Mendenhall v. Griner

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON

JEFFREY AIDEN MENDENHALL, Case No. 6:23-cv-01255-IM

Plaintiff, OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING

IN PART AND DENYING IN PART

v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

MS. GRINER; MS. HARTMAN; MS.

CLARK; MS. EMORY; MR. CAMPOS;

J. GILLESPIE; and SUE WASHBURN,

Defendants.

Jeffrey Aiden Mendenhall, No. 12561303, Oregon State Penitentiary, 2605 State Street, Salem,

OR 97310-0505. Pro Se.

David Hall, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Kelly Burris, Assistant Attorney General, and

Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Oregon Department of Justice, 100 SW Market Street,

Portland, OR 97201. Attorneys for Defendants.

IMMERGUT, District Judge.

Before this Court is a Motion for Summary Judgment (“Mot.”) filed by Eastern Oregon

Correctional Institution (“EOCI”) employees Ms. Griner, Ms. Hartman, Ms. Clark, Ms. Emory,

Mr. Campos, Nurse J. Gillespie, and Sue Washburn (collectively, “Defendants”), ECF 25.

Plaintiff Jeffrey Aiden Mendenhall, proceeding pro se, filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

for alleged violations of his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights while in custody at EOCI.

Complaint (“Compl.”), ECF 1 at 3–4. Specifically, Plaintiff brings claims for inadequate medical

care against Defendant Gillespie, failure-to-protect against Defendants Griner, Hartman, Clark,

Emory, and Campos, and supervisory liability against Defendant Washburn. See Response

(“Resp.”), ECF 35 at 5. In their Motion, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s medical treatment

claim fails because he did not exhaust his administrative remedies and he has not established a

constitutional violation. Defendants further argue that Plaintiff cannot meet the elements of his

failure-to-protect claim. Finally, Defendants argue that the Fourteenth Amendment does not

apply to Plaintiff’s claims and that his official capacity claims are barred by the Eleventh

Amendment.

As discussed below, summary judgment is not warranted on Eleventh Amendment

grounds as this Court liberally construes Plaintiff’s § 1983 suit for damages to be against

Defendants in their individual capacities. This Court also liberally construes Plaintiff’s

Fourteenth Amendment claims to be brought under the Eighth Amendment because Fourteenth

Amendment claims would be barred. Summary judgment is granted on Plaintiff’s medical care

claim as he failed to exhaust available administrative remedies on that claim. Summary judgment

is also appropriate on Plaintiff’s failure-to-protect claims against all Defendants except

Defendant Campos; Defendants have not shown that Defendant Campos is entitled to qualified

immunity as a matter of law.

BACKGROUND

On September 1, 2021, adult in custody (“AIC”) George threw approximately three

gallons of 210-degree water on Plaintiff while they were working in the EOCI kitchen.

Declaration of Jeffrey A. Mendenhall (“Mendenhall Decl.”), ECF 35 at 11. Plaintiff attests that

this attack was unprovoked. Id. The attack resulted in first and second degree burns on Plaintiff’s

chest, neck, face, head, and right forearm. Id.; see also Medical Records, ECF 35 at 16.

Plaintiff was taken to the medical department upon his request. Mendenhall Decl., ECF

35 at 11. According to Plaintiff, once at medical, an officer asked Defendant Nurse Gillespie:

“Are we going to send him to the hospital?” Id. Defendant Gillespie allegedly answered: “No.”

Id. Plaintiff states that he then asked to be taken to the hospital, to which Defendant Gillespie

allegedly said: “I don’t think you need to go.” Id. Defendant Gillespie gave Plaintiff pain pills

and burn cream and sent him back to his housing unit. Id.

On September 4, 2021, Defendant Officer Campos noticed Plaintiff’s injuries and asked

him what happened. Declaration of Leonardo Campos (“Campos Decl.”), ECF 26 ¶ 6. Plaintiff

attests that Plaintiff responded that he did not know the AIC who threw the hot water on him was

and that this AIC must have anger issues. Mendenhall Decl., ECF 35 at 11. According to

Plaintiff, Defendant Campos stated: “Yeah, he has anger problems. I’ve seen him act that way in

line.” Id. According to Defendant Campos, Defendant Campos stated: “[S]ounds like he has

some anger problems.” Campos Decl., ECF 26 ¶ 8.

Plaintiff states that, as a result of the attack, he has had nightmares and has trouble being

around large groups of people. Mendenhall Decl., ECF 35 at 12. Plaintiff declares that he was

diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and an anxiety disorder and has to take medication

to sleep. Id. at 2–3. Plaintiff states that he can no longer work in customer service management,

the field that he has worked in for most of his life. Id. at 14.

Plaintiff states that he developed an ear infection from the burns. Id. at 12. He asserts that

he told medical that he had “pus and blood draining from [his] left ear.” Id. Plaintiff states that he

was given “pills” which did not help. Id. Plaintiff declares that he eventually received eye drops

for his ear canal, which cleared up the infection but “by that time [his] eardrum was gone.” Id.

Plaintiff states that he went to “sickcall” multiple times about his earn and was repeatedly told

that he had a small perforation in his eardrum that would heal on its own. Id. at 12–13.

Nine months later, on June 8, 2022, Plaintiff was seen by an ear, nose, and throat

specialist (“ENT”), Dr. Flaiz. Id. at 13; Medical Records, ECF 35 at 17. Dr. Flaiz diagnosed

Plaintiff with a “total perforation” in his left ear that was “apparently” caused by the boiling

water AIC threw at Plaintiff. Medical Records, ECF 35 at 17–19. Dr. Flaiz wrote in the chart that

Plaintiff “needs [a] tympanoplasty.” Id. at 18. Plaintiff states that Dr. Flaiz told him this as well.

Mendenhall Decl., ECF 35 at 13. Plaintiff declares that, as of August 2024, he has not received

this surgery. Id. He attests that he has hearing loss and tinnitus. Id.

On February 25, 2023, AIC George was reassigned to work in the kitchen on the same

shift as Plaintiff. Declaration of Liza Emory (“Emory Decl.”), ECF 34 ¶¶ 22, 24 (filed under

seal). Plaintiff states that, as a result, he suffered an anxiety attack and had to be escorted back to

his housing unit. Mendenhall Decl., ECF 35 at 13. A few weeks later, Plaintiff declares that Ms.

Hartman “tried to once again rehire AIC George onto [Plaintiff’s] shift.” Id. at 14.

Plaintiff commenced this action in August 2023. Compl., ECF 1. In July 2024,

Defendants filed their Motion for Summary Judgment. ECF 25.

LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Summary Judgment

A party is entitled to summary judgment if the “movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party has the burden of establishing the absence of a genuine dispute

of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). A court must view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draw all reasonable inferences in the

non-movant’s favor. Clicks Billiards, Inc. v. Sixshooters, Inc., 251 F.3d 1252, 1257 (9th Cir.

2001). Although “[c]redibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of

legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . ruling on a

motion for summary judgment,” the “mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the

[non-movant’s] position [is] insufficient.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252,

255 (1986). “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for

the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

This Court construes Plaintiff’s filings liberally and affords him the benefit of any doubt.

Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (noting that documents filed by a self-represented

litigant must be liberally construed, and the complaint “must be held to less stringent standards

than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers” (citation omitted)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e).

B. Qualified Immunity

In evaluating whether a defendant is entitled to qualified immunity, a court considers

whether (1) the state actor’s conduct violated a constitutional right and (2) the right was clearly

established at the time of the alleged misconduct. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200–01

(2001), overruled in part by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009). Either question may be

addressed first, and if the answer to either is “no,” then the state actor cannot be held liable for

damages. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. The “qualified immunity analysis remains objective

even when the constitutional claim at issue involves subjective elements.” See Sandoval v. Cnty.

of San Diego, 985 F.3d 657, 674 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).

The Supreme Court has “repeatedly told courts—and the Ninth Circuit in particular—not

to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” City & Cnty. of S.F. v. Sheehan,

575 U.S. 600, 613 (2015) (citations omitted). “The dispositive question is whether the violative

nature of particular conduct is clearly established.” Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015)

(cleaned up). As the “Court explained decades ago, the clearly established law must be

‘particularized’ to the facts of the case. Otherwise, ‘[p]laintiffs would be able to convert the rule

of qualified immunity . . . into a rule of virtually unqualified liability simply by alleging violation

of extremely abstract rights.’” White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017) (alteration in original)

(quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 639–40 (1987)). The Court does “not require a

case directly on point, but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional

question beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al–Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011) (citations omitted).

DISCUSSION

This Court first addresses whether the Eleventh Amendment bars Plaintiff’s claims. This

Court then turns to Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment Claims, and Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment

claims for inadequate medical care and failure to protect.

A. Eleventh Amendment Immunity

Defendants argue that “all of Plaintiff’s claims” are barred by the Eleventh Amendment.

Mot., ECF 25 at 14–15. The Eleventh Amendment bars claims for damages against a state

official acting in their official capacity. Pena v. Gardner, 976 F.2d 469, 472 (9th Cir. 1992) (per

curiam). It does not, however, bar claims for damages against state officials in their personal

capacities or claims against state officials in their official capacities for “prospective injunctive

relief.” Id. at 473 n.5; Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 677 (1974).

Plaintiff sues Defendants in their official capacities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Compl.,

ECF 1 at 2–4. Plaintiff requests damages and injunctive relief. Id. at 9 (requesting damages and

an “increase” in “security measures” and “better vett[ing]” of AICs “who apply for jobs in areas

with weapons, or items easily weaponized”). Because Plaintiff is pro se, this Court construes

Plaintiff’s § 1983 suit for damages to be against Defendants in their individual capacities. Hafer

v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 31 (1991) (holding that state officials may be sued in their individual

capacities for damages under § 1983); Mitchell v. Washington, 818 F.3d 436, 442 (9th Cir. 2016)

(“[W]hen a plaintiff sues a defendant for damages, there is a presumption that he is seeking

damages against the defendant in his personal capacity” since an official capacity claim for

damages would be barred). While Plaintiff’s Complaint states that he is suing Defendants in their

official capacities alone, this Court recognizes that Plaintiff, “acting pro se, did not understand

the legal significance between bringing claims against [Defendants] in their official versus

personal capacities.” Mitchell, 818 F.3d at 442.

As to Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief, this Court construes Plaintiff’s official-

capacity claims to be brought under Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), an exception to the

Eleventh Amendment, and not § 1983. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71

(1989) (holding that state officials may not be sued in their official capacities under § 1983). The

injunctive relief that Plaintiff requests appears to be entirely “prospective” such that it is in this

Court’s remedial power to award. Edelman, 415 U.S. at 677. Summary judgment is not

warranted on Eleventh Amendment grounds.

B. Fourteenth Amendment Claims

Defendants argue that the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to Plaintiff’s claims as

a matter of law. Mot., ECF 25 at 13–14. This Court agrees, and construes Plaintiff’s Fourteenth

Amendment claims as Eighth Amendment claims. “Inmates who sue prison officials for injuries

suffered while in custody may do so under the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual

Punishment Clause or, if not yet convicted, under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process

Clause.” Castro v. Cnty. of L.A., 833 F.3d 1060, 1067–68 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Gordon v.

Cnty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1124 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding same for medical care claims).

Plaintiff is a “[c]onvicted and sentenced state prisoner.” Compl., ECF 1 at 5. As a result,

Plaintiff’s lawsuit is properly brought under the Eighth Amendment.

C. Eighth Amendment Claims

1. Medical Care Claim

Defendants argue that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies for his

medical care claim because he did not “grieve any medical treatment, or identify any medical

providers in his grievances.” Mot., ECF 25 at 4–7. Plaintiff concedes that he “failed to exhaust

[his] administrative remedies on [his] medical claim,” but explains that he was “following advice

of legal counsel.” Resp., ECF 35 at 5–6.1

The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) provides that “[n]o action shall be brought

with respect to prison conditions under [42 U.S.C. § 19832] . . . by a prisoner confined in any

jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are

exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Exhaustion under the PLRA is “mandatory,” Woodford v.

Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 85 (2006), but administrative remedies need only be exhausted if they are

“available.” Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 642 (2016). To be “available,” the grievance

procedures must be “capable of use” to obtain relief. Id. However, “a court may not excuse a

failure to exhaust, even to take ‘special circumstances’ into account.” Id. at 639.

1 Plaintiff also argues that he included his medical claim “as an addendum” to his other

grievance. Resp., ECF 35 at 5. But nowhere in the addendum did Plaintiff allege that he received

inadequate medical care. See Declaration of Sarah Cunha (“Cunha Decl.”), ECF 27 ¶ 28.

Regardless, Plaintiff has not provided evidence that an addendum is sufficient under EOCI’s

grievance system.

2 To the extent that Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief relating to his medical care claim, the

PLRA’s exhaustion requirement also applies to Plaintiff’s Ex parte Young claim. See Porter v.

Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 524 (2002) (holding that prisoners suing under Bivens v. Six Unknown

Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) “must first exhaust inmate grievance procedures”).

At the summary judgment stage, Defendants bear the burden of showing that EOCI had

an administrative process “generally available” to Plaintiff for handling medical care grievances

and that he failed to exhaust it. See Fordley v. Lizarraga, 18 F.4th 344, 350–51 (9th Cir. 2021).

Defendants have done so. See Cunha Decl., ECF 27 ¶¶ 9–23 (outlining grievance process and

Plaintiff’s prior grievances); Resp., ECF 35 at 5 (conceding failure to exhaust administrative

remedies). Plaintiff’s grievances related solely to his attack and AIC George’s reassignment to

the kitchen, not his medical care. See AIC Complaint History, ECF 27, Ex. 3. It is immaterial

that Plaintiff did not “identify any medical providers in his grievances.” Mot., ECF 25 at 6–7;

Jones, 549 U.S. at 219 (“[E]xhaustion is not per se inadequate simply because an individual later

sued was not named in the grievances.”). Rather, Plaintiff’s difficulty is that he did not reference

his medical treatment in any way, and he filed his grievance as “Non-Medical.”

The burden then shifts to Plaintiff to show that “something in his particular case made the

generally available administrative remedies effectively unavailable to him.” Fordley, 18 F.4th at

351. Plaintiff’s assertion that he was following counsel’s advice is insufficient to show that the

administrative remedies were unavailable, and this Court lacks any discretion to consider any

special circumstances. Ross, 578 U.S. at 632. Plaintiff has thus failed to exhaust the available

administrative remedies on his medical care claim. Summary judgment is granted to Defendants

on Plaintiff’s medical care claim.

2. Failure-to-Protect Claims

The Supreme Court has held that “[p]rison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from

violence at the hands of other prisoners.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994) (cleaned

up). The Ninth Circuit has held that this right is clearly established for qualified immunity

purposes. Castro, 833 F.3d at 1066–67; see also Harpole v. Bos., No. 2:22-CV-01033-HZ, 2023

WL 5806250, at *8 (D. Or. Sept. 4, 2023) (“In failure to protect cases, a plaintiff need not point

to caselaw that traces the precise circumstances of the case at hand to show that the defendants

violated clearly established law.” (cleaned up)). This Court now addresses whether Plaintiff has

provided sufficient evidence that Defendants’ conduct violated this constitutional right.

To establish a failure-to-protect claim in violation of the Eighth Amendment, a plaintiff

must show (1) that the deprivation is objectively “sufficiently serious,” meaning that “he is

incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm[;]” and (2) that the

official acted with “deliberate indifference” to inmate health or safety. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834.

Deliberate indifference requires a showing that prison official “kn[ew] of and disregard[ed] an

excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Id. at 837. This knowledge can be presumed if the risk

was “obvious.” Id. at 842.

Plaintiff first argues that Defendants Campos, Clark, Hartman, Griner, and Emory

violated his constitutional rights by hiring AIC George in the kitchen. Resp., ECF 35 at 5. The

undisputed facts show that Defendant Emory screened AIC George prior to his assignment in the

kitchen. Emory Decl., ECF 34 ¶¶ 4, 8, 10, 16 (filed under seal). As part of this screening,

Defendant reviewed AIC George’s misconduct history, and approved him to work in the kitchen

since it had been over eighteen months since his most recent assault misconduct. Id. ¶¶ 16–17.

AIC George did not have any misconducts between his hiring in the kitchen and his assault on

Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 19. Plaintiff has not shown that allowing a properly screened AIC to work in the

kitchen posed a substantial risk of serious harm. In addition, Plaintiff has not provided evidence

that any Defendant knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to Plaintiff’s safety by assigning

AIC George to the kitchen. Summary judgment is granted to Defendants on this claim.

Plaintiff next argues that Defendants violated his constitutional rights by reassigning AIC

George to the kitchen on Plaintiff’s shift and schedule after the attack. Resp., ECF 35 at 5.

However, as Defendants point out, the PLRA bars this claim. Mot., ECF 25 at 13. Under the

PLRA, “[n]o Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other

correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior

showing of physical injury . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). This physical injury “need not be

significant but must be more than de minimis.” Oliver v. Keller, 289 F.3d 623, 627 (9th Cir.

2002). Plaintiff provided evidence that, as a result of AIC George’s reassignment, he suffered an

anxiety attack. But Plaintiff has not argued or provided evidence that he suffered a physical

injury connected with AIC George’s reassignment to the kitchen. Defendants are entitled to

summary judgment on Plaintiff’s failure-to-protect claim based on AIC George’s reassignment.

Finally, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Campos failed to protect Plaintiff by not reporting

Defendant Campos’ observations of AIC George’s anger issues as required under Department of

Corrections (“DOC”) policy 20.6.4. Resp., ECF 35 at 4, 6. This policy requires that supervisors

“[t]ake immediate action to correct any unsafe situations or equipment and to report it

immediately to their supervisor.” ECF 35-1 at 5. Plaintiff also asserts that Defendant Campos

violated DOC Policy 40.1.6, Resp., ECF 35 at 4, which requires that staff immediately notify

their supervisors about certain incidents. ECF 35-1 at 1–2. Defendant Campos denies stating

“I’ve seen [AIC George] act that way in line” to Plaintiff and maintains that he “did not have any

knowledge about AIC George having anger issues or violent tendencies.” Campos Decl., ECF 26

¶¶ 8, 10, 12. What Defendant Campos told Plaintiff is a genuine dispute of material fact.

Relatedly, it is a jury question whether Defendant Campos violated either policy by failing to

report any incidents he witnessed involving AIC George.

Drawing reasonable inferences and resolving disputes of fact in Plaintiff’s favor, a

reasonable jury could find that Defendant Campos had witnessed AIC George’s anger issues

before AIC George attacked Plaintiff and that he had not reported his observations. A reasonable

jury could further find that Defendant Campos knew that Plaintiff faced a serious risk that AIC

George would harm Plaintiff—or another prisoner3—given AIC George’s known history of

anger issues, or that the risk was “obvious.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. A reasonable jury could

find that Defendant Campos then disregarded this risk by failing to document AIC George’s

anger issues as required by prison policy. While policy violations do not alone establish a federal

constitutional violation, Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1070 (9th Cir. 2009), the policies

here are directly related to inmate safety, and failing to comply with these may pose obvious

safety risks. Had Defendant Campos reported the asserted anger issues, depending on the date of

their occurrence, AIC George may not have been allowed to work in the kitchen where he

ultimately attacked Plaintiff. See Emory Decl., ECF 34 ¶¶ 8–9. (“If a level 1 AIC’s misconduct

history contains recent violent or assaultive misconduct, they are not permitted to be assigned to

the kitchen. If an AIC has a prior misconduct for assault, they must have at least 6 months of

clear conduct and be a level 2 before they are eligible to work in the kitchen.”) (filed under seal).

By failing to document this risk, a reasonable jury could find that Defendant Campos showed

deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s safety in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

This Court cannot, on the present evidentiary record, find that Defendant Campos is

entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law. The issue of whether Defendant Campos’

actions violated a clearly established constitutional right turns on his knowledge, which this

Court has already found is subject to a genuine dispute of material fact. Summary judgment is

not appropriate on Plaintiff’s failure-to-protect claim against Defendant Campos.

3 It is immaterial whether Plaintiff “face[d] an excessive risk of attack for reasons

personal to him or because all prisoners in his situation face[d] such a risk.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at

843.

However, to the extent that Plaintiff brings claims against Defendants Clark, Hartman,

Griner, and Emory for “allowing an unstable AIC to go unreported,” Resp., ECF 35 at 5,

Plaintiff has failed to create a genuine issue of material fact as to each Defendant’s knowledge

and personal involvement in failing to report. Liability under § 1983 arises only upon a showing

of personal participation by the defendant. Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989).

Summary judgment to Defendants is also warranted on Plaintiff’s claim against

Defendant Washburn. “A supervisor is only liable [under § 1983] for constitutional violations of

his subordinates if the supervisor participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the

violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Id. Plaintiff argues that “Defendant Washburn is

involved as she is the superintendent of EOCI and responsible for her employees.” Resp., ECF

35 at 9. However, the Supreme Court has held that vicarious liability is insufficient under

§ 1983. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009). Plaintiff has not provided evidence that

Defendant Washburn, through her own actions, violated the Constitution. See id.

CONCLUSION

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF 25, is GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part. Summary judgment is granted to Defendants on Plaintiff’s claims against

Defendants Griner, Hartman, Clark, Emory, Gillespie, and Washburn, and is denied on

Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant Campos. Plaintiff and Defendant Campos are ORDERED to

confer and submit a status report and proposed pretrial deadlines within thirty days of this

Opinion and Order.

///

///

///

///

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED this 2nd day of December, 2024.

/s/ Karin J. Immergut

Karin J. Immergut

United States District Judge