“In light of the weaker public interest in nondispositive 26 materials, we apply the ‘good cause’ standard when parties wish to keep them under seal.”
How later courts described this case
- “In light of the weaker public interest in nondispositive 26 materials, we apply the ‘good cause’ standard when parties wish to keep them under seal.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
THE HONORABLE JOHN C. COUGHENOUR
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
8 AT SEATTLE
9 THOMAS HILL, an individual, CASE NO. C20-1478-JCC
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Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 BUILDER SERVICES GROUP, INC., a
foreign corporation, BRIAN BUNCH and
13 JANE DOE BUNCH and the marital
community comprised thereof,
14
15 Defendants.
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This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff Thomas Hill’s motion to sever and
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remand his state law claim (Dkt. No. 8), Defendant Builder Services Group, Inc.’s motion to
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compel arbitration (Dkt. No. 14), Defendants’ motion to disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel (Dkt. No.
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29), and Plaintiff’s motion to seal (Dkt. No. 37). Having thoroughly considered the parties’
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briefing and the relevant record, the Court finds oral argument unnecessary and hereby GRANTS
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the motion to sever and remand (Dkt. No. 8), GRANTS in part the motion to compel arbitration
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(Dkt. No. 14), DENIES the motion to disqualify (Dkt. No. 29), and GRANTS the motion to seal
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(Dkt. No. 37) for the reasons explained herein.
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I. BACKGROUND
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Plaintiff Thomas Hill filed suit in King County Superior Court against his former
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1 employer, Builder Services Group, Inc. (“BSG”), and his former supervisor at BSG, Brian
2 Bunch, for violations of the Washington Law Against Discrimination (“WLAD”). (See generally
3 Dkt. No. 1-1.) Mr. Hill alleges that Defendants terminated his employment while he was on
4 leave for inpatient treatment for an addiction issue, and that his firing amounts to both disparate
5 treatment based on his medical disability and a failure to grant him a reasonable accommodation.
6 (Id. at 4.) After Mr. Hill amended his complaint to add a claim against BSG under the Employee
7 Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. § 1132, for failing to provide notice of Mr. Hill’s
8 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (“COBRA”) continuation of health coverage
9 rights, (id. at 5), Defendants removed the action to this Court, (Dkt. No. 1).
10 II. DISCUSSION
11 A. Plaintiff’s Motion to Sever and Remand
12 Mr. Hill moves to sever his state WLAD claim from his federal COBRA claim, and to
13 remand the WLAD claim to state court. (See generally Dkt. No. 8.) He argues that the Court
14 lacks supplemental jurisdiction over his WLAD claim, and that even if the Court has
15 supplemental jurisdiction, it should decline to exercise it. (Id. at 9–13.)
16 When the Court has original jurisdiction over a civil action, it may exercise supplemental
17 jurisdiction over state law claims that “are so related to claims in the action within such original
18 jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United
19 States Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). “A state law claim is part of the same case or
20 controversy when it shares a ‘common nucleus of operative fact’ with the federal claims and the
21 state and federal claims would normally be tried together.” Bahrampour v. Lampert, 356 F.3d
22 969, 978 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Trs. of the Constr. Indus. & Laborers Health & Welfare Trust
23 v. Desert Valley Landscape Maint., Inc., 333 F.3d 923, 925 (9th Cir. 2003); United Mine
24 Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966).
25 Mr. Hill’s COBRA and WLAD claims do not share a common nucleus of operative facts.
26 Mr. Hill’s failure to accommodate claim under WLAD will involve determining whether Mr.
1 Hill suffered from a disability, was qualified for the job in question, and gave notice of his
2 disability to BSG, and whether BSG failed to reasonably accommodate his disability. See
3 LaRose v. King Cnty., 437 P.3d 701, 721 (Wash. App. 2019). Mr. Hill’s WLAD disparate
4 treatment claim will involve also determining whether Mr. Hill was doing satisfactory work and
5 whether his disability was a substantial motivating factor for his termination. See Marin v. King
6 Cnty., 378 P.3d 203, 212 (Wash. Ct. App. 2016). The facts and evidence relevant to these issues
7 have little, if any, overlap with the facts and evidence bearing on Mr. Hill’s COBRA claim,
8 which will involve determining whether he received notice of his right to continue his health
9 coverage after he was terminated. See Sheffield v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 2007 WL
10 3348428, slip op. at 3 (W.D. Wash. 2007). In the absence of evidentiary overlap between the
11 claims, the mere fact that both claims are related to the employment relationship is not enough to
12 establish supplemental jurisdiction. See Llanes v. Zalewski, 2019 WL 1509992, slip op. at 2 (D.
13 Or. 2019) (“[C]ourts in the Ninth Circuit generally find that they lack supplemental jurisdiction
14 over counterclaims where the only shared fact with the plaintiff’s [federal] claim is the
15 employment relationship.”).
16 BSG argues there will be some evidentiary overlap because Mr. Hill is seeking to recover
17 medical expenses that he incurred for his drug treatment as damages for the alleged COBRA
18 violation. (Dkt. No. 16 at 9.) But the question of whether Mr. Hill’s treatment would have been
19 covered by insurance (such that his expenses for it could be recoverable as damages for a
20 COBRA violation) is wholly distinct from the question of whether his opiate addiction amounted
21 to a disability under WLAD and whether time off for treatment was a reasonable
22 accommodation. Any overlap between the evidence relevant to each question is likely to be
23 minimal and is not sufficient to form a “common nucleus of operative facts.”
24 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Mr. Hill’s motion to sever and remand his WLAD
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1 claim to King County Superior Court (Dkt. No. 8).1
2 B. Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration
3 BSG moves to compel arbitration of Mr. Hill’s claims. (Dkt. No. 14.) Because the Court
4 severs and remands Mr. Hill’s WLAD claim, BSG’s motion is moot in part, and the Court will
5 consider only whether to compel arbitration of Mr. Hill’s COBRA claim.
6 BSG argues that Mr. Hill’s claim is subject to the company’s Dispute Resolution Policy,
7 which requires arbitration of “any claim under applicable state or federal common or statutory
8 law an employee might have against the Company including, for example, all claims for: . . . all
9 forms of unlawful discrimination” and “any claim an employee might have against any officer,
10 director, employee, or agent of the Company . . . if that claim in any way arises out of or relates
11 to . . . the employment relationship, or the termination of the employment relationship.” (Dkt.
12 No. 15-2 at 2.) During his job training, Mr. Hill electronically signed an Acknowledgement Form
13 incorporating the Dispute Resolution Policy. (Dkt. No. 27 at 2; Dkt. No. 15-3 at 2.) The
14 Acknowledgement Form lists several company policies by name, including the Dispute
15 Resolution Policy, and contains a hyperlink to each one. (Dkt. No. 15-3 at 2.) The
16 Acknowledgement Form provides that Mr. Hill “acknowledge[s] that [he] ha[s] reviewed a
17 copy” of each of the listed policies and “understand[s] that is it [his] responsibility to review,
18 become familiar with, and comply with the policies and procedures by clicking on the links listed
19 above.” (Id.) BSG argues that Mr. Hill’s claim is subject to arbitration pursuant to the Dispute
20 Resolution Policy and that if there is any question about arbitrability, it must be decided by an
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22 1 The Court DENIES Mr. Hill’s request for an award of costs and fees (Dkt. No. 8 at 13–14).
According to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), the Court may award “just costs and any actual expenses,
23
including attorney fees” incurred due to removal. But “absent unusual circumstances, attorney’s
24 fees should not be awarded when the removing party has an objectively reasonable basis for
removal.” Martin v. Franklin Cap. Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 136 (2005). BSG had an objectively
25 reasonable basis for removal because 28 U.S.C. § 1441(c) expressly allows defendants to remove
a civil action that includes “a claim arising under [federal law] and . . . a claim not within the
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original or supplemental jurisdiction of the district court.”
1 arbitrator because the Policy delegates gateway issues to arbitration. (Dkt. No. 14 at 4–8.)
2 The Federal Arbitration Act makes agreements to arbitrate “valid, irrevocable, and
3 enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any
4 contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. When deciding a motion to compel arbitration, the Court generally must
5 decide two gateway issues: (1) whether there is a valid agreement to arbitrate between the parties
6 and (2) whether the agreement covers the dispute. Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130
7 (9th Cir. 2015). Parties may delegate these issues to an arbitrator if they clearly and
8 unmistakably provide for it. Id. But even if a delegation provision is clear and unmistakable, it
9 may be found unenforceable if the delegation provision itself is unconscionable. Rent–A–Center,
10 West, Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 71–74 (2010). Moreover, the Court retains the power to
11 decide whether the parties mutually assented to a contract containing a delegation provision.
12 MZM Constr. Co., Inc. v. New Jersey Bldg. Laborers Statewide Benefit Funds, 974 F.3d 386, 399
13 (3d Cir. 2020) (collecting cases from other circuits); Cortez v. Nationstar Mortg. LLC, 2020 WL
14 2303090, slip op. at 3 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (citing Three Valleys Mun. Water Dist. v. E.F. Hutton &
15 Co., 925 F.2d 1136, 1140–41 (9th Cir. 1991)).
16 BSG contends that the parties clearly and unmistakably delegated gateway issues to an
17 arbitrator because the Dispute Resolution Policy incorporates the Commercial Arbitration Rules
18 of the American Arbitration Association, which provide that “[t]he arbitrator shall have the
19 power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the
20 existence, scope, and validity of the arbitration agreement.” (Dkt. No. 15-4 at 3.) Mr. Hill
21 responds by challenging the formation of the entire contract and the enforceability of the
22 delegation provision specifically. He argues that there was no mutual assent to the Dispute
23 Resolution Policy (and the delegation provision contained therein) and that, even if there was,
24 the delegation provision is unconscionable. (Dkt. No. 25 at 9–22.)
25 In Washington, for a contract to exist there must be mutual assent to its essential terms,
26 including terms that are incorporated by reference. Burnett v. Pagliacci Pizza, Inc., 470 P.3d
1 486, 491–492 (Wash. 2020). Mr. Hill argues that he did not manifest assent to the Dispute
2 Resolution Policy by signing the Acknowledgment Form. (Dkt. No. 25 at 11–12, 16.) His
3 argument relies on Burnett v. Pagliacci Pizza, Inc., where the Washington Supreme Court held
4 that an employee did not manifest assent to a mandatory arbitration policy by signing an
5 Employee Relationship Agreement (“ERA”) that incorporated the terms of an employee
6 handbook containing the mandatory arbitration policy. Id. at 489. The Court’s decision turned on
7 the fact that the ERA failed to mention the arbitration policy at all, and the employee was not
8 given an opportunity to review the handbook before signing the ERA. Id. at 492–493. Instead, he
9 was expressly told to read the handbook later at home. Id. at 489. “Because Burnett lacked
10 knowledge of the incorporated terms, he never assented to the [mandatory arbitration policy].”
11 Id. at 492. In a similar case, the Ninth Circuit held that an employee’s signing of an
12 “acknowledgment of receipt” of a revised employee handbook containing an arbitration clause
13 did not manifest assent to the arbitration agreement because nothing in the acknowledgment
14 notified him that the handbook contained an arbitration clause or that his acceptance of the
15 handbook constituted a waiver of his right to a judicial forum for certain claims. Nelson v.
16 Cyprus Bagdad Copper Corp., 119 F.3d 756, 761 (9th Cir. 1997).
17 Mr. Hill contends that like the ERA in Burnett, the Acknowledgement Form he signed
18 “does not identify arbitration.” (Dkt. No. 25 at 11.) But nothing in Burnett requires the use of the
19 word “arbitration” specifically. Rather, the Burnett court found a lack of assent because the ERA
20 referenced only the employee handbook and gave the employee no notice whatsoever of an
21 arbitration policy in the handbook, and even the handbook’s table of contents did not list the
22 arbitration policy. To the contrary, the Acknowledgement Form here specifically called out the
23 Dispute Resolution Policy, provided a hyperlink to the Policy, and the Policy makes clear within
24 the first two paragraphs that it is an arbitration agreement. (Dkt. Nos. 15-2 at 2, 15-3 at 2.)2
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2 Mr. Hill also argues that “[m]utual assent does not lay when the employer reserves the ability to
26 unilaterally change the terms of the contract.” (Dkt. No. 25 at 12.) He argues that the provision in
the Dispute Resolution Policy providing that “the Company reserves the right to change, modify,
1 Mr. Hill also argues that the delegation provision is procedurally unconscionable. (Dkt.
2 No. 25 at 17–19.) An agreement is procedurally unconscionable if, considering the
3 circumstances in which the parties made the agreement, one party lacked “a meaningful choice”
4 to enter the agreement. Adler v. Fred Lind Manor, 103 P.3d 773, 781 (Wash. 2004). In
5 determining whether a party had a meaningful choice in entering a contract, the Court considers
6 the totality of the circumstances, including (1) the manner in which the parties entered into the
7 contract, (2) whether the parties had a reasonable opportunity to understand the terms, and (3)
8 whether the terms were hidden in a maze of fine print. Torgerson v. One Lincoln Tower, LLC,
9 210 P.3d 318, 322 (Wash. 2009).
10 Mr. Hill relies on his declaration, in which he states that he electronically signed the
11 Acknowledgement Form during his job training with Mr. Bunch. (See generally Dkt. No. 27.) He
12 asserts that Mr. Bunch directed him to use his computer to complete the Acknowledgement Form
13 and to hurry back so he could continue training. (Id. at 2.) Mr. Hill “do[es] not recall any actual
14 opportunity being provided to read the documents I was checking boxes for” and asserts that
15 “[Mr. Bunch] told me to go to the computer for a specific purpose, to complete the
16 acknowledgment form, and then come back for my job training.” (Id.) Even assuming Mr. Hill’s
17 assertions are true, they do not establish procedural unconscionability. Under Washington law,
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[a]t minimum, an employee who asserts an arbitration agreement is procedurally
19 unconscionable must show some evidence that the employer refused to respond to
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or discontinue this policy at any time upon prior written notice to the Company’s current
21 employees,” (Dkt. No. 15-2 at 7), renders the contract illusory. But the modification clause does
not render the contract illusory because it specifically provides that the terms of the policy “in
22 effect at the time the facts giving rise to the dispute took place are the terms that will be binding
on the Company and the employee.” (Id.) Moreover, unilateral modification clauses do not
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render arbitration agreements substantively unconscionable because the implied covenant of
24 good faith and fair dealing limits a party’s unilateral discretion to change a contract term. See
Wiseley v. Amazon.com, Inc., 709 F. App’x 862, 864 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Rekhter v. Dep’t of
25 Soc. & Health Servs., 323 P.3d 1036 (Wash. 2014)).
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her questions or concerns, placed undue pressure on her to sign the agreement
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without providing her with a reasonable opportunity to consider its terms, and/or
2 that the terms of the agreement were set forth in such a way that an average person
could not understand them.
3
Zuver v. Airtouch Commc’ns, Inc., 103 P.3d 753, 761 (Wash. 2004).
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Mr. Hill does not meet this burden. He does not contend that the Dispute Resolution
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Policy (or the delegation provision itself) was buried in fine print or written in a manner beyond
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the comprehension of a layperson. In fact, the Dispute Resolution Policy was expressly called
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out and linked in the Acknowledgement Form. While Mr. Hill contends that he was given little
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time to review the Policy because he needed to get back to training, he “do[es] not contend that
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[he] attempted to consider it, attempted to ask questions about it, or even that [he] would have
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asked questions if [he] had more time.” Simpson v. Inter-Con Sec. Sys., Inc., 2013 WL 1966145,
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slip op. at 3 (W.D. Wash. 2013) (finding no procedural unconscionability under Washington law
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where Plaintiffs submitted declarations similar to Mr. Hill’s); see Hoober v. Movement Mortg.,
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LLC, 382 F. Supp. 3d 1148, 1155 (W.D. Wash. 2019) (finding no procedural unconscionability
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where Plaintiff was told “it was urgent that [she] complete the paperwork as soon as possible” so
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that she could attend a training, but did not contend that she “asked questions or asked for
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additional time to consider the agreements or consult counsel”); Signavong v. Volt Mgmt. Corp.,
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2007 WL 1813845, slip op. at 3 (W.D. Wash. 2007) (finding that Plaintiff’s perception that her
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employer hurried her signature, without more, is insufficient to invalidate the agreement on the
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grounds of procedural unconscionability).3
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Because the Court must enforce the delegation provision, the Court GRANTS the motion
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to compel arbitration and STAYS the proceedings pending a determination on gateway issues by
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the arbitrator or pending completion of the arbitration.4
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3 The Court also rejects Mr. Hill’s argument that the delegation provision is substantively
24 unconscionable, (see Dkt. No. 25 at 19–22), because the provision is not one-sided.
4 The Court does not consider the surreply (Dkt. No. 34) filed by Mr. Hill in connection with the
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motion to compel because it does not contain a motion to strike. See W.D. Wash. Local Civ. R.
26 7(g)(2) (providing that a surreply “shall be strictly limited to addressing [a] request to strike” and
“[e]xtraneous argument or a surreply filed for any other reason will not be considered”).
1 C. Defendants’ Motion to Disqualify Plaintiff’s Counsel
2 As a final matter, Defendants move to disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel, Dan Bridges,
3 because of alleged ethical violations stemming from a mass e-mail Mr. Bridges sent to over
4 1,000 current and former BSG employees. (Dkt. No. 29.) In the e-mail, Mr. Bridges introduced
5 himself as an attorney representing a former BSG employee in a discrimination and wrongful
6 termination lawsuit against the company. (Dkt. No. 20-1 at 2.) He asked recipients to help his
7 client by providing a copy of the employee handbook from 2020 and any material they received
8 during the onboarding process. (Id.) In the e-mail, Mr. Bridges explained to recipients that he
9 had made efforts to remove managers from the recipient list, was not asking any current
10 managers at the company to contact him, and was not asking employees to take or share any
11 material from the company that they were not authorized to have. (Id.)
12 Mr. Bridges obtained the list of e-mail addresses to which he sent his e-mail from Mr.
13 Hill—specifically, from an email Mr. Hill received about health insurance while he was
14 employed at BSG that had other employee recipients’ e-mail addresses visible. (Dkt. No. 36 at
15 4.) Mr. Bridges screened the list of e-mail addresses in an effort not to contact Mr. Bunch or any
16 employees who might be speaking agents of the company. (Id. at 6–10.) Nevertheless, Brian
17 Bunch, a manager at BSG and a named defendant who is represented by Williams Kastner,
18 received Mr. Bridges’ e-mail. (Dkt. No. 20-2.) According to a declaration from Mr. Bridges, he
19 did not receive any documents in response to his e-mail, and he only received about ten
20 responses, one from a manager and the rest from hourly laborer employees stating they did not
21 have any of their employment documents. (Dkt. No. 36 at 1.)
22 In determining whether an attorney has violated his ethical responsibilities, “the Court
23 first refers to the local rules regulating the conduct of members of its bar.” United States ex rel.
24 Lord Elec. Co., Inc. v. Titan Pac. Constr. Corp., 637 F. Supp. 1556, 1560 (W.D. Wash. 1986).
25 Attorneys practicing in the Western District of Washington must abide by the Washington Rules
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1 of Professional Conduct (“RPC”). W.D. Wash. Local Civ. R. 83.3(a)(2). Disqualification of an
2 attorney for violating the RPCs is a drastic measure that should be imposed only when necessary.
3 In re Examination of Privilege Claims, 2016 WL 11164791, slip op. at 4 (W.D. Wash.
4 2016), report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL 8669870 (W.D. Wash. 2016).
5 Defendants argue that Mr. Bridges violated RPC 4.2 by communicating with a
6 represented party, RPC 4.4 by intruding on the attorney-client privilege, and RPC 7.3 by
7 soliciting company employees and managers. The Court finds no violation of RPCs 4.4 or 7.3
8 because Mr. Bridges’ e-mail did not seek or obtain attorney-client privileged information or offer
9 legal services to the recipients. Even if Mr. Bridges violated RPC 4.2 by inadvertently sending
10 his e-mail to Mr. Bunch who is a represented party, disqualification is not necessary or
11 warranted.5 Mr. Bridges made reasonable efforts to screen his mailing list for Mr. Bunch, the
12 contact was inadvertent, the e-mail specifically stated that current managers were not the
13 intended recipients and should not respond, Mr. Bunch did not respond to the e-mail, and Mr.
14 Bridges did not obtain any improper information or advantage as a result of having e-mailed Mr.
15 Bunch. See In re Disciplinary Proceeding Against Carmick, 48 P.3d 311, 319 (Wash. 2002)
16 (noting that the purpose of RPC 4.2 “is to prevent situations in which a represented party is taken
17 advantage of by adverse counsel”).6
18 III. CONCLUSION
19 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the motion to sever and remand (Dkt. No.
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21 5 A “party” for purposes of RPC 4.2 is not limited to named defendants like Mr. Bunch but also
includes any employee of a corporate defendant who has the legal authority to bind the
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corporation—in other words, any employee who is a “speaking agent.” Wright v. Group Health
Hospital, 691 P.2d 524, 570 (Wash. 1984). However, Defendants have not identified any
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speaking agents who received Mr. Bridges’ e-mail.
24 6 Mr. Hill moves to seal exhibits (Dkt. No. 38) filed with his response brief because they contain
BSG employees’ personal e-mail addresses. (Dkt. No. 37.) The Court finds that the interest in
25 keeping this information private constitutes good cause to seal. See Pintos v. Pac. Creditors
Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 678 (9th Cir. 2010) (“In light of the weaker public interest in nondispositive
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materials, we apply the ‘good cause’ standard when parties wish to keep them under seal.”).
1 8), GRANTS in part the motion to compel arbitration (Dkt. No. 14), DENIES the motion to
2 disqualify (Dkt. No. 29), and GRANTS the motion to seal (Dkt. No. 37). The Court further
3 ORDERS that Plaintiff’s state law claim is SEVERED and REMANDED to King County
4 Superior Court, and this proceeding is STAYED pending arbitration of Plaintiff’s federal claim.
5 The Clerk is DIRECTED to maintain Docket Number 38 under seal and to terminate Docket
6 Number 7 as moot. The parties are DIRECTED to issue a joint status report within ten days of
7 the completion of arbitration proceedings.
8 DATED this 3rd day of September 2021.
A
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John C. Coughenour
12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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