The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA
CHARLESTON DIVISION
JEREMY SANGER,
Plaintiff,
v. CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:23-cv-00069
BRANDON DODRILL, et al.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
The Court has reviewed Plaintiff Jeremy Sanger’s Rule 59(e) Motion to Amend Judgment
(Document 30), the Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff Jeremy Sanger’s Rule 59(e)
Motion to Amend Judgment (Document 31), and the Defendants’ Response in Opposition to
Plaintiff’s Rule 59(e) Motion to Amend Judgment (Document 32).
The Plaintiff, Jeremy Sanger, initiated this action with the Complaint (Document 1), filed
on January 27, 2023. He named as Defendants Brandon Dodrill and Tyler Hogan, both officers
in the Oak Hill Police Department, and the City of Oak Hill, West Virginia. Mr. Sanger suffered
serious injuries when he crashed his motorcycle in the course of a high-speed chase initiated by
Officer Dodrill. The chase allegedly continued after dispatch directed Officer Dodrill to terminate
the pursuit. Officer Dodrill was soon joined by Officer Hogan, and they, along with two unnamed
bystanders, dragged Mr. Sanger from the ditch where he crashed to a location closer to the edge
of the roadway. Mr. Sanger alleges that his injuries were exacerbated by being moved without
being properly immobilized.
The Court entered a Memorandum Opinion and Order (Document 27) and Judgment Order
(Document 28) on June 5, 2023, granting a motion to dismiss. The Court found that the Plaintiff’s
state law claims were barred by W. Va. Code § 55-7-13d(c), which bars recovery for damages that
“arise out of a person’s commission, attempted commission, or immediate flight from the
commission of a felony; and that the person’s damages were suffered as a proximate result of the
commission…of a felony.” The Court concluded that the facts alleged in the complaint
established that the Plaintiff’s accident and injuries resulted from his commission of felony fleeing.
The Court further found that the Plaintiff had not stated a claim as to any constitutional violation
because he was not “seized” or placed in custody, and the officers’ attempts to provide first aid
after the crash were protected by qualified immunity.
The Plaintiff argues that the Court’s dismissal was based on clear errors of law and
amendment is necessary to prevent manifest injustice. He contends that dismissal of the state
assault and battery charge against Officer Dodrill was in error because “any alleged unlawful flight
had concluded by the time Officer Dodrill battered Mr. Sanger.” (Pl.’s Mem. at 1.) In addition,
he argues that Officer Dodrill “was acting outside his official capacity at the time he caused Mr.
Sanger to wreck” because the pursuit was in violation of department policy and a directive from
dispatch, and that the lack of a conviction for felony fleeing precludes application of W. Va. Code
§ 55-7-13d(c). (Id.) He further argues that the complaint sufficiently alleged excessive force,
and that the Court erred in finding that the complaint did not allege that Officer Dodrill seized the
Plaintiff. Finally, he contends that the Court erred in deciding affirmative defenses at the motion
to dismiss stage.
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The Defendants respond that “no error existed in the Court’s prior ruling” and that there is
no good cause to amend or alter the dismissal. (Def.s’ Resp. at 2.) They contend that “[t]he
Plaintiff was injured as the sole result of his own conduct and continues to expend valuable judicial
resources dealing with this matter.” (Id.)
Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits a motion to alter or amend a
judgment within 28 days of the entry of judgment. The decision to alter or amend a judgment
under Rule 59(e) lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. City of Richmond v. Atlantic
Co., 273 F.2d 902, 916 (4th Cir.1960). The burden to show adequate grounds is on the party
seeking the alteration or amendment. 11 Wright, Miller & Kane, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 2803
(3d ed.). The Fourth Circuit has “recognized that there are three grounds for amending an earlier
judgment: (1) to accommodate an intervening change in controlling law; (2) to account for new
evidence not available at trial; or (3) to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice.”
Pac. Ins. Co. v. Am. Nat. Fire Ins. Co., 148 F.3d 396, 403 (4th Cir. 1998). “Rule 59(e) motions
may not be used, however, to raise arguments which could have been raised prior to the issuance
of the judgment, nor may they be used to argue a case under a novel legal theory that the party had
the ability to address in the first instance.” Id. The Fourth Circuit has further cautioned that
reconsideration after entry of judgment should be used sparingly. Id.
The Court addressed many of the arguments raised by the Plaintiff in the opinion granting
the motion to dismiss. Accepting the facts alleged in the complaint as true, Officer Dodrill
initiated a high-speed pursuit when Mr. Sanger fled a traffic stop, and the Plaintiff crashed his
motorcycle. He suffered serious injuries, which were exacerbated when Officers Dodrill, Hogan,
and unnamed bystanders pulled him from a ditch to the side of the road. As the Court previously
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found, Officer Dodrill’s alleged decision to continue the pursuit in violation of policy and a specific
directive to terminate it cannot create a constitutional violation. Those violations of policy are
also insufficient to support an allegation that Officer Dodrill was not acting in his official capacity
in the pursuit, during which he remained in contact with dispatch.1 The Court also addressed the
argument that affirmative defenses should generally be addressed after discovery and found that
the facts alleged in the complaint establish the applicability of W.Va. Code § 55-7-13d(c). Too,
the Court carefully considered the factual allegations in the complaint in determining that the
allegations, if proven, would not permit a finding that the Plaintiff was seized, as that term is
interpreted for Fourth Amendment purposes.
The Plaintiff contests the Court’s finding that the factual allegations “do not support a
finding that the Defendants acted in a constitutionally unreasonable manner, and their actions in
attempting to provide first aid following the crash are protected by qualified immunity.” (Mem.
Op. at 11.) He argues that the complaint alleges that the officers seized him and applied excessive
force when they moved him from the ditch while he was unconscious. The complaint does not
allege that the officers took Mr. Sanger into custody, arrested him, handcuffed him, or otherwise
restrained his movement after the crash. According to the complaint, Mr. Sanger was
unconscious and injured. The officers and bystanders moved him from a ditch to the side of the
road. The complaint alleges that Officers Dodrill and Hogan violated the Plaintiff’s right to be
free from “improper medical treatment.” (Compl. at ¶¶ 34, 60, 70.) Whether the Defendants’
actions after the accident may properly be construed as efforts to provide first aid, the facts alleged,
1 The Plaintiff presumably seeks to draw a fine distinction between the allegations that Officer Dodrill, at all relevant
times, was “an officer in the Oak Hill Police Department in Fayette County, West Virginia, and was acting under color
of state law,” (Compl. at ¶ 2) and “was an employee of the City of Oak Hill acting within the scope of his employment,”
(Id. at ¶ 28) and whether he was acting in his official capacity for purposes of the felony fleeing statute.
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as the Court previously found, do not support a claim for unreasonable seizure or excessive force.
Thus, the Court finds that none of the Plaintiff's arguments constitute appropriate grounds for
reconsideration under Rule 59(e).
Wherefore, after careful consideration, for the reasons stated herein and for the reasons
stated more fully in the Court’s Memorandum Opinion and Order (Document 27) granting the
motion to dismiss, the Court ORDERS that Plaintiff Jeremy Sanger’s Rule 59(e) Motion to Amend
Judgment (Document 30) be DENIED.
The Court DIRECTS the Clerk to send a copy of this Order to counsel of record and to
any unrepresented party.
ENTER: August 17, 2023
Dire. Benger’
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA