Opinion

Hampton v. Secretary of Health and Human Services

Court: United States Court of Federal Claims
Filed: May 22, 2024
Status: Unpublished
On the bench: Daniel T. Horner
Cited by: 0 cases
Authority: More cited than 32.9%

characterizing the one-year limitation of RCFC 60(c) as an “absolute bar” to motions filed after that period

How later courts described this case

characterizing the one-year limitation of RCFC 60(c) as an “absolute bar” to motions filed after that period
explaining that “plaintiff’s allegations cannot support the simultaneous pursuit of relief under RCFC 60(b)(1) and (b)(6) because the provisions are mutually exclusive and because plaintiff’s entire amended motion is properly construed as seeking relief for ‘excusable neglect’”

Written by the judges who cited it.

The opinion

In the United States Court of Federal Claims

OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

No. 19-1857V

JERMAINE A. HAMPTON, Filed: April 22, 2024

Petitioner, Reissued for Public Availability: May

v. 22, 2024

SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND

HUMAN SERVICES,

Respondent.

Jermaine A. Hampton, pro se, Sheboygan, WI, petitioner.

Emilie Williams, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.

ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT1

On December 9, 2019, petitioner filed a petition under the National Childhood

Vaccine Injury Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300aa, et seq. (2012), alleging that he suffered a

Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (“SIRVA”) following receipt of an

influenza (“flu”) vaccination on March 7, 2017. (ECF No. 1.) Judgement entered

dismissing the petition on May 17, 2022. (ECF No. 63.) Petitioner subsequently filed a

motion seeking relief from that judgment on February 22, 2024. (ECF Nos. 65-66.) For

the reasons discussed below, petitioner’s motion is DENIED.

I. Procedural History

Petitioner filed this action as a pro se litigant and remained a pro se litigant

throughout the duration of the case. At the time of filing, he was incarcerated at

Waupun Correctional Institution and alleged that his injury occurred as a result of a

vaccine administered during his incarceration. Petitioner filed a motion to proceed in

forma pauperis, which was granted. (ECF Nos. 2, 10.) Because petitioner was unable

to secure and file complete medical records on his own, respondent at my direction

obtained his records by subpoena and filed them as Exhibits A-H. (ECF Nos. 22, 27.)

1 Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 18(b), this Order was initially filed on April 22, 2024, and the parties were

afforded 14 days to propose redactions. The parties did not propose any redactions. Accordingly, this

Decision is reissued in its original form for posting on the court’s website.

Respondent filed his Rule 4 Report on April 15, 2021. (ECF No. 42.) Based on

his review of the petition and medical records, respondent asserted that petitioner could

not meet the standard for establishing a Table Injury of SIRVA (which would have a

presumption of vaccine-causation) because he had preexisting adhesive capsulitis, his

alleged injury was not limited to his shoulder, and his symptoms were otherwise

explained by cervical spinal stenosis with cord compression. (Id. at 11-12.)

Alternatively, the medical records did not include any medical opinion that would support

causation-in-fact. (Id.)

Following the filing of respondent’s report, I issued a lengthy order on May 12,

2021, explaining petitioner’s options with respect to how to proceed. (ECF No. 44.) I

advised petitioner that he could, as appropriate, move for dismissal, a ruling on the

existing record, or any relevant findings of fact. (Id. at 3.) Alternatively, I noted that I

would permit petitioner time to seek counsel or to seek additional evidence, including an

expert report. (Id. at 3-4.) I noted that these options were not mutually exclusive and

directed petitioner to file a status report indicating how he would proceed. (Id. at 4.)

Petitioner did not respond to my order, and I issued a follow-up order indicating

that, “[g]iven how difficult this case will be to prosecute and petitioner’s inaction, it is

unclear whether petitioner intend to continue his claim.” (ECF No. 46.) I attached

courtesy copies of respondent’s report and the May 12, 2021 Order and provided

petitioner an additional opportunity to respond. I noted that if no filing was made, I

would issue an Order to Show Cause, which would be petitioner’s final opportunity to

avoid involuntary dismissal. (Id.)

Thereafter, on September 7, 2021, petitioner filed a status report in response to

my order. (ECF No. 47.) In the status report, petitioner maintained his allegations and

explained that “Petitioner is scheduled for release on Nov. 16th 2021 and he intends to

get a complete and accurate cause of his other medical issues as to dispute or provide

objective evidence that would support a finding in my favor.” (Id.) Alternatively,

petitioner made an offer of settlement whereby he would agree to dismiss his case in

exchange for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. (Id.)

Following petitioner’s filing, I issued a Scheduling Order on September 9, 2021.

(ECF No. 48.) I advised that “I am construing petitioner’s status report as a motion to

stay the case pending his release from prison.” (Id.) I ordered respondent to file a

response to the motion and cautioned petitioner as follows:

Petitioner is also advised that he will have a continuing obligation to

maintain contact with the court and that any order granting his motion to

stay will require petitioner to provide updated contact information where he

can be reached following his release from prison. Failure to provide current

and accurate contact information will not prevent this case from being

involuntarily dismissed should petitioner fail to prosecute.

(Id. (emphasis omitted).)

Subsequently, on September 23, 2021, petitioner filed two motions, a motion to

voluntarily dismiss and a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. (ECF Nos. 49-50.) I

denied petitioner’s motion for attorneys’ fees and costs (ECF No. 53) and held the

motion to dismiss in abeyance because petitioner appeared not to understand that his

motion to dismiss would end all of his rights in the Program (ECF No. 51). I allowed

petitioner time to determine if he wished to withdraw the motion to dismiss and indicated

I would grant the motion absent a response to the order within 30 days. (Id. at 2.)

Petitioner filed a motion to withdraw his motion to dismiss on October 28, 2021.

(ECF No. 56.) In the motion, he sought further guidance with respect to how to

proceed. (Id.) I then issued a follow-up order on November 8, 2021. (ECF No. 57.) I

explained that “I am aware that petitioner will be released from prison on November 16,

2021 and will therefore no longer be receiving communications at the address provided

to the court.” I ordered petitioner to file a status report in 30 days providing updated

contact information, including a telephone number, mailing address, and if appropriate,

an e-mail address, and I advised that a telephonic status conference would be

scheduled. (Id.) As discussed further below, petitioner now indicates that he did not

receive a copy of this order at the time it was issued. (ECF No. 65, p. 2; ECF No. 66, p.

5.)

Receiving no response from petitioner, I issued an Order to Show Cause why the

case should not be involuntarily dismissed. (ECF No. 58.) Petitioner was advised that

the show cause deadline was his last opportunity to avoid involuntary dismissal. (Id. at

4.) In order to avoid dismissal, petitioner was ordered to file a status report providing

sufficient contact information to schedule a status conference. (Id.) The Order to Show

Cause was mailed to petitioner both at his docketed address at Waupun Correctional

Institute, as well as to his parole office, which was located on the court’s own initiative.

The copy mailed to Waupun Correctional Institution was returned to sender. (ECF No.

59.) In the instant motion, petitioner represents he did not receive a copy of the Order

to Show Cause from his parole officer until February 5, 2024. (ECF No. 65, p. 2.)

Receiving no response to the Order to Show Cause, and after more than five

months of no contact from petitioner, I issued a decision dismissing this case on April

14, 2022. (ECF No. 60; see also Hampton v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 19-

1857V, 2022 WL 1467654 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 14, 2022).) The case was

dismissed both for failure to prosecute and for insufficient proof based on the existing

record. (ECF No. 60, pp. 7-8.) In the decision, I found that in light of petitioner’s failure

to prosecute, his prior motions to stay, to dismiss, and to withdraw his dismissal motion,

were all moot. (Id. at 8.) With regard to the merits, I found based on my review of the

medical records that petitioner’s preexisting adhesive capsulitis defeated his claim. (Id.

at 7.) Because that issue was dispositive, and because petitioner had failed to

prosecute, I did not reach the further question of whether petitioner’s alleged symptoms

were instead caused by his cervical spinal issue, as respondent had additionally

argued. (Id. at n. 10.)

As with the Order to Show Cause, the decision was mailed to petitioner at both

Waupun Correctional Institution as per the docket as well as to his parole office. The

copy mailed to Waupun was returned to sender, and petitioner represents in the instant

motion that he did not receive the copy sent to his parole office until February 5, 2024.

(ECF No. 65, pp. 1-2.) Judgment entered on May 17, 2022, and the judgment was

mailed to petitioner in the same manner. (ECF No. 63.) Petitioner represents that he

did not become aware of the judgment dismissing the case until February of 2024.

(ECF No. 65, pp. 1-2; ECF No. 66, p. 5.)

Approximately 20 months after judgment entered, the court received four

documents from petitioner between February 21, 2024 and February 22, 2024. These

documents explain that petitioner was homeless following his release from prison, that

he has recently been incarcerated again, and that he only recently became aware of the

dismissal of his case. Three of the documents were accepted by my leave as a motion

for relief from judgment and supporting documents. These were docketed at ECF No.

65. A fourth document was filed as a supplement to that motion and was docketed at

ECF No. 66. These documents will be addressed collectively by this decision as one

motion.

In my order accepting petitioner’s filings by my leave, I ordered respondent to file

a response to petitioner’s motion by March 8, 2024, and ordered petitioner to then file a

reply by April 5, 2024. (ECF No. 64.) Respondent filed his response on March 8, 2024.

(ECF No. 67.) Petitioner submitted a reply that was ultimately received by the court on

April 10, 2024. (ECF No. 68.) Accordingly, petitioner’s motion is now ripe for resolution.

II. Party Contentions

a. Petitioner’s Initial Motion

Throughout his initial motion papers, petitioner raises several circumstances that

he contends favor a reopening of judgment. First, petitioner asserts that he had filed a

motion to stay proceedings to allow for time to seek guidance regarding litigation of his

claim after his release from prison, which occurred on November 16, 2021. (ECF No.

65, p. 1.) Second, during the relevant period in which this case was dismissed,

petitioner was “homeless without any available assistance to help him to litigate this

claim.” (Id.) In that regard, petitioner indicates “[i]n the month of December the

petitioner called and spoke with the clerk and requested that all documents and

information be sent to his Email address as he had no actual address to receive

physical mail.”2 (Id.) Third, petitioner did not find out about the dismissal of this case

2 Petitioner does not indicate in what year he pursued this contact. He was released from Waupun

Correctional Institution in November of 2021 and did not file the instant motion until February of 2024.

Accordingly, the reference to December could refer to 2021, 2022, or 2023. It should also be noted that

petitioner’s reference to “the clerk” is ambiguous. Although petitioner may have spoken to someone in

the office of the Clerk of Court, there was no contact made to the clerks of my own chambers. In either

event, petitioner conspicuously does not indicate what the person he spoke to advised. None of this is to

doubt that the call occurred; however, without more, this representation regarding an isolated phone call

until February 5, 2024. (Id. at 1-2.) On this point, petitioner asserts that his parole

officer did not forward any mail to him, including several of this court’s orders until that

date. (Id. at 2.) In his supplemental submission, petitioner more specifically asserts

that he did not receive the undersigned’s orders of November 9, 2021 or December 9,

2021, or the judgment dated April of 2022.3 (ECF No. 66, p. 5.)

Petitioner additionally asserts that he can, if permitted, prove that he suffered a

vaccine-caused injury. (ECF No. 65, p. 2; ECF No. 66, p. 1.) Petitioner asserts that

false information was added to his medical records in order to sabotage his claim. (ECF

No. 66, p. 1.) He also asserts that his current treating physician will support his claim.

(ECF No. 65-2, p. 2.) Petitioner attaches several medical records to his motion.

Specifically:

• A medical record from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections for an encounter

of November 27, 2018. (ECF No. 66, p. 10.) At that time petitioner was seen for

both his cervical neck issues as well as adhesive capsulitis he attributed to his flu

vaccination. (Id.) This record contains no medical opinion regarding his

adhesive capsulitis. (Id.)

• A request for an off-site MRI of petitioner’s cervical spine dated February 3, 2020.

(ECF No. 66, p. 11.)

• A medical record from the University of Wisconsin Hospital neurosurgery

department for an encounter of August 14, 2020. (ECF No. 66, pp. 12-13.)

Petitioner reports having a history of a “bad reaction” to a vaccine that resulted in

inflammation of his shoulder joint. (Id. at 12.) This record contains no medical

opinion regarding petitioner’s shoulder or his reported vaccine reaction.

In pertinent part, petitioner cites Rules 59 and 60 of the Rules of the Court of

Federal Claims (“RCFC”) as permitting the undersigned to grant him relief from

judgment.4 In sum, he argues as follows:

to an unknown person to unknown effect occurring sometime during the last three calendar years is not

strong evidence of diligence on petitioner’s part.

3 Petitioner’s descriptions do not exactly match what was issued in this case. However, it is reasonable to

conclude that petitioner is referring to the undersigned’s Order issued November 8, 2021 (ECF No. 57),

Order to Show Cause issued December 28, 2021 (ECF No. 58), and Decision issued April 14, 2022 (ECF

No. 60). These are the only documents issued in the case during the months referenced by petitioner. To

the extent petitioner references the judgment issued in the case, that occurred on May 17, 2022. (ECF

No. 63.)

4 Actually, petitioner cites the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”), which do not apply in this case;

however, I construe petitioner as having invoked Rules 59 and 60 of the Rules of the Court of Federal

Claims, which are substantially similar and govern the same relief within this court. Vaccine Rule 36

provides a vehicle for vaccine petitioners to access RCFC 59 and 60. Petitioner also cites various

subsections of FRCP 6 as well as 28 U.S.C. § 1655 and the Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act of 1940.

Petitioner asserts that this circumstance is extraordinary and that his

inability to access the Court was not of his own doing but of not being

notified of [illegible5] orders . . . . Petitioner also asserts that he intended to

gather more information concerning his medical history and diagnosis as he

believed that the prison was somehow altering his records and adding

information which can be attributed to another inmate as well as to track

down the offsite providers who treated the petitioner which would contradict

the dates provided by the institution in the petitioner’s medical records and

would support that the petitioner did so suffer a shoulder related injury which

was caused only by the vaccine.

(ECF No. 66, pp. 5-6.)

b. Respondent’s Response

In his response, respondent requests that petitioner’s motion be denied. (ECF

No. 67.) As a threshold matter, respondent notes that only petitioner’s claim with

respect to RCFC 60(b)(6) potentially remains timely. (Id. at n. 2.) However, he explains

that subsection (6) of Rule 60 requires extraordinary circumstances such that a “grave

miscarriage of justice” would result absent relief. (Id. at 3 (quoting Kenzora v. Sec’y of

Health & Human Servs., 126 Fed. Cl. 588, 596 (2016)).) Respondent stresses that

granting relief under RCFC 60(b) “should be the exception, not the rule.” (Id. (quoting

Vessels v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 65 Fed. Cl. 563, 568 (2005)).)

Even without the specific one-year limitation applicable to RCFC 60 subsections

(1)-(3), respondent argues that petitioner did not file his motion within a reasonable time

following the entry of judgment as required by RCFC 60(b)(c). (ECF No. 67, p. 4.)

Although petitioner asserts he was unaware of the dismissal of his case, respondent

stresses that RCFC 60(b)(6) does not relieve a party of a “free, calculated, and

deliberate choice.” (Id. (quoting Kennedy v Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 99 Fed.

Cl. 535, 548 (2011), aff’d per curiam, 485 F. App’x 435 (Fed. Cir. 2012)).) Respondent

asserts that petitioner knowingly failed to notify the court of his appropriate contact

information despite the court’s order to do so. (Id.) Respondent acknowledges that

petitioner’s circumstances were “undoubtedly significant personal hardships,” but

contends that they do not represent the extraordinary circumstances required to obtain

relief under RCFC 60(b)(6). (Id. at 4-5.) Respondent argues that petitioner is merely

seeking an opportunity to relitigate a claim that has already been found to be without

merit. (Id. at 5.)

c. Petitioner’s Reply

Although I have considered these additional citations, I cannot discern how they are relevant or helpful to

petitioner’s position.

5 Petitioner’s motion papers are handwritten.

In his reply, petitioner focuses on RCFC 60(b)(6), which he characterizes as a

“catchall provision” permitting relief from judgment “for any other reason that justifies

relief.” (ECF No. 68, pp. 3-4.) Citing Checo v. Shinseki, 748 F.3d 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2014),

and several other cases, petitioner argues that his circumstances qualify for a “stop

clock” approach to equitable tolling whereby his obligations remained tolled for the

duration of his qualifying period of extraordinary circumstances. (Id. at 6-7.) He

indicates that his homelessness “directly affected his ability to communicate with the

court and is a[n] extraordinary circumstance.” (Id. at 7.) Citing National Credit Union

Administration Board v. Gray, 1 F.3d 262, 266 (4th Cir. 1993), petitioner argues that

extraordinary circumstances exist “when proceedings may have taken place without the

knowledge of the ‘losing party’ and through no fault of that party.” (Id. at 9.) Throughout

his reply, petitioner extensively discusses the standard for relief under RCFC 60(b)(6),

citing numerous cases.

Petitioner argues:

Petitioner’s allegations set up an extraordinary situation which cannot fairly

or logically be classified as mere “negl[igence]” on his part. . . . The basis of

his petition was not that he had neglected to act in his own defense, but that

he never received notices from the court concerning the state of his claim,

and that while in prison he was indigent and without a lawyer or the funds

to hire one, and once released he was homeless and unable to defend

himself against the dismissal of his claim because he had never received

notice of the state of his claim before nor after he left prison.

(Id. at 13-14.)

Petitioner’s reply also includes several specific arguments responding to various

points in my prior orders and decision, as well as points raised in respondent’s response

to his motion. First, petitioner is critical of respondent’s response for relying on the

content of court orders that he did not receive. (ECF No. 68, p. 5.) Further, petitioner

stresses that, because the undersigned’s order of November 8, 2021 was not mailed

until November 9th, it would not realistically have made it to petitioner prior to his release

on November 16th, given that the prison did not process mail on the weekend.6 (Id.)

Petitioner also reiterates that his motion included medical reports that he asserts prove

he experienced vaccine-caused adhesive capsulitis. (Id. at 8, 14-15.) Petitioner asserts

it is “false” for respondent to assert that he had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his

case, indicating that he was indigent during his incarceration and did not have access to

his medical file in order to dispute false information in the medical records. (Id. at 10.)

Petitioner believes respondent knowingly withheld evidence and only presented records

6 Petitioner’s explanation is premised on his understanding that November 11, 2021, was a Friday. (ECF

No. 68, p. 5.) However, November 11, 2021, was a Thursday. Accordingly, it is not clear if petitioner’s

description of the prison’s mail processing actually does explain why he didn’t receive the November 8,

2021 order. But, in any event, nothing in the analysis below turns on that specific detail.

that would support a denial of compensation.7 (Id. at 10.) Accordingly, petitioner

disputes the case was decided on the merits.8 (Id. at 10-11.) Petitioner also sets out

other disagreements with respondent’s characterization of the procedural history and

dismissal of this case.

III. Legal Standard

Vaccine Rule 36 allows parties in this program to seek relief from judgment via

RCFC 59 and 60. See Vaccine Rule 36(a). Because this case has never been

assigned to a judge for review, any motion pursuant to Vaccine Rule 36 is directed to

the special master. See Vaccine Rule 36(a)(2). The special master must file a written

ruling on the motion that may then be subject to a motion for review.9 See Vaccine Rule

36(b).

RCFC 60(b) sets forth six circumstances under which the court may relieve a

party from a final judgment or order. Specifically:

(1) Mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect;

(2) Newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have

been discovered in time to move for a new trial under RCFC 59(b);

(3) Fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or

misconduct by an opposing party;

(4) The judgment is void;

(5) The judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged; it is based on an

earlier judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it

prospectively is no longer equitable; or

7 To be clear, there is no evidence that respondent withheld any evidence from the court, either knowingly

or otherwise. Because petitioner was unable to secure his own medical files due to his status as being an

incarcerated and indigent individual, I directed and authorized respondent to subpoena petitioner’s files

from the prison. (ECF Nos. 18, 22.) Respondent complied by filing records marked as Exhibits A-H.

Respondent otherwise would not in the ordinary course have any role in filing evidence on petitioner’s

behalf. Petitioner’s only stated reason for asserting respondent withheld evidence is his disagreement

with the undersigned’s analysis within the dismissal decision.

8 Petitioner appears to be arguing that the decision was not “on the merits,” because he disagrees that

the decision accounted for all of the evidence and disagrees that he was given a full and fair opportunity

to present his case. The dismissal decision explicitly did reach the merits with respect to the one issue

that was found to be dispositive.

9 A motion for review is a procedure through which a party may challenge a special master’s decision

before a judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. Procedures and requirements for a motion for review

are set forth in Vaccine Rules 23-28. A motion for review must be accompanied by a memorandum of

objections and must filed within 30 days of issuance of the decision to be reviewed. No motions for

extension of time are permitted. See Vaccine Rule 36(b)(3) and Vaccine Rules 23(b).

(6) Any other reason that justifies relief.

The Federal Circuit has indicated that RCFC 60(b) is a remedial provision that

must therefore be liberally construed. Patton v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 25

F.3d 1021, 1030 (Fed. Cir. 1994). However, because judgments are intended to be

final, relief under RCFC 60(b) requires “extraordinary circumstances,” Kenzora v. Sec’y

of Health & Human Servs., 126 Fed. Cl. 588, 595-96 (2016), and “should be used

sparingly,” G.G.M. ex rel. Mora v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-421V, 2015

WL 1275389, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 27, 2015), motion for review denied, 122

Fed Cl. 199 (2015), aff’d, 673 F. App’x 991 (Fed Cir. 2016). The balancing of these

considerations is generally a discretionary determination. DiMasi v. Sec’y of Health &

Human Servs., No. 2022-1854, 2023 WL 4697122, at *7 (Fed. Cir. July 24, 2023).

RCFC 60(c) further requires that any motion pursuant to RCFC 60(b) must be

made “within a reasonable time” and more specifically, for subsections (1) through (3),

“no more than a year after the entry of the judgment.” Subsection (6), which is not

subject to this one-year limitation, is the broadest grant of authority to provide relief in

order to achieve justice; however, it “may be successfully invoked ‘only when Rules

60(b)(1) through (b)(5) are inapplicable.’” DiMasi, 2023 WL 4697122, at *8 (quoting

Kemp v. United States, 596 U.S. 528, 533 (2022)); see also JGB Enterprises, Inc. v.

United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 468, 472-73 (2006) (explaining that “plaintiff’s allegations

cannot support the simultaneous pursuit of relief under RCFC 60(b)(1) and (b)(6)

because the provisions are mutually exclusive and because plaintiff’s entire amended

motion is properly construed as seeking relief for ‘excusable neglect’”). Application of

RCFC 60(b)(6) is only appropriate where extraordinary circumstances are present and

substantial rights of a party would be violated absent relief. Kollasch ex rel. Q.K. v.

Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 10-717V, 2021 WL 1728714, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec.

Mstr. Apr. 6, 2021) (citing Freeman v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35 Fed. Cl. 280,

281 (1996)); Coleman v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 06-0710V, 2011 WL

6828475, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 7, 2011)). A substantial right of a petitioner

may be harmed where the petitioner has been deprived of a full and fair opportunity to

be heard on the merits. Kollasch, 2021 WL 1728714, at *4.

Under RCFC 59, the court may grant a new trial or motion for reconsideration

and may reopen judgment to facilitate necessary additional proceedings. RCFC 59

permits the court in its discretion to grant a party’s motion where there has been an

intervening change in controlling law, newly discovered evidence, or a clear factual or

legal error the correction of which would prevent manifest injustice. Nyan v. United

States, 154 Fed. Cl. 463, 466 (2021) (citing Biery v. United States, 818 F.3d 704, 711

(Fed. Cir. 2016)). Motions for reconsideration under RCFC 59 are subject to a

“rigorous” standard, under which the moving party must demonstrate “extraordinary

circumstances which justify relief.” Caldwell v. United States, 391 F.3d 1226, 1235 (Fed.

Cir. 2004) (quoting Fru-Con Constr. Corp. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 298, 300 (1999),

aff’d, 250 F.3d 762 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). Reconsideration is not intended to permit a party

to reassert arguments that have already been considered. Nyan, 154 Fed. Cl. at 466.

Relief under Rule 59 generally requires action within 28 days of judgment; however,

subsection (b)(2) allows that a motion for a new trial or for reconsideration may be filed

up to two years after final disposition of a suit if the basis of the motion is a “showing of

satisfactory evidence, cumulative or otherwise, that any fraud, wrong, or injustice has

been done to the United States.” Otherwise, as delineated above, RCFC 60(b)(2)

allows for reopening of judgment based on “newly discovered evidence that, with

reasonable diligence, could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial

under RCFC 59(b).”

IV. Discussion

a. Many of Petitioner’s Arguments are Untimely

i. RCFC 59

Petitioner asserts that reconsideration is appropriate based on RCFC 59.

Reconsideration under Rule 59 may be granted to prevent manifest injustice; however,

as explained above, application of this rule generally requires action within 28 days of

judgment. Petitioner has not filed his motion within 28 days of judgment. RCFC

60(b)(2) separately provides that a motion pursuant to RCFC 59 may be filed beyond

this 28-day period in the case of newly discovered evidence; however, that provision is

itself subject to a one-year limitation under RCFC 60(c). Petitioner also did not file his

motion within one year of the entry of judgment. In instances of fraud against the United

States, a motion pursuant to RCFC 59 may be filed up to two years from final

disposition, but petitioner asserts fraud against himself, not the United States.

Accordingly, petitioner cannot seek relief pursuant to RCFC 59.

ii. RCFC 60(b)(1)-(3)

At various points in his motion papers, petitioner references reasons, such as his

homelessness and the failure of his parole officer to forward his mail, for why his

inaction should be excused. He asserts that he has only recently become aware of new

evidence insofar as he has sought medical follow-up. And he asserts that prison

officials committed fraud by changing his medical records. These allegations seek to

touch on each of the first three bases for relief from judgment under RCFC 60(b).

However, as explained above, RCFC 60(c) requires that any motion pursuant to RCFC

60(b) must be made “within a reasonable time” and more specifically, for subsections (1)

through (3), “no more than a year after the entry of the judgment.” While application of

RCFC 60(b) generally involves a discretionary balancing of factors, “the one year

limitation imposed on motions brought under subsections (1), (2), and (3) of the Rule is

considered ‘an absolute bar to motions filed after that period.’” Freeman, 35 Fed Cl. at

283 (quoting United States v. Berenguer, 821 F.2d 19, 21 (1st Cir. 1987)). Petitioner

filed the instant motion more than one year after judgment entered. Accordingly,

petitioner cannot seek relief under RCFC 60(b)(1)-(3).

b. Even if timely, petitioner’s allegations of fraud and newly available

evidence do not support relief under RCFC 60(b)(2)-(3) or RCFC 59

Setting the timeliness issue aside, it should also be noted that petitioner’s

allegation regarding amendment to his medical records is unsupported. Petitioner’s

motion does not identify any piece of evidence, newfound or otherwise, that

demonstrates his medical records were altered. He only offers his assertion that

alterations would explain the aspects of his medical records that contradict his claim.

However, this is not a new assertion. This allegation was reflected in the records that

were filed in this case. The issue was accounted for in the decision dismissing his case,

but did not explain all of the relevant notations. (ECF No. 60, n. 11.) And, in any event,

even if petitioner did substantiate that prison officials altered his prior medical records,

he has not provided any evidence that would support fraud by the respondent in this

case, leaving RCFC 60(b)(3) entirely inapplicable.10

To the extent petitioner has suggested that he intends to seek additional medical

follow up that would refute his prior medical records, this is not reasonably possible. No

medical exam conducted now could discern the onset of a years-long course of

adhesive capsulitis to the degree of precision petitioner would need to establish that his

adhesive capsulitis arose shortly after, but not several months before, his vaccination.

Any medical opinion rendered at this late date would effectively amount to acceptance

of the history of post-vaccination onset provided by petitioner, which would be unlikely to

outweigh the contemporaneous medical records.11 The dismissal decision had

10 In his reply, petitioner argues that he did not have access to his own files in order to dispute any factual

inaccuracies. (ECF No. 66, p. 10.) While it is true that respondent, rather than petitioner, filed the

complete records into evidence in this case, petitioner offers at best an incomplete explanation of the

circumstances. Petitioner did file some records with his petition. (ECF No. 1-2.) Moreover, as explained

in the dismissal decision, the records in evidence reflect that petitioner did request that prison officials

remove information relating to a specific incident from his medical records, contending it related to a

different prison with the same surname. (Ex. A, p. 437.) Thus, without minimizing the challenges of

litigating a case as an incarcerated individual, the record of the case confirms that petitioner was

reviewing and disputing the contents of his records to at least some degree during his incarceration. As

previously explained, petitioner’s assertion that respondent withheld evidence in this case has no

apparent factual basis. (ECF No. 66, p. 10; see supra note 7.)

11 “[F]or many medical symptoms or events – such as a headache or other pain, dizziness, nausea,

vomiting – the patient’s or a parent’s testimony may be the best, or only, direct evidence of their

occurrence. Medical records related to those symptoms would likely be based on the statements of those

who experienced them.” James-Cornelius ex rel. E.J. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 984 F.3d 1374,

1380 (Fed. Cir. 2021). “Medical records, in general, warrant consideration as trustworthy evidence. The

records contain information supplied to or by health professionals to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of

medical conditions. With proper treatment hanging in the balance, accuracy has an extra premium.

These records are also generally contemporaneous to the medical events.” Cucuras v. Sec’y of Health &

Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed Cir. 1993). Thus, more remote histories of present illness in

conflict with contemporaneous medical records are generally given less weight than the earlier records.

E.g., Anderson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 20-195V, 2022 WL 17484352, at *10 (Fed. Cl.

concluded that the contemporaneous medical records were inadequate to distinguish

petitioner’s pre- and post-vaccination symptoms, which were diagnosed as adhesive

capsulitis in both instances. (ECF No. 60, p. 7.) In any event, petitioner has not

established that seeking medical follow up at this point would constitute uncovering

“[n]ewly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been

discovered” up to this point.

The records petitioner has attached to his motion do not call into question the

prior adjudication of his case. Petitioner cites the fact that these records state that

petitioner’s adhesive capsulitis was related to his vaccination. (ECF No. 65-2, pp. 1-2.)

However, the notations he references are all within the “subjective” or history portion of

the record, meaning the physicians merely recorded what petitioner reported was his

history. None of the resulting assessments contain any medical opinion that would

support his allegations. Petitioner represents in his motion that his current provider is

willing to write a statement that his cervical spinal condition is separate from his

shoulder condition (Id. at 2), but the decision dismissing this case concluded that the

pre-vaccination onset of his alleged adhesive capsulitis was itself incompatible with

vaccine-causation, rather than turning on whether petitioner’s shoulder symptoms were

otherwise due to his cervical spinal condition (ECF No. 60, n. 10).

Accordingly, even if timely, petitioner’s arguments with respect to RCFC 60(b)(2)-

(3) and RCFC 59 would be without merit. An overarching theme of petitioner’s

arguments on these points is that it was not realistic to expect him to be able to

challenge respondent’s position while indigent and especially while he was

incarcerated. However, as discussed further below, it must be stressed that the state of

the record at the time of dismissal was a direct consequence of petitioner’s own failure

to prosecute rather than any limitations of his incarceration. Had he maintained contact

with the court, petitioner could have continued prosecuting his case following his

release from prison. In fact, the decision ultimately dismissing this case was not issued

until five months after his release.

c. Neither Excusable Neglect Nor Extraordinary Circumstances Are

Present to Support Relief Pursuant to Either RCFC60(b)(1) or (6)

The crux of petitioner’s motion is his assertion that his particular circumstances

following release from Waupun Correctional Institution either justify excusable neglect

under RCFC 60(b)(1) or extraordinary circumstances under RCFC 60(b)(6). Because

Spec. Mstr. Nov. 10, 2022) (observing that “[g]iven petitioner’s earlier vaccination and treatment records,

the more remote history she provided the orthopedist is entitled to less weight.”); see also R.K. v. Sec’y of

Health & Human Servs., No. 03-632V, 2015 WL 10936124, at *76 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 28, 2015)

(holding that more remote histories of illness do not have sufficient indicia of reliability to be credited over

conflicting contemporaneous medical records and earlier reported histories), motion for review denied,

125 Fed. Cl. 57 (2016), aff’d, 671 F. App’x 792 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Vergara v. Sec’y of Health & Human

Servs., No. 08-882V, 2014 WL 2795491, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 15, 2014) (“Special Masters

frequently accord more weight to contemporaneously-recorded medical symptoms than those recorded in

later medical histories, affidavits, or trial testimony.” (emphasis added)).

his claim under subsection (1) is time-barred, the application of RCFC 60(b)(6) is

dispositive. Subsection (6) is not subject to the specific one-year time limit for

subsections (1) through (3) and it is considered a “grand reservoir” of equitable power.

M.D. ex rel. Dilascio v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 153 Fed. Cl. 544, 559 (2021)

(quoting Lazare Kaplan Int’l, Inc. v. Photoscribe Techs., Inc., 714 F.3d 1289, 1295 (Fed.

Cir. 2013)). However, it requires a demonstration of “extraordinary circumstances” that

go beyond the more commonplace occurrences addressed by the other subsections of

Rule 60. E.g., DiMasi, 2023 WL 4697122, at *8 (explaining that subsection (6) is

available only if subsections (1) through (5) are inapplicable).)

I previously recognized in my order to show cause that “petitioner’s release from

prison represents a unique and potentially challenging circumstance.”12 (ECF No. 58, p.

4.) In that respect, petitioner had, and still has, my sympathy for all of the difficulties he

faced upon his release from prison, especially his homelessness. Thus, I do not take

petitioner’s motion lightly. However, sympathy alone cannot dictate the outcome of

petitioner’s motion. The question presented by petitioner’s motion is whether his

circumstances represent an “extraordinary circumstance” that would justify relief

pursuant to RCFC 60(b)(6). For the reasons discussed below, I conclude that they do

not. In fact, my conclusion is that the facts of this case do not even rise to a level that

would have supported excusable neglect had petitioner’s claim under RCFC 60(b)(1)

not been time-barred.

Petitioner suggests in his motion that he was justified in failing to maintain

contact with the court because he thought he had moved for a stay and “assumed” that

he could notify the court of his intent to continue his case at a time of his choosing.

(ECF No. 65, p. 1.) However, this is not a reasonable interpretation of the procedural

history of the case.

Petitioner is referring to the Status Report he filed on September 7, 2021. (ECF

No. 47.) In that status report, petitioner stated that “[p]etitioner is scheduled for release

on Nov. 16th 2021 and he intends to get a complete and accurate cause of his other

medical issues as to dispute or provide objective evidence that would support a finding

in my favor.” (Id.) In light of petitioner’s status report, I issued the Scheduling Order of

September 9, 2021. (ECF No. 48.) That order specified that “I am construing

petitioner’s status report as a motion to stay the case pending his release from prison.”

(Id. (emphasis added).) Thus, petitioner was advised in this order that his stay request,

which was not even granted, was only to be entertained with respect to his duty to

prosecute during his remaining incarceration. But in any event, I further explained that

Petitioner is also advised that he will have a continuing obligation to

maintain contact with the court and that any order granting his motion to

stay will require petitioner to provide updated contact information where he

12 That is, unique in that the process of reentering society after imprisonment is a distinct circumstance

not necessarily comparable to what other petitioners are experiencing as they prosecute their claims.

can be reached following his release from prison. Failure to provide current

and accurate contact information will not prevent this case from being

involuntarily dismissed should petitioner fail to prosecute.

(Id. (underlining in original, bolding omitted).)

While petitioner denies receipt of some subsequent orders, he does not deny

having received my Scheduling Order issued September 9, 2021 that cautioned him to

maintain up to date contact information. (ECF No. 48.) Thus, in the instant motion,

petitioner acknowledges that he “knows that he did have an obligation to keep the Court

notified.” (ECF No. 65, p. 2.) Therefore, the fact that petitioner alleges that he did not

receive my subsequent orders of November and December of 2021, or the decision of

April 2022, is not dispositive as this is ultimately a product of his own failure to provide

sufficient contact information to the court. E.g., Kompothecras v. Sec’y of Health &

Human Servs., No. 02-0110V, 2013 WL 1881022, at *7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 29,

2013) (finding that counsel’s failure to provide updated contact information does not

support a finding of excusable neglect that would permit equitable relief under RCFC

60(b)(1)); Koopman v. United States, 151 Fed. Cl. 336, 339-40 (2020) (finding a failure

by pro se litigants to provide current contact information and failure to respond to

subsequent orders supports involuntary dismissal for failure to prosecute), motion for

reconsideration granted in part, 151 Fed. Cl. 751 (2021).

The fact that petitioner’s parole officer did not timely forward petitioner’s mail to

him, while unfortunate, also does not affect the outcome. The parole office was never

identified by petitioner as a means of contacting him and petitioner never had any

reasonable expectation that the parole officer would keep him informed of the status of

his vaccine case. Rather, the Order to Show Cause explained:

[P]etitioner has not provided updated contact information since his release

from prison; however, a review of the Wisconsin Department of Corrections

Offender Locator indicates that he is under active community supervision

with Unit 712 of the Department of Corrections parole office. Accordingly,

the clerk is directed to mail a copy of this order to both petitioner’s last

known address at Waupun Correctional Institute as indicated on the docket

of this case and [the parole office].

(ECF No. 58, p. 5.) In other words, entirely unbeknownst to petitioner, the court sua

sponte used enhanced measures to try to overcome petitioner’s failure to provide

current contact information. The fact that this added effort failed does not alter the

nature of the issue – petitioner knowingly failed to maintain appropriate contact with the

court. Thus, the parole office’s failure to forward the undersigned’s orders is simply a

further symptom of petitioner’s own inaction.

The parole officer’s failure to provide petitioner his mail does not explain why

petitioner did not himself provide updated contact information as directed by my prior

order or otherwise take appropriate steps to prosecute his case, or at a bare minimum

understand its status. Contrary to what is suggested in the instant motion, the

procedural history confirms that at the time petitioner stopped communicating with the

court he understood his claim was potentially subject to dismissal. In particular, the

representations in petitioner’s motion indicate that the last order petitioner received was

my order holding petitioner’s own motion to dismiss in abeyance for only 30 days.13

(ECF No. 51.)

Petitioner’s most sympathetic argument is that following his release from prison

he was homeless. However, standing alone, this does not support his motion. A

number of courts have held that the fact of homelessness does not in itself support relief

under FRCP 60(b)(1) for excusable neglect. Modesitt v. Wexford Med., No. 1:21-cv-

1711, 2023 WL 348270 (S.D. Ind. Jan. 20, 2023) (explaining that “[t]he court accepts as

true that Mr. Modesitt experienced homelessness after his release from incarceration.

But at no time did he contact the Court with a phone number or email address or

request an extension of pretrial deadlines on account of his homelessness before

dismissal of this case.”); Figueroa v. City of Corpus Christi, No. 2:15-CV-339, 2016 WL

7228553 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 14, 2016) (stating that “[b]eing homeless and a pro se litigant

alone is not authority to reinstate the complaint”); Turner v. Nev. Dep’t of Corr., No. 2:13-

cv-1740, 2016 WL 4203818, at * 4 (explaining that “it was not until April 2016 – after he

had been re-arrested and jailed – that he bothered to discover what had transpired in

his case. While I am sympathetic that Turner is a pro se plaintiff with pauper status

whose mail was returned to the court because he was homeless for three months, that

still leaves four months where he had shelter but ignored this case.” (footnote omitted)),

aff’d, 695 F. App’x 336 (mem) (9th Cir. 2017); see also Harris v. Emanuele, 826 F. App’x

567, 569 (7th Cir. 2020) (explaining that “even if Harris had no new mailing address

after the fire, he should have told the court that his old address was no longer valid. But

he did not. . . . Harris’s inability to receive mail did not relieve him of his obligation to

monitor the court’s docket and thereby respond promptly to the dismissal of his case.”)

If homelessness does not substantiate excusable neglect, then a fortiori it is not

compelling without more as evidence of extraordinary circumstances.14 Moreover, there

13 Petitioner’s final filing prior to the entry of judgment was his motion to withdraw his motion to dismiss.

(ECF No. 56.) To be clear, my order of October 15, 2021, did not specifically require petitioner to file a

motion to withdraw his motion to dismiss, only to inform the court if he wished to withdraw the motion to

initially avoid involuntary dismissal. (ECF No. 54.) However, the prayer for relief included in petitioner’s

follow up filing (styled as a “status report”) was “[f]or an order granting this motion to continue this claim.”

(ECF No. 56.) Thus, the filing was docketed as a motion to withdraw the motion to dismiss. In his filing,

petitioner also specifically asked for further guidance on how to proceed with his claim. (Id.) Therefore, it

is patent on the face of his last filing prior to entry of judgment that petitioner understood at that time both

that his motion to voluntarily dismiss remained pending and that he did need to continue prosecuting the

claim.

14 I do note that in Checo v. Shinseki, a case cited by petitioner, the Federal Circuit did accept

homelessness as an extraordinary circumstance in the context of equitable tolling. 748 F.3d at 1378-79.

Importantly, however, that acceptance was based on the respondent’s stipulation of the point specific to

that case.

are several factors that counsel against accepting the fact of petitioner’s homelessness

as dispositive of any “extraordinary circumstance” in this particular case. Petitioner

does not provide any details regarding the length of his homelessness or the specific

circumstances of his homelessness. In fact, petitioner does not indicate anything more

than that he lacked a mailing address at which he could receive physical mail. (ECF

No. 65, p. 1.) However, petitioner acknowledges in his motion that he was aware of his

obligation to maintain contact with the court and further asserts that he did have the

wherewithal to telephone the court on at least one occasion. (Id. at 1-2.) Yet, as

previously noted, petitioner’s representation without further detail that he made a single

phone call to the court over a two-year period is not strong evidence of diligence. (See

supra n. 2.) Further, although he asserts having no physical address, he does indicate

that he has an unspecified e-mail address through which he would have been capable

of receiving information from the court had he acted more diligently. (ECF No. 65, p. 1;