Harrington v. Veritext, LLC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 24-CV-22787-MOORE/Elfenbein

JONATHAN HARRINGTON,

Plaintiff,

v.

VERITEXT, LLC,

Defendant.

_________________________________/

ORDER FOLLOWING DISCOVERY HEARING

THIS CAUSE is before the Court on three matters: (1) Defendant Veritext, LLC’s

Amended Notice of Hearing (the “Notice”), in which Defendant alerted the Court that the Parties

required the Court’s assistance with two discovery disputes, ECF No. [67]; (2) Non-Party Florida

Board of Bar Examiners’ Expedited Motion for Protective Order (the “Board Motion”), ECF No.

[68]; and (3) Non-Party Juan Carlos Arias’ Motion for Protective Order (the “Arias Motion”),

ECF No. [69].

In the Notice, Defendant asked to be heard “regarding the following discovery issues”:

1. Defendant’s Motion to Quash Plaintiff’s Notice of Taking

Deposition by Written Questions of Non-Party Juan Arias for

failure to comply with procedures outlined in Fed. R. Civ. P.

30(c) and 31;

2. Defendant’s Motion to Quash or for a Protective Order

Preventing the Deposition of Mabel Ruano, including whether

any fees connected to the motion should be awarded under Fed.

R. Civ. P. 26(c) and 37(a)(5)(A).

See ECF No. [67] at 1. In the Board Motion, Non-Party Florida Board of Bar Examiners (the

“Board”) “moves for a protective order with respect to Plaintiff’s Notice of Taking Depositions

of Juan Carlos Arias, Esq. [ECF No. 62] and Mabel Ruano [ECF No. 65] and Plaintiff’s First Set

of Interrogatories to Defendant Veritext, LLC (“Defendant”) [ECF No. 36-2], First Set of

Requests for Production from Defendant [ECF No. 36- 3], and First Set of Requests for

Admission [ECF No. 36-4].” See ECF No. [68] at 1. In the Arias Motion, Non-Party Juan

Carlos Arias moves for a “Protective Order against Plaintiff’s Notice of Taking Deposition by

Written Questions of Non-Party, Juan Arias, [D.E. 64-2] pending the resolution of” Defendant’s

objection to that deposition as described in the Notice. See ECF No. [69] at 1.

The Court held a combined hearing on the issues in the Notice, the Board Motion, and the

Arias Motion on November 6, 2024 (the “Hearing”). See ECF No. [63]; ECF No. [70]; ECF No.

[75]. At the Hearing, Defendant made two oral motions: (1) a motion to quash Plaintiff’s

deposition notice for Arias because the notice failed to comply with Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 30(c) and 31 (the “Arias Oral Motion”), see ECF No. [103]; and (2) a motion to quash

Plaintiff’s deposition of Ruano or, in the alternative, to issue a protective order preventing that

deposition (the “Ruano Oral Motion”), see ECF No. [104].

The Court heard argument on the oral motions and issues, then took both oral motions

and all the issues under advisement. The Court also gave the Parties, the Board, and Arias an

opportunity to submit supplemental authorities relating to the Board Motion and the Arias

Motion and ordered that those supplemental authorities be submitted by November 8, 2024. See

ECF No. [75]. Only the Board took the Court up on its offer and submitted a supplemental brief.

See ECF No. [79].

Having reviewed the Parties’ and Non-Parties’ filings, including the Board’s

supplemental brief, and having considered the Parties’ and Non-Parties’ arguments, it is

ORDERED and ADJUDGED as follows:

I. The Board Motion, ECF No. [68]

In the Board Motion, the Board contends that Plaintiff’s discovery and deposition

“requests seek information that is confidential under” Rule 1-61 of the Rules of the Supreme

Court Relating to Admissions to The Bar (the “Bar Admission Rules”) “and federal common

law.” See ECF No. [68] at 3–9. The Board argues that anything Arias (who was Plaintiff’s

lawyer at the Board Hearing that forms the basis of this lawsuit) and Ruano (who was the court

reporter at the Board Hearing) would disclose in response to Plaintiff’s discovery requests would

be confidential because it would “focus on the content of the hearing transcript, what occurred at

the Board hearing and whether the transcript accurately reflects what occurred at the hearing.”

See ECF No. [68] at 4–6. The Board also argues that disclosure of that information would be

harmful because “the Board’s investigative process would be impeded” and there is “the

potential for disclosure of information concerning other Bar applicants.” See ECF No. [68] at 6–

7.

The Board asks the Court to limit Plaintiff’s depositions of Arias and Ruano and

Plaintiff’s discovery requests to exclude information that is confidential under Bar Admission

Rule 1-61. See ECF No. [68] at 10. According to the Board, that confidential information

includes: (1) the testimony of Arias and Ruano “relating to what occurred during Plaintiff’s

hearing before the Board”; (2) “the audio of Plaintiff’s hearing before the Board”; and (3)

“emails exchanged between the Board and” Defendant “to the extent the emails reference

particular applicants or anything that occurred during a hearing before the Board.” See ECF No.

[68] at 9. At the Hearing, the Board clarified that the discovery requests over which it seeks a

protective order are Interrogatory Number 16, see ECF No. [36-2] at 4, and Requests for

Production Numbers 6, 7, and 15, see ECF No. [36-3] at 2–3.

In response to the Board Motion, Plaintiff filed a “motion” partially opposing it (the

“Response”). See ECF No. [72]. In the Response, Plaintiff concedes that the Board’s “position

has merit” but asserts that “the relief it seeks is much too broad.” See ECF No. [72] at 2.

Plaintiff argues that documents and audio files in Defendant’s possession are not the Board’s

records, so they cannot be subject to Bar Admission Rule 1-61. See ECF No. [72] at 1–4. He

argues that Bar Admission Rule 1-61 cannot apply to bar Arias and Ruano from testifying about

their own “thoughts, knowledge, observations,” and “recollections” about what happened at his

hearing because that would lead to “absurd results.” See ECF No. [72] at 2. And he argues Bar

Admission Rule 1-61 is meant to be a shield, not a sword — that is, to protect applicants from

having their private information disclosed, not to be a weapon for the Board. See ECF No. [72] at

3.

At the Court’s invitation, the Board filed a Reply addressing whether any court had

answered “the question of whether the confidentiality provision in” Bar Admission Rule 1-61

“applied to the types of disclosures that are at issue in the Board’s Motion” (the “Board Reply”).

See ECF No. [79] at 1. In the Board Reply, the Board notes that it was “unable to locate any

decisional authority that addresses whether a court reporter for a Board hearing or an applicant’s

attorney would be required to maintain the confidentiality of information and documents

obtained by virtue of their participation in a Board hearing” but argues that Bar Admission Rule

1-61 “does apply in these circumstances because (1) formal hearings before the Board are

confidential; (2) [Bar Admission] Rule 1-61 applies not only to records related to formal

hearings but matters discussed at formal hearings; and (3) [Bar Admission] Rule 1-61 applies to

information obtained by third parties by virtue of their participation in formal hearings.” See

ECF No. [79] at 1–2.

The Board acknowledges that the “general rule governing formal hearings,” Bar

Admission Rule 3-23.2, is “silent on the issue of confidentiality” but notes that the rule

governing formal hearings for disbarred/resigned applicants, Bar Admission Rule 3-22.7,

“explicitly provides” that those hearings are open to the public, which the Board argues supports

a conclusion that all other formal hearings are not. See ECF No. [79] at 2–3. The Board also

notes it has “been the Board’s practice, in fact, to keep an applicant’s formal hearing closed to

the public and confidential.” See ECF No. [79] at 3. Similarly, the Board argues that the

operative word in Bar Admission Rule 1-61 — “information” — encompasses more than just

written records because the Bar Admission Rules use both terms and do not use them

interchangeably. See ECF No. [79] at 4–5. Finally, the Board argues that third parties who

obtain information “they otherwise would not be privy to” by “virtue of their participation” in

Board hearings must keep that information confidential because it remains “the Board’s work

product,” and if they were allowed to disclose it, Bar Admission “Rule 1-61 would be rendered

meaningless.” See ECF No. [79] at 5–9.

Bar Admission Rule 1-61 requires that, except as provided by the Bar Admission Rules

or otherwise authorized by the Florida Supreme Court, “[a]ll information maintained by the

[B]oard in the discharge of the responsibilities delegated to it by the Supreme Court of Florida is

confidential.” Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-61. As an initial matter, the Court notes that, like the

Board, it did not find any case law addressing the question presented here. Still, the Florida

Supreme Court has provided some useful foundational principles.

In a 1984 decision, for example, the Court explicitly “decline[d] to adopt the Board’s

proposal that the record of any applicant who appeals the Board’s failure to recommend

admission to the Bar be made public.” Fla. Bd. of Bar Exam’rs: Re: Amend. to Rules Relating to

Admission to the Bar, Art. III, Sec. 4 (Character & Fitness), 451 So. 2d 1384, 1384 (Fla. 1984).

It did so because, as it explained: “Little, if anything, would be gained from such a rule, and

much could be lost.” Id. Seven years later, the Court interpreted what would become the core

language of Bar Admission Rules 1-63.5 and 1-63.6 and held that the language

entitles applicants only to copies of documents previously filed by them or on

their behalf with the board with the written consent of the party submitting such

documents, and copies of any documents or exhibits tendered to the board at an

investigative or formal hearing before the board and the transcript of such

hearings. The rules do not entitle an applicant to any records relied upon by the

board in conducting an investigative hearing.

Fla. Bd. of Bar Exam’rs Re: Interpretation of Art. I, Sec. 14d of Rules of Sup. Ct. Relating to

Admissions to the Bar, 581 So. 2d 895, 897 (Fla. 1991).

Five years after that, the Court rejected a suggestion by commentors to make “all records

in the possession of the Board . . . open for inspection by the applicant and the public.” See Fla.

Bd. of Bar Exam’rs re Amends. to Rules of Sup. Ct. of Fla. Relating to Admissions to the Bar,

676 So. 2d 372, 374 (Fla. 1996). The Court explained its reasoning this way:

We have previously expressed our concern that unless the Board’s investigative

files are held in confidence, many of those from whom the Board seeks

information concerning applicants would be unwilling to candidly respond. Here,

the Board has only proposed that documents filed on an applicant’s behalf and

which would be independently available to the applicant be accessible to the

applicant without consent of the party submitting them. Documents not otherwise

available to an applicant will still only be released with the written consent of the

submitting party. Other documents in the possession of the Board shall remain

confidential under the amended rule, and shall only be available to an applicant if

tendered to the Board at an investigative or formal hearing. This is consistent with

our prior interpretation of article I, section 14 and our previous determination that

little, if anything, would be gained from such a rule making public the record of

an applicant, and much could be lost.

Id. (alterations adopted, citations and quotation marks omitted).

Because Plaintiff is not asking this Court to make his whole Bar application record

public, is not asking for the Board’s investigative hearing records, and is asking for more than

just documents that are in the Board’s possession, none of those decisions settle the matter here.

They do, however, provide helpful context for the analysis, as they demonstrate that the Florida

Supreme Court has consistently interpreted the confidentiality provisions of the Bar Admission

Rules in favor of shielding — and against disclosing — the Board’s records and documents.

Such an interpretation is also consistent with the distinction contained within the Bar

Admission Rules for hearings involving those who seek admission to the Florida Bar versus

those who were previously disbarred or resigned pending disciplinary proceedings before the

Bar. As the Board points out in its Reply, Bar Admission Rule 3-23.2,1 which governs formal

hearings for applicants seeking admission to the Bar, makes no reference to whether such

proceedings are public, whereas Bar Admission Rule 3-22.7,2 which governs formal hearings for

1 Bar Admission Rule 3-23.2 provides:

Formal Hearing. Except as provided in rule 3-23.1, any applicant or registrant who

receives Specifications is entitled to a formal hearing before the board, representation by

counsel at his or her own expense, disclosure by the Office of General Counsel of its

witness and exhibit lists, cross-examination of witnesses, presentation of witnesses and

exhibits on his or her own behalf, and access to the board’s subpoena power. After

receipt of the answer to Specifications, the board will provide notice of the dates and

locations available for the scheduling of the formal hearing. Formal hearings are

conducted before a panel of the board that will consist of not fewer than 5 members. The

formal hearing panel will consist of members of the board other than those who

participated in the investigative hearing. This provision may be waived with the consent

of the applicant or registrant. The weight to be given all testimony and exhibits received

in evidence at a formal hearing must be considered and determined by the board. The

board is not bound by technical rules of evidence at a formal hearing. A judgment of guilt

to either a felony or misdemeanor will constitute conclusive proof of the criminal

offense(s) charged. An order withholding adjudication of guilt of a charged felony will

constitute conclusive proof of the criminal offense(s) charged. An order withholding

adjudication of guilt of a charged misdemeanor will be admissible evidence of the

criminal offense(s) charged. The admissibility of results of a polygraph examination will

be in accordance with Florida law.

2 By contrast, Bar Admission Rule 3-22.7 states:

Public Hearing for Disbarred/Resigned Attorneys. All applicants who have been

disbarred from the practice of law, or who have resigned pending disciplinary

proceedings must appear before a quorum of the board for a formal hearing. The formal

disbarred/resigned attorneys, explicitly states such hearings are open to the public. See ECF No.

[79] at 2–3. “Under the principle of statutory construction, expressio unius est exclusio alterius,

the mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another.” SE Prop. Holdings, LLC v. Welch,

65 F.4th 1335, 1344 (11th Cir. 2023) (quoting Young v. Progressive Se. Ins. Co., 753 So. 2d 80,

85 (Fla. 2000)); see also Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of

Legal Texts 99–102 (2012). Following this cannon, it stands to reason that the reference to the

public nature of proceedings in Bar Admission Rule in 3-22.7 — “the hearing will be open to the

public” — and the explicit reference to the record produced at the hearing being “public

information and exempt from the confidentiality provision of rule 1-60” when compared to Bar

Admission Rule 3-23.2’s silence on the issue “implies the exclusion of another,” meaning it

implies that hearings and any records produced at hearings for those seeking initial admission to

the Florida Bar are not open to the public and are, therefore confidential. See LaCroix v. Town of

Fort Myers Beach, 38 F.4th 941, 949 (11th Cir. 2022) (citation and quotation marks omitted)

(applying the cannon of expression unius est exclusion alterius). Consistent with the Florida

Supreme Court’s interpretation that the confidentiality provisions in the Bar Admission Rules

support shielding the Board’s records and documents from disclosure, statutory interpretation of

Bar Admission Rules 3-23.2 and 3-22.7 under the cannon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius

further support the notion that formal hearings for applicants seeking admission to the Florida

Bar are confidential.

With that background, the Court turns to the issue at hand — interpreting Bar Admission

Rule 1-61, which, to recap, provides that “[a]ll information maintained by the [B]oard in the

hearing will be open to the public, and the record produced at the hearing and the

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law are public information and exempt from the

confidentiality provision of rule 1-60.

discharge of the responsibilities delegated to it by the Supreme Court of Florida is confidential,”

except as provided by the Bar Admission Rules or otherwise authorized by the Florida Supreme

Court. See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-61. To begin, the Court agrees with the Board that the term

“information,” as used in Bar Admission Rule 1-61, encompasses more than records. A look at

the ordinary meaning of the words as well as the Bar Admission Rules as a whole make clear

that when those Rules use the term “information,” it means something different than when the

Rules use the term “records” or the closely related term “documents.”

In its analysis of Bar Admission Rule 1-61, the Court begins with “the most fundamental

semantic rule of interpretation,” “the ordinary-meaning canon.” United States v. Garcon, 54

F.4th 1274, 1277–78 (11th Cir. 2022), abrogated on other grounds by, Pulsifer v. United States,

601 U.S. 124 (2024) (alterations adopted, citations and quotation marks omitted). “The

command of the canon is simple: our job is to interpret the words consistent with their ordinary

meaning at the time Congress enacted the statute unless the context in which the words appear

suggests some other meaning.” Id.; see also Scalia & Garner, supra, at 74–79 (“Words are to be

understood in their ordinary, everyday meanings—unless the context indicates that they bear a

technical sense.”). Starting with the ordinary meaning of the word “information,” it means

“knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction.” See information,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information (last visited Dec. 10, 2024). By

comparison, the ordinary meaning of the word “records” is “something that records: such as”

“the official copy of the papers used in a law case.” See records, https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/records (last visited Dec. 10, 2024). And, the ordinary meaning of the term

“documents” is “something (such as a photograph or a recording) that serves as evidence or

proof.” See documents, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/documents (last visited

Dec. 10, 2024). Thus, the term “information,” by its ordinary meaning, is much broader than the

term “records” or “documents,” and it cannot be assumed that the Bar Admission Rules intend to

use such terms interchangeably.

Indeed, an analysis of the Bar Admission Rules reveal that they use the word

“information” in some places while using the terms “records” and “documents” in other places,

further supporting the idea that these terms each carry different meaning. See Scalia &

Garner, supra, at 147–49 (“[W]here the document has used one term in one place, and a

materially different term in another, the presumption is that the different term denotes a different

idea.”). For example, within the same “Confidentiality” section where Rule 1-61 is found, Rule

1-63 explains when the Board “is authorized to disclose information relating to an individual”

applicant. See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-63 (emphasis added). If a member of the public requests

“information,” the Board can “confirm if a person has filed” a Bar or Bar Exam application and

can “provide the date of admission of any attorney admitted to The Florida Bar.” See Fla. Bar

Admiss. R. 1-63.1. Importantly, that data is information that can be, but does not have to be, part

of a written record or document. The same is true of the “information” the Board can disclose to

third parties during an applicant’s background information; it includes the applicant’s name,

birthdate, address, and social security number — details that, again, can be, but do not have to

be, part of a written record or document.3 See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-63.8.

Conversely, Rule 1-63.5 and Rule 1-63.6 explain when an applicant can request copies of

certain documents or other tangible things, including: (1) documents previously filed by them, on

their behalf, or at the Board’s request; (2) “documents or exhibits formally introduced into the

record at an investigative or formal hearing before the” Board; and (3) “the transcript of

3 This is also true of the information the Board is permitted to disclose to the “national data bank operated

by, or on behalf of, the National Conference of Bar Examiners.” See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-63.2.

hearings.” See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-63.5; Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-63.6. Likewise, Rule 1-62

explains that the Board is the “custodian” of all “records” connected with Bar applications,

including “registrant and applicant files, investigative reports, examination materials, and

interoffice memoranda,” see Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-62, all of which are tangible things. The fact

that Rules 1-63.5 and 1-63.6 talk about documents and exhibits under the general umbrella of

Rule 1-63’s guidance about when the Board “is authorized to disclose information relating to an

individual” supports a conclusion that the correct interpretation of the term “information” in the

Bar Admission Rules covers more than does the term “documents.” The same is true of Rule 1-

62’s reference to “records” under the general umbrella of Rule 1-61’s “information.”

But perhaps the clearest support for that conclusion is found in Rule 1-65. Titled

“Disclosure of Information,” Rule 1-65 provides: “Unless otherwise ordered by the Supreme

Court of Florida, the chair of the [B]oard, or the presiding officer at a hearing before the [B]oard,

nothing in these [R]ules prohibits any applicant or witness from disclosing the existence or

nature of any proceeding under [R]ule 3, or from disclosing any documents or correspondence

served on, submitted by, or provided to the applicant or witness.”4 See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-

65.5 By referring to both ideas (like the mere existence or nature of a proceeding) and

documents (like correspondence) within a Rule explicitly labelled as being about “information,”

4 Rule 3 pertains to background investigations, see Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 3, and covers Specification

hearings like the one that forms the basis of this lawsuit, see Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 3-23.

5 At the Hearing, the Court asked the Board to explain how Bar Admission Rule 1-65 (which allows

applicants and Board hearing witnesses to disclose the existence and nature of the hearing along with any

documents they submit, are served, or are provided) interacts with Bar Admission Rule 1-64 (which notes

that any person who intentionally and without authority discloses confidential information maintained by

the Board “may be in contempt” of the Board). The Board’s position was that Rule 1-65 is intended to

allow applicants to confer with witnesses to prepare for the hearing but that any such conferral does not

turn the information shared into public record. The Court does not opine on the proper interplay of Rules

1-64 and 1-65, but it does note that, even if Rule 1-65 transforms certain information into public record, it

would not resolve the issues here because Ruano and Arias are neither applicants nor witnesses.

Rule 1-65 demonstrates that the term “information” in the Bar Admission Rules is broader than

ideas, documents, or other tangible things. Rule 1-72 demonstrates the same relationship applies

to the term “information” and records. See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-72 (“Records, statements of

opinion, and other information regarding an applicant for admission to The Florida Bar,

communicated without malice to the board, its members, employees, or agents by any entity,

including any person, firm, or institution, are privileged, and civil suits for damages predicated

on those communications may not be instituted.”).

The Court also agrees with the Board that it does not have to keep information itself for

information to be “maintained by” the Board for purposes of Bar Admission Rule 1-61. Because

of the confidential nature of the information the Board is charged with maintaining, see Fla. Bar

Admiss. R. 1-61, the relationship between the Board and its agents is analogous to the

relationship between a lawyer and a nonlawyer employee.

Courts have long recognized that nonlawyer employees are “privy to confidential

communications” even if they “make no lawyerlike decisions” and do not “counsel clients.” See

Esquire Care, Inc. v. Maguire, 532 So. 2d 740, 741 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988). So has the Florida

Bar’s ethics counsel, which has noted in an Ethics Advisory Opinion that “nonlawyer employees

necessarily share in confidential and secret information.” See Stewart v. Bee-Dee Neon & Signs,

Inc., 751 So. 2d 196, 202 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000) (quoting Fla. Bar Ethics Op. 86–5). The ABA’s

Committee on Professional Ethics agrees. See id. at 204 (referring to an ABA Ethics Opinion

advising that “lawyers are required to maintain procedures designed to protect client information

from disclosure by the lawyer’s employees and agents,” including “all nonlawyer personnel in a

law firm who have access to material information relating to the representation of clients,” even

“agents who technically may be independent contractors, such as investigators” (quotation marks

omitted)).

For that reason, courts, the Florida Bar’s ethics counsel, and the ABA Committee on

Professional Ethics have all concluded that nonlawyer employees “necessarily share the

attorney’s ethical obligation not to disclose or use such information.” See id. at 203 (quoting Fla.

Bar Ethics Op. 86–5); id. at 204 (referring to 67 ABA/BNA Lawyers’ Manual on Professional

Conduct 901:318 (Aug. 31, 1988), ABA Informal Opinion 88–1526 (June 22, 1988): Imputed

Disqualification Arising From Change in Employment By Nonlawyer Employees); id. at 204–05,

207 (adopting the ethics committees’ standards). And Florida courts have made clear that

nonlawyer employees consist of “any nonlawyer assistant,” including “any paralegal, legal

assistant, secretary, clerk, law student intern, investigator, or other person who is employed or

retained by or associated with a lawyer in the representation of a client.” See id. at 208 n.4

(quotation marks omitted); cf. Est. of Stephens ex rel. Clark v. Galen Health Care Inc., 911 So.

2d 277, 282 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (concluding that a “doctor is not revealing a patient’s

confidential patient information . . . simply by discussing information obtained in the course of

employment with employees or agents within a certain chain of health care communication—for

instance with hospital management responsible for setting standards of care”).

Putting those principles together, the Court finds that employees or agents employed or

retained by the Board to assist it “in the discharge of the responsibilities delegated to it by the

Supreme Court of Florida” share in the Board’s duty of confidentiality. See Fla. Bar Admiss. R.

1-61. The Bar Admission Rules themselves support this finding, as they include the Board’s

“members, employees, and agents” within the immunity from civil liability for damages that

protects the Board’s “conduct and communications occurring in the performance and within the

scope of their official duties relating to . . . character and fitness qualification.” See Fla. Bar

Admiss. R. 1-71; cf. Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-72 (“Records, statements of opinion, and other

information regarding an applicant for admission to The Florida Bar, communicated without

malice to the board, its members, employees, or agents by any entity, including any person, firm,

or institution, are privileged, and civil suits for damages predicated on those communications

may not be instituted.”). If the Board’s employees and agents share the benefit of the Board’s

liability protection for the work they do, it makes sense that those employees and agents would

also share the Board’s confidentiality burden.6

Applying those findings to the facts of this case, the Court concludes that the Board’s

confidentiality burden extends to Mabel Ruano, the court reporter it hired to transcribe Plaintiff’s

hearing. For that reason, Ruano’s deposition and any discovery requests concerning her must be

limited to exclude any information that is confidential under Rule 1-61. Accordingly, the Board

Motion, ECF No. [68], as it relates to Ruano, is GRANTED. As it relates to Ruano’s deposition,

Plaintiff is prohibited from asking about any information Ruano learned only by virtue of her

participation in Plaintiff’s Board hearing, but Plaintiff is not prohibited from asking about any

information Ruano learned before, after, or apart from that hearing. As it relates to Plaintiff’s

discovery requests, Defendant does not have to answer Interrogatory Number 16, see ECF No.

[36-2] at 4, or respond to Requests for Production Numbers 6,7 7, and 15, see ECF No. [36-3] at

6 In reaching this conclusion, the Court is only interpreting Bar Admission Rule 1-61 for purposes of this

discovery dispute. The Court is not deciding any issues involving the merits of the claims in the case or

otherwise interpreting Bar Admission Rule 1-71.

7 Request for Production Number 6 asks for “any preliminary or intermediate drafts of the transcript of

the hearing.” See ECF No. [36-3] at 2. While Bar Admission Rule 1-63.5 allows applicants to receive

“the transcript of hearings,” the Rule is silent on whether applicants can receive drafts of hearing

transcripts. See Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-63.5. As a result, the Court must decide whether the phrase “the

transcript of hearings” in Rule 1-63.5 contemplates only the finalized transcript of each hearing or

includes within it preliminary or draft versions.

2–3.

That conclusion does not apply to Juan Carlos Arias, however, because Arias was not the

Board’s agent at Plaintiff’s hearing. Instead, as Plaintiff’s lawyer, he was Plaintiff’s agent. But

reasoning from the case law the Board provided in its Reply supports a parallel conclusion: that

the Board’s confidentiality burden extends to Arias for any information he learned in Plaintiff’s

hearing because he acquired that information only by virtue of being allowed to participate in the

hearing. See Henry v. Att’y Gen., Ala., 45 F.4th 1272, 1276 (11th Cir. 2022); cf. Mayer v. State,

523 So. 2d 1171, 1176 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988) (affirming the contempt conviction of a reporter who

published information she acquired from a confidential hearing she was permitted to attend only

because she agreed to the court’s confidentiality conditions).

In Henry, the Eleventh Circuit held that a grand jury witness could disclose any

information he learned before his grand jury testimony but could not disclose any information

“he learned only by virtue of being made a witness.” See 45 F.4th at 1276. Borrowing reasoning

from the United States Supreme Court, the Eleventh Circuit explained that information obtained

from grand jury proceedings was analogous to information “obtained through civil discovery.”

Id. at 1286 (alteration adopted) (quoting Butterworth v. Smith, 494 U.S. 624, 631 (1990)). And

The Court interprets “the transcript of hearings” to mean only the finalized transcript of each hearing, for

at least two reasons. First, the phrase uses a definite article (“the”) instead of an indefinite article (“a”) or

a distributive adjective (“any” or “all”). Definite articles refer to one specific object, see definite article,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/definite%20article (last visited Dec. 10, 2024)

(defining definite article as “the word the used in English to refer to a person or thing that is identified or

specified”), which cuts against a conclusion that Rule 1-63.5 should be read to include multiple draft

versions of a transcript. Second, given the Florida Supreme Court’s consistent broad interpretation of the

Bar Admission Rules’ confidentiality provisions, the better reading of any ambiguous Rule is one that

results in limiting disclosure and keeping information confidential, not disclosing it. See Fla. Bd. of Bar

Exam’rs re Amends. to Rules of Sup. Ct. of Fla. Relating to Admissions to the Bar, 676 So. 2d at 374; Fla.

Bd. of Bar Exam’rs: Re: Amend. to Rules Relating to Admission to the Bar, Art. III, Sec. 4 (Character &

Fitness), 451 So. 2d at 1384. Put simply, the guiding interpretative principle of the Florida Supreme

Court seems to be: information is by default confidential, so any provision purporting to allow

information to be disclosed must be explicit and clear.

the Supreme Court had concluded it “did not offend the First Amendment . . . to prohibit a

newspaper from publishing information which it had obtained through discovery procedures.”

Id. (quotation marks omitted). With that principle in mind, the Eleventh Circuit weighed the

State’s interests in keeping its grand jury proceedings confidential against the plaintiff’s asserted

First Amendment right to disclose information he learned in the grand jury room and concluded

that “the balance weighs in favor of continued confidentiality in grand jury information a witness

learned by virtue of being made a witness.” Id. at 1284.

Applying that reasoning to this case, the Court concludes that the Board’s confidentiality

burden extends to Arias as to any information he learned by virtue of being allowed to participate

in Plaintiff’s Board hearing. Like grand jury proceedings, Board hearings of Bar applicants who

have received Specifications are confidential.8 Compare Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 3-23.2 (providing

for formal hearings of applicants who have received Specifications but not deeming those

hearings public), with Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 3-22.7 (providing for formal hearings of applicants

who have been disbarred or resigned pending disciplinary proceedings and explicitly deeming

those hearings open to the public); see also Fla. Bar Admiss. R. 1-61. So it follows that the

information a Board hearing participant obtains only by virtue of participating in that hearing is

also analogous to information obtained through civil discovery.

If it does not offend the First Amendment to prohibit disclosure of information obtained

8 Legal analysts, including a former Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court, have recognized this

principle. See Justice Harry Lee Anstead et al., The Operation and Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of

Florida, 29 Nova L. Rev. 431, 562 (2005) (“Bar admission cases are usually confidential, though a few

are occasionally made public and published in Southern Second, often with the applicant identified only

by initials.” (footnote omitted)); Keith W. Rizzardi, Honor the Oath: Florida’s Constitution and the Need

for Bar Examiner Reform, 52 Stetson L. Rev. 1, 3 (2022) (“[I]n Florida, nearly everything related to bar

admission is confidential unless declared otherwise. . . . Remarkably, even the applicants’ access to their

own files is limited.” (footnote omitted)); Keith W. Rizzardi, Excess Confidentiality: Must Bar Examiners

Defy Administrative Law and Judicial Transparency?, 34 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 423, 435–37, 485 (2021).

through discovery procedures, it cannot offend whatever non-constitutional rights a Board

hearing participant may have in disclosing information obtained only by virtue of participating in

that hearing — at least not so greatly that the balance weighs in favor of disclosure instead of

continued confidentiality. See Henry, 45 F.4th at 1286; Butterworth, 494 U.S. at 631–32. For

that reason, Arias’s deposition and any discovery requests concerning him must be limited to

exclude any information that is confidential under Rule 1-61. Accordingly, the Board Motion,

ECF No. [68], as it relates to Arias, is GRANTED. As it relates to Arias’s deposition, Plaintiff

is prohibited from asking about any information Arias learned only by virtue of his participation

in Plaintiff’s Board hearing, but Plaintiff is not prohibited from asking about any information

Arias learned before, after, or apart from that hearing.

II. The Arias Oral Motion, ECF No. [103]

In the Arias Oral Motion, Defendant asked the Court to quash Plaintiff’s Notice of

Taking Deposition by Written Questions of Non-Party Juan Arias for failure to comply with the

procedures outlined in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 30(c) and 31. At the Hearing,

Defendant explained that Plaintiff’s notice of deposition made clear that Plaintiff intended for

Arias to provide written responses to the deposition questions and that those written responses

would then be notarized. See ECF No. [67-2]. The notarized written responses would then be

considered a deposition “transcript.” See ECF No. [67-2].

Defendant argued that this procedure does not comport with Rules 30(c) and 31, which

allow for depositions by written questions but still require those questions to be asked of and

answered by the deponent aloud and in real time. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(c); Fed. R. Civ. P. 31;

accord Lopez v. Horel, No. C06-4772SI(pr), 2007 WL 2177460, at *2 n.2 (N.D. Cal. July 27,

2007) (outlining the procedure step-by-step for a Rule 31 deposition by written questions);

Karimkhani v. Real Time Resolutions, Inc., No. 18-730-JGB-KK, 2019 WL 6139160, at *4 (C.D.

Cal. Aug. 2, 2019). Defendant noted that it does not object to conducting Rule 31 depositions by

written questions, but it asserted that Plaintiff must follow the proper procedure when taking

those Rule 31 depositions.

In response, Plaintiff acknowledged that Defendant’s description of his intended

procedure was accurate. He argued that a literal reading of Rule 31’s text permits his intended

procedure and that the case law Defendant submitted in support of its argument was outdated and

not binding. On questioning from the Court, Plaintiff acknowledged that he had no case law

supporting his reading of Rule 31 to allow his intended procedure.

As explained at the Hearing, the Court agrees with Defendant. While the text of Rule 31

does not explain the procedure explicitly, in practice Rule 31 requires the court reporter to read

out loud to the deponent the direct, cross, and redirect questions the parties have written and

submitted in advance. See Lopez, 2007 WL 2177460, at *2 n.2; Karimkhani, 2019 WL 6139160,

at *4. The deponent then answers those questions out loud and under oath while the court

reporter transcribes the oral answers, just as the reporter would do in a Rule 30 deposition by oral

examination. See Lopez, 2007 WL 2177460, at *2 n.2; Karimkhani, 2019 WL 6139160, at *4.

The only real difference between a Rule 30 deposition and a Rule 31 deposition is that there is no

opportunity for spontaneous follow-up questions in a Rule 31 deposition. See Lopez, 2007 WL

2177460, at *2 n.2.

For that reason, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s notice of deposition to Non-Party Arias

does not comport with either the spirit or the practical reality of Rule 31. Accordingly, the Arias

Oral Motion, ECF No. [103], is GRANTED. Plaintiff must re-notice the deposition in a format

that complies with Rule 31 and conduct the deposition in accordance with the proper Rule 31

procedure, as the Court explained at the Hearing and again above. See Lopez, 2007 WL

2177460, at *2 n.2; Karimkhani, 2019 WL 6139160, at *4.

III. The Ruano Oral Motion, ECF No. [104]

In the Ruano Oral Motion, Defendant asked the Court to quash Ruano’s deposition or, in

the alternative, to issue a protective order preventing that deposition. At the Hearing, Defendant

explained that Plaintiff noticed Ruano’s deposition for a date that defense counsel was

unavailable and refused to change the date even after defense counsel provided him with four

alternate dates on which defense counsel was available. In response, Plaintiff asserted that Local

Rule 26.1(h) requires only seven days’ notice to schedule a deposition and argued that the dates

defense counsel provided were “months and months” away. Plaintiff also questioned whether

defense counsel was being truthful about his availability.

After hearing the Parties’ arguments, the Court instructed them to work together to

choose a tentative date for Ruano’s deposition if the Court concluded that it could go forward in

some fashion upon resolving the Board Motion. The Parties agreed to do so, and a November 7,

2024 notice Plaintiff filed on the docket indicates that they did. See ECF No. [76]. As a result,

the Ruano Oral Motion has become moot. Accordingly, the Ruano Oral Motion, as it relates to

the scheduling of Ruano’s deposition, ECF No. [104], is DENIED AS MOOT.

Defendant also asked the Court to consider awarding fees connected to the Ruano Oral

Motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c) and 37(a)(5)(A). As explained at the

Hearing, the Court declines to award any fees. The Ruano Oral Motion was not the only issue

addressed at the Hearing; in fact, the Ruano Oral Motion took up mere minutes of an hour-long

argument. Accordingly, the Ruano Oral Motion, as it relates to the request for Rule 37 fees,

ECF No. [104], is DENIED.

CASE NO. 24-CV-22787-MOORE/Elfenbein

IV. The Arias Motion, ECF No. [69]

In the Arias Motion, Non-Party Arias seeks a protective order only “pending the

resolution of the matter . . . not[ic]ed for hearing” on November 6. See ECF No. [69] at 2. The

matters noticed for hearing on November 6 included the Board Motion, the Arias Oral Motion,

and the Ruano Oral Motion. See ECF No. [67]; ECF No. [70]. The Arias Motion explains that

the Court’s ruling on those matters would give Arias “clarity” about the scope of his obligation

to respond to Plaintiff's discovery. See ECF No. [69] at 2. Because the Court has now resolved

the Board Motion, the Arias Oral Motion, and the Ruano Oral Motion, Non-Party Arias

presumably has the clarity he was seeking. Accordingly, the Arias Motion, ECF No. [69], is

DENIED AS MOOT.

DONE and ORDERED in Chambers in Miami, Florida on December 10, 2024.

ym 7 ty LY ( (> -

MARTY FULGUEIRA ELFENBEIN

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

cc: All Counsel of Record

Jonathan Harrington

1701 S.W. 15th Court

Fort Lauderdale, FL 33311

PROSE

20