“The Fourth Amendment prohibits government officials from detaining a person 20 in the absence of probable cause.”
How later courts described this case
- “The Fourth Amendment prohibits government officials from detaining a person 20 in the absence of probable cause.”
- “We may take judicial notice of 17 ... documents on file in federal or state courts.” (citation omitted)
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
HONORABLE RICHARD A. JONES
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE
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BRYCE ANTHONY JACKSON,
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Plaintiff,
10 Case No. 3:22-cv-5711-RAJ
v.
11 ORDER ADOPTING REPORT
AND RECOMMENDATION
STEPHEN WELBORN, et al.,
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Defendants.
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15 I. INTRODUCTION
16 The Court, having reviewed the Report and Recommendation of the assigned,
17 United States Magistrate Judge, objections to the report and recommendation, if any, and
18 the remaining record, does hereby find and ORDER the Report and Recommendation be
19 GRANTED in part and MODIFIED in part.
20 II. BACKGROUND
21 Plaintiff, a pro se prisoner, brings a complaint against several jailers at the Clark
22 County Jail. The Complaint alleges that on February 17, 2021, Clark County Jail officials
23 falsely accused Plaintiff of spitting on one of its jailers, Officer Welborn. Dkt. # 5 at 5-6.
24 Plaintiff alleges that a different jailer, Officer Hanks, did not advise Plaintiff he was
25 being investigated for a crime, did not issue Miranda warning, and did not interview him.
26 Id. at 6. Plaintiff further alleges Defendants did not collect photos or videos, and no
27 statements were taken other than one officer’s statement. Id. The alleged spitting led to
the filing of criminal charges. Id. Plaintiff claims he did not grieve this matter because he
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did not know about Defendants’ action until he appeared in state criminal court to face
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charges. Id.
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Plaintiff brings claims under the Fifth, Eighth, and Ninth Amendments. As relief
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Plaintiff seeks 3 million dollars in damages. Finding that Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S.
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477, 487 (1994) barred Plaintiff’s claims, Judge Tsuchida recommended dismissal of the
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complaint. See Dkt. # 6.
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In his objections, Plaintiff argues that his claims are not barred by Heck v.
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Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994), which precludes suit under section 1983 where a
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judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction
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or sentence. See Dkt. # 8. Plaintiff claims that he is not complaining about the validity of
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his underlying conviction, but about a separate charge in Clark County Superior Court
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(Case Number Case Number 21-1-00392-06) that was ultimately dismissed. Id. at 1. The
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Court takes judicial notice of the docket sheet in Plaintiff’s prosecution. See
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https://odysseyportal.courts.wa.gov/ODYPORTAL/Home/Dashboard/29 (searching
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“Jackson, Bryce Anthony,” then selecting Case Number 21-1-00392-06); see also Harris
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v. Cty. of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126, 1132 (9th Cir. 2012) (“We may take judicial notice of
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... documents on file in federal or state courts.” (citation omitted)). The docket shows that
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a custodial assault charge was filed by the Clark County Prosecuting Attorney on
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February 19, 2021.
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III. LEGAL STANDARD
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District courts must dismiss a prisoner civil rights complaint, or any portion
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thereof, seeking redress against a governmental entity or officer or employee of a
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governmental entity “at any time” it is determined the complaint is frivolous, malicious,
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fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a
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defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. This provision clearly
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applies to this complaint because the non-conclusory allegations establish all of the
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named defendants are either governmental entities or officers or employees of a
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governmental entity.
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A prisoner civil rights complaint may also be dismissed sua sponte “if the court is
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satisfied that the action is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief
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may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such
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relief.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(l). Such a complaint may be dismissed “without first
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requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies” if its face discloses that it is subject
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to dismissal on any of the aforementioned four grounds enumerated in § 1915A. § 1997e
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(c)(2).
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III. DISCUSSION
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For purposes of this Order, the Court considers the Plaintiff’s objection that Heck
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does not bar his claims under Fifth, Eighth, and Ninth Amendment. For the reasons
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below, Plaintiff’s claims still fail. The Court modifies the Report and Recommendation to
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include the reasoning below.
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A. Fifth Amendment claim
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Plaintiff seeks relief under the Fifth Amendment for due process. Dkt. # 5 at 5-6.
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However, “the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause only applies to the federal
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government,” Bingue v. Prunchak, 512 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2008). Additionally,
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there are no allegations in the Complaint that implicate the Fifth Amendment guarantee
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that no person “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.”
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U.S. Const. Amendment V. Plaintiff’s allegations against Washington state officers most
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style as a claim for procedural due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, or as a
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claim for unlawful or false arrest under the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, the Court
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will analyze those claims.
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1. Due process under the Fourteenth Amendment
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The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from
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depriving “any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S.
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Const. amend. XIV, § 1. Plaintiff questions the officers’ investigatory methods and their
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failure to give him a Miranda warning. He also claims that custodial officers are not
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legally able to arrest or submit affidavits of probable cause for an arrest. Id. at 7. Plaintiff
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also states that he was falsely accused of spitting on Officer Welborn.
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There are several issues with Plaintiff’s due process claim. First, there is no
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constitutional right to an investigation. Gomez v. Whitney, 757 F.2d 1005, 1006 (9th Cir.
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1985). Second, Miranda warnings are prophylactic in nature and are “not themselves
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rights protected by the Constitution.” Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433, 444 (1974).
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Instead, Miranda warnings are “measures to ensure that the right against compulsory
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self-incrimination [is] protected.” Id. As for the alleged false accusations, Plaintiff fails to
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show either “direct evidence of fabrication” or “circumstantial evidence related to a
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defendant’s motive.” Caldwell v. City & County of San Francisco, 889 F.3d 1105, 1112
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(9th Cir. 2018). Moreover, the facts alleged are insufficient for the court to reasonably
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infer that Defendants lacked a valid probable cause to arrest Plaintiff.
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2. False arrest under the Fourth Amendment
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“A claim for unlawful arrest is cognizable under § 1983 as a violation of the
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Fourth Amendment, provided the arrest was without probable cause or other
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justification.” Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 918 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal
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quotation marks and citation omitted); see Manuel v. City of Joliet, 580 U.S. 357, 364
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(2017) (“The Fourth Amendment prohibits government officials from detaining a person
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in the absence of probable cause.”)
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As indicated in the previous section, Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient for the
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court to reasonably infer that Defendants lacked a valid probable cause to arrest plaintiff.
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Furthermore, a false arrest claim in this case hinges on some conspiracy or connection
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between Defendants and the Clark County Prosecutor’s Office, but plaintiff sets forth no
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facts suggesting a conspiracy to arrest and detain Plaintiff, or that the prosecutor failed to
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exercise independent judgment. See Smiddy v. Varney, 665 F.2d 261, 266 (9th Cir. 1981)
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(holding that the “filing of a criminal complaint immunizes investigating officers ... from
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damages suffered thereafter because it is presumed that the prosecutor filing the
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complaint exercised independent judgment in determining that probable cause for an
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accused's arrest exists at that time.”).
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B. Eighth Amendment claim
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The Eighth Amendment’s “Excessive Bail Clause prevents the imposition of bail
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conditions that are excessive in light of valid interests the state seeks to protect by
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offering bail.” Galen v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 477 F.3d 652, 660 (9th Cir. 2007). Bail is
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considered excessive if set at a figure higher than an amount reasonably calculated to
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achieve the government’s valid interests. Id. at 660 (citing United States v. Salerno, 481
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U.S. 739, 754 (1987); Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 3 (1951)). Plaintiff alleges his
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constitutional rights were violated by excessive bail set by the trial court in his criminal
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matter. Dkt. # 1-2 at 6.
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To prevail on a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must show the putative governmental
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interest is not valid or “bail was excessive in light of the purpose for which it was set.”
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Galen, 477 F.3d at 661. In addition, the plaintiff must demonstrate the defendants were
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the “actual and proximate cause of his bail enhancement.” Id. at 663. Plaintiff’s excessive
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bail claim here is conclusory and provides no facts regarding the setting of his bail. In
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particular, plaintiff alleges no facts showing the named defendant caused his bail to be
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excessive. Id. (Law enforcement officers can be held liable for excessive bail “only if
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they prevented the [judicial officer] from exercising his independent judgment.”).
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Additionally, Plaintiff alleges no facts regarding any of the relevant factors that would be
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considered in setting his bail, or what, if any, findings were made by the judicial officer
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in setting his bail. See CrRLJ 3.2(a) & CRr 3.2 (addressing conditions that may be
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imposed and factors considered in setting bail under Washington law).
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C. Ninth Amendment claim
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The Ninth Amendment “has never been recognized as independently securing any
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constitutional right, for purposes of pursuing a civil rights claim.” Strandberg v. City of
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Helena, 791 F.2d 744, 748 (9th Cir. 1986). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim for a Ninth
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Amendment violation will be dismissed.
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V. CONCLUSION
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Having reviewed the Report and Recommendation of the assigned United States
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Magistrate Judge, any objections, and the remaining record, the Court finds and
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ORDERS:
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(1) The Court ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation in part as to the
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dismissal of the complaint and MODIFIED to include the reasoning set forth herein.
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(2) The complaint is dismissed without prejudice.
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(3) The Clerk is directed to send copies of this Order to the parties and to Judge
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Tsuchida.
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DATED this 27th day of April, 2023.
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The Honorable Richard A. Jones
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United States District Judge
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