Germaine James v. United States

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

T itle

Present: The Honorable: Patricia Donahue, U.S. Magistrate Judge

Isabel Verduzco N/A

Deputy Clerk Court Reporter / Recorder

Attorneys Present for Plaintiff: Attorneys Present for Defendants:

N/A N/A

Proceedings: (In Chambers) Order to Show Cause Why Plaintiff’s

Complaint Should Not Be Dismissed

On September 11, 2024, Germaine James (“Plaintiff”), a California

resident proceeding pro se, filed a complaint for violation of civil rights

against Defendant the United States of America. [Dkt. No. 1.] Plaintiff’s

complaint is brought under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal

Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. [Id. at 3, 4.]

Plaintiff alleges that the events giving rise to Plaintiff’s claims

occurred between the years 1619 through 2024 and are ongoing. [Id. at 4.1]

Plaintiff seeks reparations and is temporarily acting as a representative of a

class of individuals who are “United States (U.S.) descendants of chattel

slaves who are currently identified as U.S. Black citizens and who are the

surviving lineages of chattel slaves freed under the Emancipation

Proclamation on January 1, 1863.” [Id. at 6.] Plaintiff seeks relief in excess

of $654 billion dollars.

The Court has screened the Complaint. [Dkt. No. 1.] The Court issues

this Order to Show Cause directed to Plaintiff because the face of the

1 The Court uses the page numbers inserted on the pleadings by the electronic

docketing system.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

TCiotlme pl a i n t suggests that it is barred by sovereign immunity and the statute

of limitations.2

I. Standard of Review

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a court to dismiss a

claim on its own (“sua sponte”) and without notice “where the claimant

cannot possibly win relief.” See Omar v. Sea–Land Serv., Inc., 813 F.2d 986,

991 (9th Cir. 1987). When a complaint clearly does not state a claim upon

which the court can grant relief, a court may dismiss the case on its own, at

the outset, without leave to amend. See Reed v. Lieurance, 863 F.3d 1196,

1207-08 (9th Cir. 2017) (affirming district court’s sua sponte dismissal of

claim under Fed. R. Civ. P 12(b)(6)); Wong v. Bell, 642 F.2d 359, 361-62 (9th

Cir. 1981) (district court has authority under Rule 12(b)(6) to dismiss sua

sponte for failure to state a claim).

In determining whether a complaint should be dismissed at screening,

the Court applies the same standard as that in a motion to dismiss pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d

1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015). Under that standard, “a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true” and viewed in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party, “to state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). This does not require “detailed

factual allegations,” but it does require “more than an unadorned, the-

defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. The Court does not,

however, “accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted

deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State

Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001) as amended on denial of reh’g,

275 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2001). Because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the

Court construes the Complaint liberally. Barrett v. Belleque, 544 F.3d 1060,

1061-62 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam).

2 Magistrate Judges may dismiss a complaint with leave to amend without approval

of the district judge. See McKeever v. Block, 932 F.2d 795, 798 (9th Cir. 1991).

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

Title

Federal district courts are courts of limited jurisdiction: “They possess

only that power authorized by [the] Constitution and statute, which is not to

be expanded by judicial decree.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am.,

511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (citation omitted). “It is to be presumed that a cause

lies outside [of federal courts’] limited jurisdiction, and the burden of

establishing the contrary rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction.” Id.

(citations omitted). Courts have an independent obligation to determine

whether subject-matter jurisdiction exists, even in the absence of a challenge

from any party. Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006). “If the

court determines at any time that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the

court must dismiss the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) (“Rule 12(h)(3)”).

II. Summary of Factual Allegations and Claims

Plaintiff alleges that the “U.S. government has a debt owed to the

descendants of chattel slaves who transitioned to freed slaves.” [Dkt. No. 1 at

11.] Plaintiff alleges that former President Ronald Reagan and Congress

provided an apology and reparations/compensation to Japanese Americans

who were interned during World War II. [Id. at 8, 11.] Plaintiff alleges that

“Blacks who are the actual U.S. war crimes victims were denied reparations

and an apology for the ulcerous treatment inflicted on [them] during slavery

and post slavery.” [Id. at 11.] Plaintiff alleges that “Blacks were forced to

rent small plots of land from White landowners for housing and pay high

interest rates on materials needed for sharecropping in exchange for free

labor.” [Id. at 12.] Plaintiff alleges that “White landowners reaped the fruits

of Blacks labor while keeping them in an endless cycle of debt and poverty.”

[Id.]

Plaintiff alleges that “as of 2024 and ongoing, Presidents and Congress

under its taxing of income and spending power, allocated taxpayers’ money to

provide funding that aid in the socio-economic advancement specifically and

exclusively for Hispanics or Spanish speaking races who are mostly pale/light

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

Tskitilne co m plexion races while denying Black race the same/similar exclusive

use of taxpayers’ money for socio-economic advancement.” [Id. at 12.]

Plaintiff alleges that the concept of the U.S. government paying

reparations for wrongs it has committed is not a new one. [Id. at 14.] In

1980, the U.S. Supreme Court awarded the Sioux Nation a $100 million

judgment for land that the government took from them in 1877. [Id.]

Plaintiff also alleges that a class action was brought against the U.S.

Treasury Department in 1915 seeking reparations for slavery (citing Johnson

v. McAdoo, 45 App. D. C. 440 (1916)), but it was dismissed because the real

defendant was the United States, and the United States cannot be made a

party to a lawsuit without its consent. [Id. at 17-19.] Plaintiff also alleges

that President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Congress approved $33.2

million in 24 new grants to Native Hawaiian educational and community-

based organization entities in Hawaii. [Id. at 20.]

Plaintiff further alleges that Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee and

Congressman John Conyers introduced legislation H.R. 3745, which aimed to

create the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans

Act; however, the reparation bills are stuck in government examination

mode. [Id. at 21-24.]

Plaintiff alleges the following injuries: discrimination (denied

reparations because of Black race, dark complexion, and national origin);

intentional infliction of emotional distress (forced to live in impoverished

conditions); pain and suffering (mental and verbal abuse); fraudulent

concealment of earned wages (Department of Treasury maintains seized 68

million funds from racketeering and concealed illegal funds under the

disguise as equitable U.S. property); loss of concealed wages use (freed slaves

and descendants denied use of wages from indentured servants’ labor); denial

of government job opportunities; and denied use of taxpayers’ funds (Blacks

denied taxpayers funds for reparations and/or aids for socio-economic

advancement). [Id. at 24-25.]

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

TIIitIl.e D i s cussion

A. Plaintiff Cannot Represent the Interests of a Class

First, because Plaintiff is not represented by counsel and is proceeding

pro se, Plaintiff may not properly represent a class. Courts have generally

concluded that a purported class representative who proceeds pro se cannot

represent the interests of the class because she will not provide adequate

representation for the class as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

23(a)(4). See McShane v. United States, 366 F.2d 286, 288 (9th Cir. 1966)

(affirming the dismissal of a class action for lack of jurisdiction because a pro

se plaintiff “has no authority to appear as an attorney for others than

himself”). This follows from the legal principle that pro se litigants can

represent themselves, but themselves only. Simon v. Hartford Life, Inc., 546

F.3d 661, 664–64 (9th Cir. 2008) (applying the “general rule prohibiting pro

se plaintiffs from pursuing claims on behalf of others in a representative

capacity” including class actions); Johns v. Cnty. of San Diego, 114 F.3d 874,

876 (9th Cir. 1997) (“While a non-attorney may appear pro se on his own

behalf, he has no authority to appear as an attorney for others than himself.”

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Accordingly, Plaintiff may

not pursue this action as a class action.

B. Sovereign Immunity

A district court cannot hear a suit against the United States unless the

government has waived sovereign immunity. F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471,

475 (1994). “Sovereign immunity is jurisdictional in nature,” meaning that a

party’s failure to establish a waiver of sovereign immunity is properly

resolved on a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under

Rule 12(b)(1). Robinson v. United States, 586 F.3d 683, 685 (9th Cir. 2009);

Sierra Club v. Whitman, 268 F.3d 898, 905-06 (9th Cir. 2001).

1. Federal Tort Claims Act

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

Title H e re, Plaintiff seeks reparations from Defendant United States for

harms suffered due to slavery. [Dkt. No. 1.] Plaintiff alleges claims for

discrimination, intentional infliction of emotional distress, pain and

suffering, fraudulent concealment of earned wages, loss of concealed wages

use, denial of government job opportunities, and denied use of taxpayers’

funds. [Id. at 24-25.] Plaintiff seeks relief in excess of $654 billion dollars.

Plaintiff’s claims appear to arise under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”)

because Plaintiff brings a civil action seeking money damages for injuries

allegedly caused by the United States. [Id. at 1-25.]

The FTCA authorizes civil suits against the United States “for money

damages ... for injury or loss of property, or personal injury ... caused by the

negligent or wrongful act ... of the Government.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). The

Act operates as a limited waiver of sovereign immunity from suits for

negligent or wrongful acts of government employees. Gonzalez v. United

States, 814 F.3d 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 2016).

Here, there is no indication that Plaintiff filed any administrative

claim, which is a prerequisite to a suit under the FTCA. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2675(a) (“[T]he claimant shall have first presented the claim to the

appropriate Federal agency and his claim shall have been finally denied by

the agency.”). If a plaintiff does not exhaust administrative remedies, the

[FTCA] suit is barred.” Nguyen v. United States, 2022 WL 822435, at *2 (N.D.

Cal. Jan. 11, 2022) (citation omitted). Thus, absent any prior administrative

claim seeking money damages for the same injuries as alleged in the

Complaint, the Court does not have jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims arising

under the FTCA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a) (“action shall not be instituted

upon a claim against the United States ... unless the claimant shall have first

presented the claim to the appropriate Federal agency”). Failure to comply

destroys subject matter jurisdiction over the entire cause of action. See

Banks-Reed v. United States, 2024 WL 3049448, at *4 (N.D. Cal. June 17,

2024). Accordingly, dismissal is appropriate for failure to comply with the

jurisdictional prerequisite of 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a); See also Cato v. United

States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1110 (9th Cir. 1995) (“[A]t the end of the day no

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

Tjuitrlies di c t i on would lie, and no claim for relief would be stated, even were the

complaint to be amended along the lines proposed and even if an

administrative claim could be filed with some government agency as required

by § 2675(a) of the FTCA”).

Additionally, the waiver of sovereign immunity in tort actions against

the government in the FTCA is limited to claims accruing on and after

January 1, 1945. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b); see also Cato, 70 F.3d at 1106.

Specifically, § 1346(b) provides:

[T]he district courts ... shall have exclusive jurisdiction of civil actions

on claims against the United States, for money damages, accruing on

and after January 1, 1945, for injury or loss of property, or personal

injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of

any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his

office or employment, under circumstances where the United States,

if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with

the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.

As noted above, the injuries alleged in Plaintiff’s Complaint accrued

long before 1945 — before the FTCA created any limited waiver of sovereign

immunity. [See Dkt. No. 1.] As the Ninth Circuit explained in Cato, “claims

arising out of the fact of slavery ... and other offenses to [plaintiff's] ancestors

that occurred prior to 1945 or were not pursued within two years of their

accrual, fall outside the FTCA’s limited waiver of sovereign immunity.” Cato,

70 F.3d at 1107; see also Cavness v. United States, 2016 WL 6822072, at *1

(N.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 2016) (“Moreover, the claim arises from actions or

omissions of the framers of the Constitution that occurred well before FTCA's

operative date of January 1, 1945”) (citing Cato, 70 F.3d at 1107); Jenkins v.

United States, 2021 WL 5826467, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2021), report and

recommendation adopted, 2022 WL 159032 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2022)

(dismissing a claim for slavery reparations because they were barred by 28

U.S.C. § 2401(a)); see also Thompson v. United States, 2021 WL 4555765, at

*2 (D. Ariz. Sept. 16, 2021) (finding plaintiff's claim for reparations against

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

TUintliet ed S tates for slavery of his ancestors barred by sovereign immunity),

report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 4552454 (D. Ariz. Oct. 5,

2021).

C. Statute of Limitations

Further, to the extent Plaintiff seeks reparations from the United

States for slavery, this claim is time barred. 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a) provides, in

pertinent part, that “every civil action commenced against the United States

shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after the right of

action first accrues.” A right of action normally accrues at the time the

underlying events occurred. Powell v. United States, 1994 WL 16180202, at

*1 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 20, 1994). Here, the underlying events causing the harms

alleged in Plaintiff’s Complaint transpired more than six years ago. As such,

Plaintiff’s claims are barred by the statute of limitations. Powell, 1994 WL

16180202, at *1 (finding plaintiff's claims against the United States seeking

reparations for harms suffered because of slavery barred by statute of

limitations); Davis v. United States, 2012 WL 1836310, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May

21, 2012), report and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 2884806 (N.D. Cal.

July 12, 2012) (finding plaintiff's claims for reparations from United States

for condoning slavery time barred).

D. Other Causes of Action

Construing the Complaint liberally, it appears that Plaintiff seeks to

bring claims arising out of Bivens and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. [Dkt. No. 1 at 3-4

(references to Bivens and 42 U.S.C. § 1983).] However, the United States has

not waived its sovereign immunity for claims pursuant to Bivens. See Rivera

v. United States, 924 F.2d 948, 951 (9th Cir. 1991) (“The courts lack subject

matter jurisdiction to hear constitutional damage claims against the United

States because the United States has not waived sovereign immunity with

respect to [Constitutional damage claims].”) (citation omitted); see also

Ibrahim v. Dep’t of Homeland Security, 538 F.3d 1250, 1257 (9th Cir. 2008)

(“[N]o Bivens-like cause of action is available against federal agencies or

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

Tfeidtleer a l a g ents sued in their official capacities.”) (citations omitted).

Accordingly, Plaintiff may not raise a federal civil right claim pursuant to

Bivens, and dismissal of any such claim is appropriate. See Locke v. United

States, 2021 WL 1255195, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2021) (dismissing Bivens

claim against the United States pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1)).

As to any potential § 1983 claim, the statute provides a cause of action

against persons acting under State law, which, “by its very terms, § 1983

precludes liability in federal government actors.” Morse v. North Coast

Opportunities, Inc., 118 F.3d 1338, 1343 (9th Cir. 1997); see Ibrahim, 538

F.3d at 1257 (“Section 1983 only provides a remedy against persons acting

under color of state law”).

E. Order

Plaintiff is ORDERED TO SHOW CAUSE why the Court should not

recommend that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state actionable

claims.

To discharge and satisfy this order, Plaintiff can either:

(1) File a first amended complaint (“FAC”), which would entirely

supersede the Complaint, if Plaintiff can cure the legal deficiencies

outlined in this Order. Plaintiff is advised that a FAC would entirely

replace the Complaint in this action. Further, any amended complaint

must:

(a) be labeled “First Amended Complaint”;

(b) be complete in and of itself and not refer in any manner to prior

complaints, i.e., it must include all of the claims on which Plaintiff

seeks to proceed, Local Rule 15-2;

(c) contain a “short plain” statement of the claim(s) for relief, see Fed.

R. Civ. P. 8(a);

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL

Germaine James v. United States of America

Case No. 2:24-cv-07745-MEMF-PD Date: November 18, 2024

Title ( d ) make each allegation “simple, concise and direct,” Fed. R. Civ. P.

8(d)(1);

(e) make allegations in numbered paragraphs, “each limited as far as

practicable to a single set of circumstances,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b);

(f) set forth clearly the sequence of events (including specific relevant

dates) which allegedly gives rise to the claim(s) for relief, including

what each defendant did and how each specific defendant’s conduct

injured each specific plaintiff; and

(g) not add defendants or claims without leave of court.

or

(2) Voluntarily dismiss the action—without prejudice to refiling later if

justified—using the attached form CV-09.

Plaintiff must do one of these things by no later than December 16,

2024. If, given the contents of this Order, Plaintiff elects not to proceed in

this action, Plaintiff may expedite matters by signing and returning the

attached Notice of Dismissal by December 16, 2024, which will result in the

voluntary dismissal of this action without prejudice.

Plaintiff is cautioned that, absent further order of the Court, Plaintiff’s

failure to timely file a First Amended Complaint or Notice of Dismissal may

result in the dismissal of this action with or without prejudice on the grounds

above or for failure to diligently prosecute.

Finally, the Clerk is directed to provide a Central District of California

Civil Rights Complaint Form, CV-66, to Plaintiff to facilitate filing of a First

Amended Complaint if Plaintiff elects to proceed in that fashion.

Attachments:

--Notice of Voluntary Dismissal (CV-09)

--Civil Rights Complaint Form (CV-66)