Braxton v. City of Buckhannon

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA

ELKINS

BRICE BRAXTON,

Plaintiff,

v. CIVIL ACTION NO.): 2:20-CV-38

(JUDGE KLEEH)

CITY OF BUCKHANNON, WEST

VIRGINIA; ST. JOSEPH’S HOSPITAL;

DEPUTY WILLIAM CHIDESTER,

UPSHUR COUNTY SHERIFF’S

DEPARTMENT, in his individual and official

capacity; and CORPORAL MARSHALL

O’CONNOR, BUCKHANNON POLICE

DEPARTMENT, in his individual and official

capacity,

Defendants.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION RECOMMENDING THAT

DEFENDANTS WILLIAM CHIDESTER’S AND UPSHUR

COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE MOTION FOR SUMMARY

JUDGMENT [ECF NO. 42] BE GRANTED

This matter is before the Court pursuant to a Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative,

Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Defendants Deputy William Chidester (“Chidester”) and

Upshur County Sheriff’s Department (the “Sheriff’s Department”), and a memorandum in support,

thereof, filed on January 20, 2021. [ECF Nos. 42, 43]. The undersigned Magistrate Judge

RECOMMENDS that the District Court GRANT these Defendants’ motion for the reasons set

forth below.1

1 The undersigned submits a companion Report and Recommendation as to Defendants City of

Buckhannon, West Virginia and Corporal Marshall O’Connor, which in like fashion addresses the same

issues and arguments raised on behalf of those Defendants.

I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed a Complaint in this Court on September 14, 2020. [ECF

No. 1]. Plaintiff named as Defendants those parties captioned above. While Plaintiff’s claims are

not straightforwardly pled, it appears that he is alleging a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

for excessive force by law enforcement, discrimination and abuse on the basis of race, and coerced

waiver of his Miranda rights. In short, Plaintiff alleges generally that law enforcement officers

physically punched, kicked and slammed him to the point of unconsciousness. Plaintiff alleges

that officers used racial slurs in the course of these abuses, as well as intimidated and threatened

him, such that he involuntarily waived his Miranda rights. Plaintiff does not state officers’ names

in the narratives contained within the Complaint to specify which officers engaged in what alleged

acts. Plaintiff does not specify what harm resulted from the alleged waiver of his Miranda rights.

Plaintiff alleges that the harm occurred at St. Joseph’s Hospital in Buckhannon, West Virginia,

which is in the Northern District of West Virginia. Importantly, Plaintiff alleges that these events

occurred on March 10, 2018.

Both Chidester and the Sheriff’s Department and Defendants City of Buckhannon and

Corporal Marshall O’Connor (“O’Connor”) cite to a Memorandum Decision issued by the West

Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals on September 4, 2020, which sets forth additional factual

background in this matter. State v. Braxton, 2020 WL 5269745 (W. Va. 2020). For further context,

according to that Memorandum Decision, Plaintiff was convicted in the Circuit Court of Upshur

County, West Virginia for several crimes arising from what appear to the same events giving rise

to the allegations in the instant case. Id. at 1.

In sum, on March 11, 20182, Plaintiff was involved in theft of a vehicle and flight from law

enforcement. Id. Once the vehicle was reported stolen and spotted in traffic by law enforcement,

O’Connor and Chidester were involved in the pursuit of Plaintiff. Id. The vehicle pursuit ended at

St. Joseph’s Hospital at the area of the emergency room entrance. Id. However, Plaintiff exited the

stolen vehicle and ran by foot into the hospital. Id. Law enforcement officers gave chase. Id.

Chidester caught up to Plaintiff in the hospital, and Plaintiff appeared to cooperate in the arrest

“by going to the floor and putting his hands behind his back.” Id. However, once O’Conner caught

up, Plaintiff was not cooperative. Id. “[W]hen Officer O’Connor joined them and the officers tried

to handcuff [Plaintiff], [he] ‘rolled over on his side and started screaming, and that’s when the

fight ensued.’” Plaintiff was tried on the charges, and was convicted for possession of a stolen

vehicle, fleeing in a vehicle, reckless driving, fleeing on foot, and obstructing a law enforcement

officer. Id.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The undersigned set a Rule 26(f) scheduling conference for March 15, 2021. During the

course of this proceeding, the undersigned conducted it as a status conference. Appearing for

Chidester and the Sheriff’s Department was Drannon L. Adkins, their counsel. Plaintiff, pro se,

also appeared. During this proceeding, the undersigned discussed with Plaintiff that the Court was

in receipt of Chidester’s and the Sheriff’s Department motion and memorandum in support, and

inquired whether Plaintiff was in receipt of the same. Plaintiff indicated that he believed he was in

receipt of the same. However, to assure that Plaintiff indeed was in receipt of the motion and

memorandum, and had the full opportunity to review and respond accordingly, the undersigned

2 Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges that these events occurred on March 10, 2018, while it is indicated in the

Memorandum Decision that they occurred on March 11, 2018. The discrepancy in dates does not materially

affect the undersigned’s review and analysis.

ordered counsel for Chidester and the Sheriff’s Department to provide Plaintiff with another copy

of the same. Counsel mailed the materials to Plaintiff that same day. [ECF Nos. 72, 73].

At the proceeding on March 15, 2021, the undersigned reviewed with Plaintiff the

arguments which Chidester and the Sheriff’s Department make in their pending motion. The Court

emphasized to Plaintiff that absent compelling responses to these Defendants’ motion, Plaintiff

risks the Court granting the motion and dismissing Plaintiff’s claim as to these Defendants. The

undersigned ordered Plaintiff to file any such response which he may choose to submit by April

15, 2021. [ECF No. 77].

The Court previously was in receipt of Plaintiff’s opposition to Defendants’ motion, which

was filed on January 29, 2021. [ECF No. 53]. Thereafter, on April 2, 2021, Plaintiff filed a Review

of Scheduling Hearing Conference. [ECF No. 70]. The undersigned notes that this filing does not

address the substantive legal arguments in the pending motion by Chidester and the Sheriff’s

Department. Then, on April 12, 2021, Plaintiff filed a Response to Defendants’ Objections and

Motion to Dismiss. [ECF No. 81]. Finally, on April 19, 2021, Chideser and the Sheriff’s

Department, by counsel, filed a reply in support of their motion. [ECF No. 82].

III. LEGAL ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

Because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court must liberally construe the pleadings.

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976); Loe v. Armistead, 582 F.2d 1291, 1295 (4th Cir.

1978). A pro se complaint is subject to dismissal, however, if the Court cannot reasonably read

the pleadings to state a valid claim on which a plaintiff could prevail. Barnett v. Hargett, 174 F.3d

1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 1999). A court may not construct the plaintiff’s legal arguments for him, nor

should it “conjure up questions never squarely presented.” Beaudett v. City of Hampton, 775 F.2d

1274, 1278 (4th Cir. 1985).

To survive a motion to dismiss, the rules which govern civil actions require that Plaintiff

here sets forth a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to

relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Moreover, a complaint must set forth a claim upon which relief can

be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Under seminal civil procedure caselaw, a cause of action must

be supported by “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp.

v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In reliance on Twombly, the Supreme Court has

emphasized that “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

Defendants here alternatively move for summary judgment. If, on a motion made pursuant

to Rule 12(b)(6), “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the

motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56” of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). As is well-established, “[t]he court shall grant summary judgment

if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The party filing a summary judgment

motion must first demonstrate that here is no genuine issue of fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

U.S. 317, 323 (1986). If the moving party sufficiently shows that there is no genuine factual issue

such that there is only a legal issue for the Court to resolve, then the burden shifts to the non-

moving party to a “make sufficient showing on an essential element of her case with respect to

which she has the burden of proof.” Id.

A. Statute of Limitations

Defendants here correctly argue that Plaintiff untimely filed his Complaint such that it is

barred by the statute of limitations applicable to claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff alleges

wrongful acts committed on March 10, 2018, although he did not file his Complaint until

September 14, 2020, after the two-year statute of limitations had run.

Defendants point out that 42 U.S.C. § 1983 does not itself specify a statute of limitations

for claims brought thereunder. Owens v. Baltimore City State's Att'ys Off., 767 F.3d 379, 388 (4th

Cir. 2014). Rather, such claims are governed by “the most analogous state-law cause of action,”

which is that for a personal injury claim. Id. Because the alleged acts occurred in West Virginia,

the Court must look to West Virginia law. State law provides that

“[e]very personal action for which no limitation is otherwise prescribed shall be brought . . . within

two years next after the right to bring the same shall have accrued if it be for damages for personal

injuries[.]” W. Va. Code § 55-2-12(b) (emphasis added). A personal injury claim is such a claim

for which no statute of limitations is specifically set forth in West Virginia. Thus, it is governed

by this “residual” statute of limitation – that is, the statute of limitations for causes of action for

which no statute of limitations is otherwise specified. Moreover, Plaintiff cites no authority which

would toll the two-year statute of limitations under these circumstances, nor is the undersigned

aware of any.

Relatedly, the date of accrual of the cause of action appears to be the date of Plaintiff’s

encounter with Defendants here. Although state law determines the applicable statute of

limitations, federal law dictates the time of accrual for civil rights causes of action. Cox v. Stanton,

529 F.2d 47, 50 (4th Cir. 1975). “[T]he time of accrual is when plaintiff knows or has reason to

know of the injury which is the basis of the action.” Id. In the instant matter, Plaintiff

straightforwardly alleges that the events giving rise to his claim occurred on March 10, 2018.

Nothing thereafter is alleged to have occurred which would lead to a later date of accrual.

Plaintiff insists that there is no statute of limitations for a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or

for a claim made pursuant to the Fourth Amendment. [ECF No. 53 at 1, ECF No. 81 at 2]. Simply

put, Plaintiff is mistaken. Although he invokes a smattering of legal authority for his arguments,

the authorities upon which Plaintiff relies are, simply put, inapposite here. The undersigned

declines to parse through them all, as Plaintiff’s argument about the inapplicability of a statute of

limitations is, on its face, incorrect as explained above.

In sum, Plaintiff’s claims here are governed by a two-year statute of limitations and he

would have had to comply with the same by filing his Complaint by March 10, 2020.3 However,

Plaintiff did not file his Complaint until September 14, 2020. Thus, the undersigned concludes that

Plaintiff’s claim is barred by the applicable two-year statute of limitations and that the Complaint

should be dismissed.

B. Adequacy of How Claims are Pled

As noted above, Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure does not generally

require that claims be pled with great detail. Nonetheless, claims must be pled with sufficient detail

that a defendant has fair notice of the basis of a plaintiff’s claim. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. More

specifically:

It is established that a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as

true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. We have recognized that

facial plausibility is established once . . . the complaint’s factual allegations produce

an inference . . . strong enough to nudge the plaintiff’s claims across the line from

conceivable to plausible. In assessing the sufficiency of a complaint, we assume as

true all its well-pleaded facts and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the

plaintiff. Thus, to satisfy the plausibility standard, a plaintiff is not required to plead

factual allegations in great detail, but the allegations must contain sufficient factual

heft to allow a court, drawing on judicial experience and common sense, to infer

more than the mere possibility of that which is alleged.

3 It is indicated in the above-noted Memorandum Decision that these events instead occurred on March 11,

2018. This difference in dates does not affect the undersigned’s analysis or recommendation here, given

that Plaintiff filed his complaint approximately six months after the statute of limitations had run no matter

if events occurred on March 10, 2018 or March 11, 2018.

Nanni v. Aberdeen Marketplace, Inc., 878 F.3d 447, 452 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal citations and

quotations omitted). In the context of a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, such as the one here, a

“plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own

individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. 676. In other words, Plaintiff’s

pleading of the claim here must contain enough factual allegations to be plausible enough for the

Court to reasonably infer that each named Defendant bears liability. To that end, Plaintiff must

state which defendant engaged in which specific act. It is not sufficient for Plaintiff to cast a wide

net with broad allegations and conclusions without specifically alleging which defendants acted in

which particular manner.

In this matter, other than naming individuals as parties in the caption of the matter, Plaintiff

does not detail in the Complaint which officer(s) participated in the alleged “gang style beat-down”

noted in the Complaint other than to state that “more than one officer participated” and that one

alleged assailant outweighed him considerably. Plaintiff does identify several forms of physical

harm allegedly suffered, yet does not tie specific harm to specific actor(s). Similarly, as to his

allegations about forced waiver of Miranda rights, Plaintiff merely states that he was “threatened

an intimidated” into so waiving his rights. He does not name which actor(s) were at issue or detail

in any way the threat and intimidation alleged. Importantly, he does not allege that he was forced

to give a false statement and he does not state whether such statement was used to his detriment at

trial or otherwise. As for the racial slurs alleged, Plaintiff likewise does not further specify which

individuals made such statements or recount the contents of those statements.

Thus, the undersigned concludes that Plaintiff’s Complaint should be dismissed for failure

to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. In the alternative, the undersigned concludes

that there is no genuine issue of material fact on the issue such that Defendants here are entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.

C. Application of Heck v. Humphrey to Plaintiff’s Claims

As noted above, in an underlying criminal case litigated in state court, Plaintiff was

convicted at trial for several offenses: possession of a stolen vehicle, fleeing in a vehicle, reckless

driving, fleeing on foot, and obstructing a law enforcement officer. Braxton, 2020 WL 5269745 at

1. Plaintiff appealed his conviction, and the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals upheld the

conviction. Id.

Defendants here invoke the application of Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). In

short, under this decision, a plaintiff may not recover under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 if the claim implies

that the underlying criminal conviction is invalid. More specifically,

[I]n order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or

imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would

render a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the

conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive

order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination,

or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas corpus, 28

U.S.C. § 2254. A claim for damages bearing that relationship to a conviction or

sentence that has not been so invalidated is not cognizable under § 1983. Thus,

when a state prisoner seeks damages in a § 1983 suit, the district court must

consider whether a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the

invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it would, the complaint must be

dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has

already been invalidated. But if the district court determines that the plaintiff's

action, even if successful, will not demonstrate the invalidity of any outstanding

criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should be allowed to proceed, in

the absence of some other bar to the suit.

Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486–87 (1994 (emphases in original). The Fourth Circuit has

given further guidance as to when Heck bars a claim here. “First, a judgment in favor of the

plaintiff [must] necessarily imply the invalidity of [a plaintiff's] conviction or sentence. Second,

the claim must be brought by a claimant who is either (i) currently in custody or (ii) no longer in

custody because the sentence has been served, but nevertheless could have practicably sought

habeas relief while in custody.” Covey v. Assessor of Ohio Cty., 777 F.3d 186, 197 (4th Cir. 2015)

(citations and quotations omitted).

Thus, Defendants’ argument on this issue, and undersigned’s analysis here, must focus on

how Plaintiff’s state convictions in the criminal case in state court are intertwined with his

allegations in this instant matter.

The alleged use of excessive force occurred as part of the fleeing and resisting arrest giving

rise to the state court convictions. If Plaintiff were to prevail in this matter, it implies that Plaintiff’s

conviction in state court was invalid. Thus, the excessive force portion of Plaintiff’s claim does

not survive the first part of the Covey test because Plaintiff cannot show that his conviction has

been invalidated. And the excessive force portion of Plaintiff’s claim does not survive the second

part of the Covey test because, while Plaintiff no longer is in custody, he could have practicably

sought habeas relief while incarcerated. See Losh v. McKenzie, 277 S.E.2d 606, 611 (W. Va.

1981) (detailing the grounds on which an incarcerated person in West Virginia may base a habeas

corpus petition). There is nothing in the record before this Court to demonstrate that Plaintiff

availed himself of habeas corpus relief as required to survive the dismissal challenge here to his

allegations of excessive force.

Likewise, the alleged portion of the claim here as to forced waiver of Miranda rights, it is

unclear from the record before this Court what role, if any, such waiver played in the state

prosecution. Nonetheless, it stands to reason that Plaintiff raised the issue because he perceived

some detrimental effect on his underlying state case by dint of the Miranda waiver. Thus, he

implies that his state court conviction is invalid. Again, Plaintiff does not survive first part of the

Covey test because Plaintiff cannot show that his conviction has been invalidated. And, again,

Plaintiff could have sought habeas corpus relief while in custody, but has not demonstrated that he

did. Thus, Plaintiff’s claim cannot survive the dismissal challenge here to his allegations of

false/coerced confession.

Accordingly, the undersigned concludes that Plaintiff’s claims are barred by the Heck

decision, such that the Complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim on which relief

can be granted. In the alternative, the undersigned concludes that there is no genuine issue of

material fact on the issue such that Defendants here are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

D. Qualified Immunity as to Chidester

The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials against claims made for

discretionary acts done in such persons’ official capacity. Qualified immunity operates as a civil

liability shield for “government officials . . . performing discretionary functions . . . insofar as their

conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable

person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). As a practical matter,

qualified immunity “provides ample protection to all but the plainly incompetent or those who

knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986). The qualified immunity

defense is burden-shifting, in that once it is asserted, it then falls to a claimant to show that the

conduct complained of (1) violated the law, and (2) the law that was violated was clearly

established at the time of the alleged conduct. Bryan v. Muth, 994 F.2d 1082, 1086 (4th Cir. 1993).

In the context of the claim at bar, “[a] defendant sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 may assert

a defense of qualified immunity.” Id. Furthermore, “[t]he subjective belief or motive of a

government official is irrelevant to the issue of qualified immunity. Instead, the inquiry focuses on

what a reasonable official in the same position would have believed.” Id. at 1086 (citations

omitted). The qualified immunity defense is of particular note in the context of policing, especially

in the context of street-level policing where events can quickly evolve and change. Rowland v.

Perry, 41 F.3d 167, 172 (4th Cir. 1994).

In the instant matter, the undersigned concludes that qualified immunity should operate to

bar Plaintiff’s claim here as to Chidester. Plaintiffs allegations, which mainly are conclusory and

unsupported by properly-detailed facts, do not set forth how the acts complained of violate clearly

established law. In other words, Plaintiff does not set forth in his Complaint which acts violated

which laws, and how those laws were in existence at the time of the alleged acts. A well-pleaded

complaint could well defeat a qualified immunity defense at this stage, but Plaintiff’s Complaint,

being as disjointed as it is, must fail.

As established in the Memorandum Decision by the West Virginia Supreme Court of

Appeals, summarized above, Plaintiff was engaged in extensive fleeing from law enforcement,

first by vehicle and later on foot. And although Plaintiff initially was cooperative with law

enforcement once Chidester caught him, he became uncooperative once O’Connor joined in the

arrest. In other words, Plaintiff was involved in a series of crimes which were dangerous to the

public, to responding officers, and to himself.

The burden is upon Plaintiff to show that officers violated the law, and that the law so

violated was clearly established at the time. Given the fast-developing and dangerous nature of

events which Plaintiff caused, and given the seemingly inevitable physicality of Plaintiff’s

encounter with law enforcement (apparently exacerbated by Plaintiff himself), the undersigned

cannot find, without a better-pled claim, that Plaintiff has defeated the qualified immunity defense

here. The undersigned is not suggesting that a claimant’s own law-breaking justifies the alleged

responsive law-breaking by officers. It may be that Plaintiff could withstand the qualified

immunity defense with a better investigation and a properly-developed complaint. But it is not the

Court’s role to aid Plaintiff in achieving those measures, but rather to evaluate the record as

developed and presented by the parties.

Accordingly, the undersigned concludes that Plaintiff’s claims as to Chidester are barred

by the qualified immunity defense, such that the Complaint should be dismissed as to Chidester

for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. In the alternative, the undersigned

concludes that there is no genuine issue of material fact on the issue such that Chidester is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.

IV. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

Accordingly, for the reasons herein stated, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 44]

be GRANTED and Plaintiff’s Complaint [ECF No. 1] be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE and

struck from this Court’s docket.

Any party may within fourteen (14) days after being served with a copy of this Report and

Recommendation file with the Clerk of the Court specific written objections identifying the

portions of the Report and Recommendation to which objection is made, and the basis for

such objection. A copy of such objections should also be submitted to the Honorable Thomas S.

Kleeh United States District Judge.

Failure to timely file objections to the Report and Recommendation set forth above

will result in waiver of the right to appeal from a judgment of this Court based upon such

Report and Recommendation. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); United States v. Schronce, 727 F.2d 91

(4th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1208 (1984); Wright v. Collins, 766 F.2d 841 (4th Cir.

1985); Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985).

The Clerk of the Court is directed to provide a copy of this Order to parties who appear pro

se and all counsel of record, as applicable, as provided in the Administrative Procedures for

Electronic Case Filing in the United States District Court for the Northern District of West

Virginia. It is requested that mailings to Plaintiff in this matter not be by certified mail, but instead

by regular first-class United States Mail, to better facilitate Plaintiff's receipt of mail.‘

It is so RECOMMENDED AND ORDERED.

Respectfully submitted April 29, 2021.

\ . A ( 2 4

MICHAEL JO

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

“ The Court is directing that materials in this matter be sent to Plaintiff not by certified mail but instead by

regular, first-class United States Mail. This is because at a hearing before the undersigned on March 15,

2021, Plaintiff stated that he his mailing address is that of a homeless shelter. As such, Plaintiff said,

delivery of certified mail to a non-permanent address sometimes failed. However, according to Plaintiff, he

had no such issues with regular, first-class United States Mail.

14