“By choosing to rely upon a 13 medical opinion which a reasonable person would likely determine to be inferior, the prison 14 officials took actions which may have amounted to the denial of medical treatment, and the 15 ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’ ”
How later courts described this case
- “By choosing to rely upon a 13 medical opinion which a reasonable person would likely determine to be inferior, the prison 14 officials took actions which may have amounted to the denial of medical treatment, and the 15 ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’ ”
- “the blanket, categorical denial of 10 medically indicated surgery solely on the basis of an administrative policy that ‘one eye is good 11 enough for prison inmates’ is the paradigm of deliberate indifference”
- “We hold today, as numerous other 22 courts considering the question have, that blindness in one eye caused by a cataract is a serious 23 medical condition.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8
WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE
9
10 DAVID ALLAN HOLMES, CASE NO. C18-5735 MJP-TLF
11 Plaintiff, ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND
RECOMMENDATION
12 v.
13 WASHINGTON STATE
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
14 et al.,
15 Defendant.
16
This matter is before the Court on the Report and Recommendation of the Honorable
17
Theresa L. Fricke, United States Magistrate Judge, (Dkt. No. 71); Defendants’ objections, (Dkt.
18
No. 72); and Plaintiff’s response, (Dkt. No. 73). Having considered the issues presented and the
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relevant record, the Court ORDERS:
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1. the Report and Recommendation is ADOPTED;
21 2. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is GRANTED IN PART AND
DENIED IN PART; and
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3. Plaintiff’s claims against Dr. Copeland and Dr. Fetroe are DISMISSED without
23 prejudice.
24
1 Background
2 Plaintiff is an inmate at Clallam Bay Corrections Center, operated by the Washington
3 State Department of Corrections (DOC). He filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for
4 violations of his rights under the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. (Dkt. No. 59,
5 “Amended Complaint,” ¶¶ 1, 52–79.) Defendants, who are being sued in their individual
6 capacities, are Dr. G. Steven Hammond, the former DOC Chief Medical Officer; Dr. Sara Smith
7 Kariko, the current DOC Chief Medical Officer; and Kevin Bovenkamp, assistant secretary of
8 the DOC Health Services Division. (Id. ¶ 2.) The central allegation is that Defendants denied
9 him cataract surgery, forcing him to endure monocular blindness, because of policy and without
10 medical basis. The Report and Recommendation provides the background necessary to consider
11 Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and the Court need not repeat it here. (See Dkt. No.
12 71 at 1–4.)
13 Defendants ask the Court to dismiss the Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim,
14 under Rule 12(b)(6), and because they are entitled to qualified immunity, under Rule 12(b)(1).
15 (Dkt. No. 60.) The Magistrate Judge recommended that the Court deny this portion of
16 Defendants’ motion. Defendants filed objections, (Dkt. No. 72), to which Plaintiff responded,
17 (Dkt. No. 73). Defendants also asked the Court to hold that Plaintiff waived his claims against
18 Dr. Alan Copeland and Dr. Dale Fetroe because he did not name them in the Amended
19 Complaint. The Magistrate Judge recommended that the Court grant this portion of Defendants’
20 motion and dismiss Plaintiff’s claims against these two defendants without prejudice. There are
21 no objections to this recommendation. For the reasons discussed below, the Court adopts the
22 Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation in full.
23
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1 Discussion
2 I. Failure to State a Claim
3 To state a claim under the Eighth Amendment for inadequate medical care in prison,
4 Plaintiff must allege that a prison official, or other person acting under color of state law, was
5 deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs. Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 1060, 1066
6 (9th Cir. 2014).
7 A. Serious Medical Need
8 Plaintiff alleges he suffered from monocular blindness as a result of Defendants’ delay in
9 authorizing cataract surgery on both of his eyes because of DOC policy. (Amen. Compl. ¶¶ 8,
10 52–79.) The Ninth Circuit has recognized monocular blindness as a serious medical need.
11 Colwell, 763 at 1066. Defendants raise several objections relevant to whether Plaintiff has stated
12 sufficient facts to establish this element of his claim. On summary judgment, Defendants must
13 show there is an absence of evidence in the record to support this element. Celotex Corp. v.
14 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). If they do, Plaintiff must set out specific facts showing there
15 is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986).
16 1. Objections (D, K) regarding facts about monocular blindness.
17 Defendants argue Plaintiff cannot prove he has a serious medical need because he has
18 regained 20/20 vision after having cataract surgery on both eyes, and monocular blindness must
19 be complete and irreversible. (Dkt. No. 72 at 7, 10.) Defendants cite Colwell in support, but the
20 Ninth Circuit never defined monocular blindness as permanent or held that it must be irreversible
21 to be a serious medical need. Colwell, 763 F.3d at 1063 (“We hold today, as numerous other
22 courts considering the question have, that blindness in one eye caused by a cataract is a serious
23 medical condition.”). The facts of that decision also contradict Defendants’ position. See id. at
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1 1084 (Bybee, J., dissenting) (“It is undisputed . . . that the cataract has not—and will not—cause
2 irreversible damage. His monocular vision can be corrected by surgery in the future . . . .”).
3 Defendants also cite an unreported decision from the Sixth Circuit, which does not bind the
4 Court. See Cobbs v. Pramstaller, 475 Fed. App’x 575 (6th Cir. 2012). Like Colwell, that
5 decision cuts against Defendants because the Sixth Circuit found a serious medical need even
6 though the plaintiff later received cataract-removal surgery and recovered his eyesight. Id. at
7 580. Defendants have failed to show any legal error here.
8 2. Objections (F, H) regarding facts about visual acuity.
9 Defendants argue the Magistrate Judge erred in recommending the Court adopt as a fact
10 the statement: “From 2012 to 2016, Plaintiff’s visual acuity drastically declined due to his
11 cataracts” because Plaintiff arrived at the Corrections Center with poor uncorrected vision. (Dkt.
12 No. 72 at 8 (quoting Dkt. No. 71 at 1–2).) Defendants have not shown error for two reasons.
13 First, the evidence Defendants cite is not inconsistent with this statement. Just because
14 Plaintiff arrived at the Corrections Center with poor vision does not mean his vision could not
15 have declined due to his cataracts. Reading the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, as
16 the Court must, the Magistrate Judge did not err because there is ample support in the record for
17 this statement. See Tolan v. Cotton, 572 U.S. 650, 657 (2014) (per curiam).
18 Plaintiffs cite the following account by Dr. Alan Copeland, an optometrist at DOC who
19 evaluated Plaintiff on multiple occasions:
20 Mr. Holmes’ medical records indicate that he arrived at CBCC with extremely poor
eyesight. His unaided visual acuity at the time of intake was worse than 20/400 in his
21 right eye and worse than 20/400 in his left eye. Mr. Holmes’ best corrected visual acuity
at intake was 20/25 in his right eye and 20/20 in his left eye. Mr. Holmes’s poor vision
22 required him to wear corrective eyeglasses at all times.
23 (Dkt. No. 62, Declaration of Alan Copeland, ¶ 8.) However, Dr. Copeland also said the
24 following:
1 On August 21, 2014, Mr. Holmes met with me for an evaluation. Upon examining Mr.
Holmes, I found the following [sic] that Mr. Holmes’ visual acuity had decreased
2 significantly in his right eye to 20/200 and decreased to 20/60 in his left eye and that Mr.
Holmes had cataracts in both eyes.
3
(Id. ¶ 16; see also id. at 35 (Attach. G) (“Pt has exponentially developed cataracts, OU”).) His
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treatment plan was for Plaintiff to have his cataracts removed. (Id.) Plaintiff’s medical records
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also show his vision further declined from 2015–16, before he had his first surgery. In 2016, Dr.
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Copeland reported:
7
This patient’s best corrected visual acuities have declined from 20/50 OD and 20/40 OS
8 one year ago to 20/60 OD and 20/70, OS today. He has a myriad of ocular health issues:
cataracts, OU, corneal dystrophy, OU and pigmentary dispersion syndrome, OY as well
9 as high myopia and astigmatism. I believe his cataracts and corneal issues have
worsened to the point that he cannot be corrected refractively to better than 20/60.
10
(Froehling Decl. Ex. 9 (emphasis added).) So it is undisputed that Plaintiff’s vision declined
11
since he entered the Corrections Center, that he was diagnosed with cataracts in both eyes by
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2014, and that his vision further declined after that diagnosis due at least in part to his cataracts.
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In addition, the fact that Plaintiff has unaided visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes—after two
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cataract surgeries—further supports the conclusion that his vision declined because of his
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cataracts. (See Copeland Decl. at 75 (Attach. X).) Defendants have not cited to any facts that
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would compel a contrary conclusion.
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Second, Defendants have not shown how the above statement resulted in legal error.
18
Even if they are correct—that there was a different cause of his decline in visual acuity—then
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Plaintiff has simply shown a question of fact by introducing evidence supporting the conclusion
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that the decline was caused by his cataracts. In that case, denying summary judgment is also the
21
correct result.
22
Relatedly, Defendants argue the following statement was in error: “In 2018 Plaintiff’s
23
visual acuity in his left eye continued to deteriorate.” (Dkt. No. 71 at 2.) Defendants interpret
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1 this statement as concluding that this decline was caused by Plaintiff’s cataract. But they are
2 reading into the statement a conclusion that is not there, and they have not cited any evidence
3 that contradicts the statement as written, so they have not shown any legal error.
4 3. Objection (G) regarding what caused Plaintiff to complain about vision.
5 Defendants’ objection about what caused Plaintiff to complain about his vision in 2016 is
6 based on a misinterpretation of the Report and Recommendation. The relevant section states:
7 In August of 2016, plaintiff received a cataract removal surgery for his right eye. (Dkt.
45-13.) Beginning in October of 2016, plaintiff began complaining of trouble with his
8 vision and headaches. (Dkt. 37 at Ex. S, T; Dkt. 45–16.)
9 (Dkt. No. 71 at 2.) Defendants argue there are other reasons why Plaintiff experienced difficulty
10 with vision and headaches, such as not wearing his glasses with a lens to correct the vision in his
11 left eye. (Dkt. No. 72 at 8.) But the Report and Recommendation does not state, as Defendants
12 claim, that “Mr. Holmes’ right eye cataract surgery in August 2016 caused his complaints,
13 beginning in October 2016.” Defendants are rewriting the text. They have shown no legal error
14 here.
15 4. Objection (J) regarding effect of cataract on Plaintiff’s activities of daily
living.
16
Defendants also object to the following portion of the Report and Recommendation:
17
Additionally, Plaintiff has submitted medical records indicating that he suffered from
18 cataracts causing significantly decreased visual acuity. (Dkt. 45.) Plaintiff also
submitted evidence from Northwest Eye Surgeons indicating that he had visually
19 significant cataracts interfering with his activities of daily living and recommending
cataract extraction surgery. (Dkt. 45–12; 45–25.)
20
(Dkt. No. 71 at 9.) Defendants misinterpret the Magistrate Judge as “recommending to the Court
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that it determine Mr. Holmes’ activities of daily living [were] affected by his left eye cataract.”
22
(Dkt. No. 72 at 10.) That is not what the Report and Recommendation says. It says Plaintiff
23
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1 provided evidence in support of this contention. That Defendants have introduced contrary
2 evidence only supports the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation to deny summary judgment.
3 5. Objection (L) regarding pigmentary dispersion syndrome’s effect on
cataracts.
4
Finally, Defendants take issue with this statement:
5
Plaintiff alleges that he was diagnosed with Pigmentary Dispersion Syndrome which
6 allegedly caused plaintiff to suffer from cataracts and significant vision loss. (Dkt. 59 at
¶¶ 10–14, 22–27.)
7
(Dkt. No. 71 at 9.) Defendants read into this statement the conclusion that Mr. Holmes’
8
pigmentary dispersion syndrome caused his cataracts. Again, Defendants misinterpret. Their
9
objection is premised on erasing the words “alleges” and “allegedly.”
10
C. Supervisor Liability
11
“A supervisor is liable under § 1983 for a subordinate’s constitutional violations ‘if the
12
supervisor participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to
13
prevent them.’ ” Maxwell v. Cty. of San Diego, 708 F.3d 1075, 1086 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting
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Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.1989)). Plaintiff alleges Defendants Kevin
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Bovenkamp, Dr. Sara Smith Kariko, and Dr. G. Steven Hammond were supervisory officials in
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charge of directing health care services for inmates and creating health care policies for DOC.
17
(Dkt. No. 71 at 13.) Defendants object to the conclusion that Plaintiff has stated a claim against
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all three Defendants.
19
Defendants argue that Defendants Bovenkamp cannot be liable because he performed
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only administrative duties, not a medical function. (Dkt. No. 72 at 5–6.) Defendants cite Evans
21
v. Skolnik, but that decision does not support their position. Rather, in Evans, the Ninth Circuit
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explained that a prisoner’s grievance may put a supervisory official on notice of a constitutional
23
violation, which may trigger a duty to intervene. Evans v. Skolnik, 637 F. App’x 285, 288 (9th
24
1 Cir. 2015) (citing Maxwell, 708 F.3d at 1086). Defendant Bovenkamp states that he was
2 responsible for reviewing grievances and in fact denied a grievance by Plaintiff seeking
3 immediate cataract surgery in 2017. (Dkt. No. 36, Declaration of Kevin Bovenkamp, ¶¶ 3–4.)
4 He also acknowledges that he reviewed Plaintiff’s treatment history and upheld the denial of the
5 grievance as consistent with DOC policy. (Id. at 13.) There is no error in the Magistrate Judge’s
6 recommendation that a reasonable jury could conclude from the record that reviewing and
7 denying Plaintiff’s grievance could have put Defendant Bovenkamp on notice of a constitutional
8 violation, triggering a supervisory duty to intervene.
9 Dr. Kariko was appointed DOC Chief Medical Officer in 2018. (Dkt. No. 61,
10 Declaration of Sara Kariko, ¶ 4.) Dr. Hammond is one of her predecessors. (Id.) This role
11 includes responsibility for implementing DOC health policies and ensuring compliance. (Id.) In
12 addition, in 2017, Dr. Kariko was the Deputy Chief Medical Officer and reviewed Plaintiff’s
13 2017 grievance in which he sought immediate cataract surgery. (Kariko Decl. ¶ 6.) She
14 determined the grievance was properly denied. (Id. at 5–7.) Whether Plaintiff was denied
15 cataract surgery because of DOC policy—and whether these three Defendants were personally
16 involved in such denials, failed to intervene despite being on notice of a constitutional violation,
17 or held responsibility for the policy that compelled the denial—involve issues of fact that must
18 be determined at trial.
19 II. Qualified Immunity
20 “Qualified immunity attaches when an official’s conduct does not violate clearly
21 established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
22 City of Escondido, Cal. V. Emmons, 139 S. Ct. 500, 503 (2019). Defendants argue that the right
23 Plaintiff claims they violated was not clearly established at the time (objections A, B, and E).
24
1 Specifically, they contend that a reasonable person would not have known that denying Plaintiff
2 cataract surgery under DOC policy would violate his Eighth Amendment rights because this
3 Court found no such violation in a previous unrelated case. (Dkt. No. 72 at 2–5 (citing Johnson
4 v. Morgan, Case No. C16-5738-BHS-TLF, 2018 WL 4084783 (W.D. Wash. 2018).)
5 Defendants’ contention fails for several reasons.
6 First, Johnson is not precedent. Colwell is. Whether a right has been clearly established
7 depends on precedent. It was clearly established—in 2014—that monocular blindness was a
8 serious medical condition and that denying cataract surgery could amount to deliberate
9 indifference if surgery were medically necessary and the denial was based on policy. Colwell v.
10 Bannister, 736 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2014). Plaintiff was diagnosed with cataracts in both eyes by
11 August 2014. (Copeland Decl. ¶ 16.)
12 Second, the report and recommendation in Johnson was adopted on August 27, 2018—
13 after the violations at issue here. See Dkt. No. 105, Johnson v. Morgan, Case No. C16-5738-
14 BHS-TLF. Plaintiff alleges a constitutional violation for denying him cataract-removal surgery
15 from August 2014 until August 2016, when he had surgery on his right eye, and until January
16 2019, when he was approved for surgery on his left eye after a change in DOC policy. (See Dkt.
17 No. 35, Declaration of William P. Aurich, ¶ 7 & at 6 (Attach. C) (approving cataract surgery for
18 left eye on January 30, 2019; Kariko Decl. ¶ 7 (change in policy on January 1, 2019).)
19 Defendants denied Plaintiff’s request to approve surgery for his left eye on May 2, 2017 after
20 review by Defendants Bovenkamp and Dr. Kariko. (Bovenkamp Decl. at 13–15 (Attach. A).)
21 Plaintiff was informed on December 8, 2017 that the DOC Care Review Committee had also
22 denied his request for surgery. (Froehling Decl., Ex. 28.) The dates speak for themselves;
23 Colwell provided the clearly established right at the time, not Johnson.
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1 Finally, as the Magistrate Judge points out, Defendants overinterpret Johnson as holding
2 that the pre-2019 DOC policy was “constitutional.” Johnson was not a facial challenge to DOC
3 policy. The Court dismissed the plaintiff’s claims because his cataract did not rise to the level of
4 monocular blindness, distinguishing it from Colwell. Johnson, 2018 WL 4084783 at *6 (“Mr.
5 Johnson’s Eight Amendment claim should be dismissed on summary judgment as a matter of
6 law, because the cataract in his left eye is not severe enough to qualify as a serious medical
7 need.”). Defendants fixate on the Court’s statement in Johnson that the DOC policy “does not
8 mandate ‘one good eye.’ ” See id. at *7. This misses the point of Colwell, which is that denial
9 of cataract surgery, if necessary to remedy monocular blindness, can amount to deliberate
10 indifference if the denial is based on the application of DOC policy, rather than a medical reason.
11 In addition, Plaintiff has introduced evidence showing that the DOC policy in effect did
12 mandate one good eye, in support of his claim that he was denied surgery because of policy. The
13 policy permits cataract-removal surgery for the “worst one eye if both eyes have best corrected
14 [visual acuity of less than] 20/60–3.” (Froehling Decl., Ex. 4.) Surgery is also permitted for
15 either or both eyes if necessary to screen, manage, or monitor another disease. (Id.) DOC
16 applied this policy such that if one eye were good enough—corrected visual acuity better than
17 20/60–3—then the other eye was left alone. (Id., Ex. 1 at 90:13–21 (deposition of DOC
18 physician’s assistant Jackie Peterson).) In other words, both eyes must deteriorate below 20/60–
19 3, at which point only one eye is eligible for surgery. So long as the repaired eye is better than
20 20/60–3, including correction, the other eye is not eligible for surgery—no matter how bad it
21 gets—unless surgery is necessary to monitor or manage another disease. For these reasons, the
22 Magistrate Judge correctly concluded that questions of fact preclude summary judgment on
23 qualified immunity.
24
1 Defendants’ remaining objection relates to evidence Plaintiff introduced that Defendants
2 denied his request for surgery despite his treating physician’s recommendation. (Dkt. No. 72 at
3 7–8.) Once again, Defendants’ argument is premised on a misinterpretation. The Report and
4 Recommendation does not state that Defendants are required to follow the recommendation of an
5 outside treating physician. It says:
6 It is clearly established law that disregarding a treating expert’s recommendation for
treating a serious medical condition based solely on administrative policy may constitute
7 deliberate indifference.
8 (Dkt. No. 71 at 16; see also id. at 10.) Defendants have shown no error in that statement. See
9 Colwell v. Bannister, 736 F.3d 1060, 1063 (9th Cir. 2014) (“the blanket, categorical denial of
10 medically indicated surgery solely on the basis of an administrative policy that ‘one eye is good
11 enough for prison inmates’ is the paradigm of deliberate indifference”); see also id. at 1069
12 (quoting Hamilton v. Endell, 981 F.2d 1062, 1067 (9th Cir. 1992) (“By choosing to rely upon a
13 medical opinion which a reasonable person would likely determine to be inferior, the prison
14 officials took actions which may have amounted to the denial of medical treatment, and the
15 ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’ ”)
16 ***
17 For the foregoing reasons, the Court ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation in full.
18 Plaintiff’s claims against Dr. Copeland and Dr. Fetroe are DISMISSED without prejudice. The
19 rest of Defendants’ motion is DENIED. The clerk is ordered to provide copies of this order to all
20 counsel.
21 Dated January 4, 2022.
A
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23 Marsha J. Pechman
United States Senior District Judge
24