious needs were adequately addressed by the presence

of Roman Catholic literature), and statements of law that are imprecise7

or do not encapsulate the specific conduct alleged (e.g., that prisoners are

“not entitled to every implement and ritual of their religion”).

As noted above, McCollum’s complaint supports an inference that

7 For example, defendants cite , 295 Fed. Appx. 479

(3d Cir. 2008), for the premise that “no equal protection violation is viable

based on the amount of shelf space any particular religion enjoys.” This

statement misinterprets ; in that case, the court noted that prisons

could legitimately allocate resources to different religions based on their

popularity, so equal protection claims should be ultimately premised on

comparisons between “similarly situated faiths.” 295 Fed. Appx. at 484.

That principle does not (yet) support an argument for qualified immunity

in this case, because nothing in McCollum’s complaint indicates that

Santeria was uniquely situated compared to other religions for which the

prison literature was digitized.

he was denied literature that was essential to his religious practice.

Although the Santeria book was “available” to McCollum in that he could

receive it once every nine months for a two-week period, no reasonable

official would have believed this was a permissible level of access to an

essential religious text; indeed, the prison allegedly digitized such

materials so that prisoners would have consistent access to them. The

record may yet reveal a legitimate penological objective or that the denial

of Santeria literature did not burden McCollum’s religious exercise. But

given the reasonable inferences to which McCollum is entitled at the

pleading stage, Briggs is not entitled to qualified immunity from the

complaint as pled. , , , No. 19-CV-18480-GC-

DEA, 2022 WL 17324929, at *11, 13 (D.N.J. Nov. 29, 2022) (citing cases

describing that “denying prisoners access to their holy text . . . is a

substantial burden on free-exercise rights”); , No. 2:21-

CV-0323, 2022 WL 2073044, at *5 (W.D. Pa. June 9, 2022); . , 323

F.3d at 258-260 (finding that qualified immunity applied at the summary

judgment stage).

IV. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, McCollum will be permitted to proceed on free

exercise and equal protection claims for damages against Warden Briggs

only. Because McCollum is no longer at the Dauphin County Prison, any

requested injunctive relief is now moot. , 323 F.3d at 248.

Defendants’ motion will be granted as to all other claims. An appropriate

order follows.

Dated: December 19, 2024

JOSEPH F. SAPORITO, JR.

United States District Judge