nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply “some 15 metaphysical doubt.”
How later courts described this case
- nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply “some 15 metaphysical doubt.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8
WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT TACOMA
9
10
JABO JOHNIGAN, CASE NO. 3-20-cv-05601 RJB
11
Plaintiff, ORDER ON DEFENDANTS
12 v. CHRISTOPHER BOHATCH’S AND
SCOTLAND HAMMON’S
13 CITY OF VANCOUVER; CHIEF JAMES MOTION FOR SUMMARY
MCELVAIN, in his official capacity as JUDGMENT
14 Chief of the Vancouver Police Department,
CHISTOPHER BOHATCH, individually
15 and as an employee of the Vancouver
Police Department; SCOTLAND
16 HAMMOND, individually and as an
employee of the Vancouver Police
17 Department,
18 Defendants.
19
20 THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendants Christopher Bohatch’s and
21 Scotland Hammond’s Motion for Summary Judgment. Dkt. 24. The Court has considered the
22 pleadings filed regarding the motion and the remaining file.
23 This case arises from Defendant City of Vancouver police officers Christopher Bohatch
24 and Scotland Hammond’s entry into the Plaintiff’s apartment and their arrest of the Plaintiff.
1 Dkt. 1. The Plaintiff, an African American, makes federal constitutional claims for violations of
2 his fourth, fifth, and fourteenth amendment rights, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1983, against the
3 officers, the City of Vancouver and the Vancouver Chief of Police, James McElvain, in his
4 official capacity. Id. The Plaintiff also asserts state law claims for nuisance and outrage. Id.
5 The officers now move for summary judgment on the claims asserted against them. Dkt. 24. For
6 the reasons provided below, the motion (Dkt. 24) should be granted.
7 I. FACTS
8 In November of 2018, the Plaintiff moved into a two-bedroom apartment at 3412 NE 66th
9 Avenue, Vancouver, Washington. Dkt. 25-1, at 14. At the time of this incident, the Plaintiff and
10 Israel Young had a child together. Id., at 13. The child lived with the Plaintiff full time. Id.
11 The Plaintiff and Ms. Young state that Ms. Young spent the night at his apartment one or two
12 nights a week. Dkts. 25-1, at 11 and 20 and 25-2, at 5-6. Ms. Young also watched their child
13 during the day everyday while the Plaintiff worked. Dkts. 25-1, at 20-21 and 25-2, at 5. Ms.
14 Young had access to the entire apartment except the Plaintiff’s bedroom. Dkt. 25-1, at 23.
15 On December 18, 2018, the Vancouver police department was called to the Plaintiff’s
16 residence for a domestic violence incident. Dkt. 25-1, at 19. The Plaintiff was the victim in that
17 incident. Dkt. 25-1, at 40. Officer Bohatch (a Defendant here) was one of the officers who
18 responded. Dkt. 27, at 2. During or after that incident, Officer Bohatch created a police report in
19 which he related that on December 18, 2018, Ms. Young returned to the apartment to pick up her
20 belongings after having been out drinking. Dkt. 27, at 6. Ms. Young and the Plaintiff got into a
21 physical altercation. Dkt. 27, at 6-7. In his victim statement, which Officer Bohatch read, the
22 Plaintiff told Ms. Young that she “was not welcome at [his] house [that night].” Dkt. 27, at 9.
23 Officer Bohatch states that Ms. Young “was not referred for burglary charges despite entering
24
1 the apartment and assaulting [the Plaintiff]” because “there was strong evidence that Ms. Young
2 resided [in the apartment].” Dkt. 27, at 2. (In an April 30, 2019 victim’s interview of the
3 Plaintiff regarding this incident with the prosecuting attorney and Ms. Young’s criminal defense
4 lawyer, the Plaintiff acknowledged that “[Ms. Young didn’t barge in. [He] let her into the
5 apartment because [Ms. Young] stays there as well.” Dkt. 25-2, at 4).
6 On March 13, 2019, the couple had another disagreement at the apartment. Dkt. 25-1, at
7 25. The Plaintiff admits that during this disagreement, he punched the TV, which was in the
8 living room, and broke it. Id. The Plaintiff states that he did so because Ms. Young turned off
9 the TV while he was playing a video game. Id., at 26. The Plaintiff asserts that the couple was
10 fighting because he would not allow her to have a cupcake. Dkt. 25-1, at 30.
11 Ms. Young called 9-1-1, and a transcript of that call is in the record. Dkt. 25-3. Ms.
12 Young told the 9-1-1 operator that wanted to “file a police report that [her] property was
13 damaged.” Dkt. 25-3, at 3. In response to being asked what happened, Ms. Young replied,
14 “[m]y ex-boyfriend was on my television. I asked him to get off and he said if I kept turning my
15 TV off, he would damage it. And so, I turned my TV off and he did what he said.” Id., at 3-4.
16 Ms. Young told the operator that that Plaintiff was still there and that “we share a place
17 together.” Id., at 4. During this conversation, Ms. Young says, “[c]an you please get away from
18 me?” Id., at 4. Ms. Young then describes the Plaintiff, told the operator that “we already have
19 an ongoing case, and he just threatened to call the prosecutor on me for no reason.” Id., at 5.
20 Ms. Young stated that the Plaintiff “drank early but [she’s] the only one that’s been drinking.”
21 Id., at 6. Ms. Young told the operator that he had not physically attacked her. Id., at 7. They
22 were advised to separate from one another until the police arrived. Id. After Ms. Young called
23 9-1-1, the Plaintiff went to his bedroom and laid down. Dkt. 25-1, at 27.
24
1 Officers Hammond and Bohatch responded to the call. Dkts. 26, at 2 and 27, at 2. They
2 reviewed the CAD notes, which indicated that the Plaintiff and Ms. Young “lived together” and
3 that at one point in the call, Ms. Young asked the Plaintiff to “get away from her.” Dkts. 26, at 2;
4 27, at 2; and 28, at 6. Officer Bohatch recalled he’d responded to a domestic violence call at this
5 address three months before where the Plaintiff was the victim. Dkt. 27, at 2.
6 The Plaintiff made a video recording using his phone, which he maintains recorded
7 everything that he said while recording. Dkt. 25-1, at 5 and 8. The recording was submitted to
8 be considered with this motion. This recording occurs primarily while the Plaintiff is in his
9 bedroom, with a few seconds in the hall. Dkt. 42. His bedroom is down a hall several feet from
10 the front door. The Plaintiff’s voice is very loud because he is holding the phone, and other
11 voices are more difficult to make out. At several points, people speak over each other. It is
12 unclear which of the two police officers are speaking. A transcript of the video, portions of
13 which are disputed, provides:
14 POLICE OFFICER: Israel?
15 MS. YOUNG: Yes.
16 POLICE OFFICER: Can we come in and talk with you?
17 MS. YOUNG: This is not my – technically my place of residence so I don't have
(inaudible) to let you guys in.
18
POLICE OFFICER: Okay. Where's Jabo at?
19
MS. YOUNG: He's in his room.
20
POLICE OFFICER: Jabo, can we come in and talk with you, sir?
21
MR. JOHNIGAN: I don't really want to -- feel like talking right now.
22
MS. YOUNG: He doesn't feel like talking.
23
24
1 POLICE OFFICER: He doesn't feel like talking. Okay. Since you called 911 can
we --
2
MS. YOUNG: Hold on one moment.
3
POLICE OFFICER: So, who all lives here then if this technically isn't your
4 apartment?
5 MS. YOUNG: Me and him and our son.
6 MR. JOHNIGAN: And her brother apparently.
7 MS. YOUNG: But he leaves.
8 POLICE OFFICER: That doesn't matter. Do you live here?
9 MR. JOHNIGAN: No, she does not live here.
10 POLICE OFFICER: Jabo, we were out here last winter talking to you both.
11 MS. YOUNG: Let me grab my phone because I have a video of what happened
and it died.
12
MR. JOHNIGAN: She does not live here. She doesn't.
13
POLICE OFFICER: Okay. Do you mind if we come in and talk to you, sir?
14
MR. JOHNIGAN: I don't really want to talk about it right now. I don't have
15 nothing to talk about.
16 POLICE OFFICER: What's that?
17 MR. JOHNIGAN: I don't have nothing to talk about. This is really just her
situation.
18
MS. YOUNG: He wouldn't turn the TV off and so I notified the police also
19 (inaudible).
20 MR. JOHNIGAN: She doesn't live here so she needs to leave, like she -- I asked
her nicely to leave. She chose not to leave and take her things.
21
POLICE OFFICER: If you are not going to come out and talk to us give us
22 (inaudible) please.
23 MR. JOHNIGAN: Okay. Can she step outside my door properly?
24
1 MS. YOUNG: I asked him to turn off the TV and he said no.
2 MR. JOHNIGAN: Can you please step outside the door while you talk to them?
3 MS. YOUNG: He said I can't have nothing of my own and I said, oh, really
(inaudible).
4
MR. JOHNIGAN: I'm asking you nicely, can you please step outside the door
5 while you talk to them?
6 MS. YOUNG: I'm like since you're going to be that way to me, I'll just turn my
TV off.
7
POLICE OFFICER: If he's using your TV are you guys dating?
8
MS. YOUNG: No, we're not married.
9
POLICE OFFICER: Not married. Dating? Do you guys have a child in common?
10 You guys are dating?
11 MR. JOHNIGAN: Just a child, just a child.
12 MS. YOUNG: We have a child in common. We are not even together in a
relationship anymore.
13
POLICE OFFICER: Okay. So, you have a child together and you both stay here
14 so is this like a domestic violence issue?
15 MS. YOUNG: He didn't hit me or touch me or do nothing wrong.
16 MR. JOHNIGAN: I didn't hit nobody. I didn't do nothing.
17 POLICE OFFICER: So, you asked him to turn the TV down?
18 MS. YOUNG: No, I asked (inaudible) --
19 MR. JOHNIGAN: No. She kept harassing - before this even happened she kept
harassing me.
20
POLICE OFFICER: Jabo, would you like to step out and talk with us?
21
MR. JOHNIGAN: No, I don't.
22
POLICE OFFICER: Okay. Then –
23
MR. JOHNIGAN: I'm just -- I'm just -- I'm going back in here.
24
1
MS. YOUNG: He said if I turned it off that he would punch it. And I said you are
2 not going to be disrespectful to me and you know what I will do so if I go home
and you are just being disrespectful to me for no reason I will turn my TV off and
3 you can't use nothing of mine. All this is because of him.
4 POLICE OFFICER: But you both live here, correct?
5 MR. JOHNIGAN: No.
6 MS. YOUNG: Yes. All my things are here.
7 MR. JOHNIGAN: No, they're not.
8 MS. YOUNG: So, what of mine is not here?
9 MR. JOHNIGAN: Okay. Just your son is here. Thank you.
10 POLICE OFFICER: So, then why are we here then I guess?
11 MS. YOUNG: Because I told him to turn my TV off and he damaged by property
and he told me—
12
POLICE OFFICER: So, can we come in and see that TV then?
13
MR. JOHNIGAN: No, she doesn't live here. She doesn't. She can't -- I did not.
14
POLICE OFFICER: So, she lives here so she has permission?
15
MR. JOHNIGAN: No, she does not live here. She already told you when you
16 guys first came she does not live here.
17 POLICE OFFICER: Who's on the lease? Have you established residency?
18 MR. JOHNIGAN: She has not established no residency here.
19 POLICE OFFICER: Sir, you need to shut your mouth right now.
20 MR. JOHNIGAN: Okay, bro, uh-huh.
21 POLICE OFFICER: If you are not going to come out here and talk please stay
inside your room –
22
MR. JOHNIGAN: All right, bro.
23
POLICE OFFICE: -- so we can continue to talk to her. Do you understand that?
24
1
MR. JOHNIGAN: All right, bro. All right, bro.
2
POLICE OFFICER: You keep interrupting me.
3
MR. JOHNIGAN: All right, bro.
4
POLICE OFFICER: Please do not delay my investigation. Thank you. Do you
5 live here? In order for me to take a report of damaged property I need to see that
property.
6
MS. YOUNG: Okay. Well, let's see --
7
[The officers and Ms. Young walk into the apartment and pass the bedroom where
8 the Plaintiff is recording.]
9 POLICE OFFICER: Where is the property at? Can you -- okay. So how did this
happen?
10
MS. YOUNG: He was playing a game and I said turn the TV off and he told me if
11 I turned the TV off he would damage my property. I asked him to please turn it
off. I went to get my stuff and I turned the TV off. He said, yep, and then he
12 punched --
13 POLICE OFFICER: What game was he playing?
14 MS. YOUNG: He unplugged his game.
15 POLICE OFFICER: Okay. So, there was a console connected up to here?
16 MS. YOUNG: Yeah, he unplugged it.
17 POLICE OFFICER: So, again explain to me why you wanted the TV off.
18 MS. YOUNG: Because I didn’t want to – I asked him –
19 POLICE OFFICER: Okay. Jabo, so there’s obviously a damaged TV so we have
to talk to you about it. What happened? What is going on tonight man?
20
MR. JOHNIGAN: Oh, man, I kindly don’t want to talk about it just because
21 there’s like a lot of things that led up to what happened and, you know, I feel kind
of like it was all a set-up kind of thing. And I’m not violent, I’m not a violent
22 person, but she kept provoking me. And so that’s why I did that to the TV and
then I came back in here and I sat down.
23
POLICE OFFICER: Okay. Okay.
24
1
End of recording.
2
Dkt. 42, at 21-28.
3
Officer Hammond states that while the Plaintiff can be heard on the video “nuh, she
4
doesn’t live here,” he does not “recall hearing [the Plaintiff’s] words at that time” because “he
5
was down the hallway” and he was “trying to focus on the words of Ms. Young, which unlike the
6
[Plaintiff] was not immediately next to the microphone.” Dkt. 26, at 2-3. Further, he states that
7
he was not able to discern exactly what the Plaintiff was saying “only that he was repeating his
8
efforts to interrupt [him] speaking with Ms. Young” who he viewed as a “potential domestic
9
violence victim.” Id., at 3. Officer Hammond invited the Plaintiff to come to the door and speak
10
with them several times, or “keep it down” and the Plaintiff declined. Id. According to Officer
11
Hammond, at no time did the Plaintiff come to the front door and tell the officers that they were
12
not allowed in the apartment or try to physically prevent them from entering the apartment to
13
investigate. Id.
14
Officer Bohatch states that that “[a]lthough the audio [of Plaintiff’s “no”] does come
15
through on the video, that was not the case when Officer Hammond and [he] were standing
16
outside the front door talking to Ms. Young.” Dkt. 27, at 3. Officer Bohatch states that
17
“[t]hough we could hear [the Plaintiff] attempting to interrupt from down the hallway, [he does]
18
not recall clearly hearing what [the Plaintiff] was attempting to say, only that he kept trying to
19
interrupt Officer Hammond’s attempt to converse with Ms. Young.” Dkt. 27, at 3. He states that
20
his “primary focus was on statements being made by [Ms. Young] at the time, so [he] was not
21
focused on what [the Plaintiff] was saying.” Dkt. 42, at 72. Officer Bohatch states that he
22
“certainly did not hear a definitive statement from him refusing consent to enter.” Dkt. 27, at 3.
23
24
1 Ms. Young contends that one of the officers threatened to arrest her if she didn’t let him
2 in. Dkt. 25-2, at 18. She asserts that when the officer yelled at Jabo, “[d]o not impede my
3 investigation,” the officer’s face was around one foot from hers. Dkt. 42, at 39. Ms. Young
4 maintains that after he threatened to arrest her, she stepped back from the door and he came in.
5 Dkt. 25-2, at 18.
6 Officer Bohatch acknowledges when he initially came to talk with the Plaintiff, his foot
7 and hand “breached the threshold to [the Plaintiff’s] bedroom” and that he did not have authority
8 to do so. Dkt. 42, at 67-68. Officer Bohatch states that after his initial questions, he stepped
9 back into the hall to talk with Officer Hammond and they decided to arrest the Plaintiff. Dkt. 42,
10 at 71.
11 The Plaintiff doesn’t remember what he and the Officer Bohatch said after the video
12 stops, but, recalls that the Officer Hammond joined [Officer Bohatch] in the doorway of the
13 Plaintiff’s bedroom and told him that they were placing him under arrest. Dkt. 25-1, at 33-34.
14 The Plaintiff maintains that he told the officers that the fight was over a cupcake and that the TV
15 belonged to him multiple times. Dkt. 25-1, at 34. The Plaintiff acknowledges that “it wasn’t a
16 long conversation back and forth” – “less than a minute.” Dkt. 25-1, at 35. The Plaintiff asserts
17 that they did not read him his rights. Dkt. 25-1, at 38.
18 Ms. Young states that after the officers came in and started taking pictures, she decided
19 she needed to tell them to leave. Dkt. 43, at 2. According to the Plaintiff, as the officers were
20 walking him down the hall and out the door, they asked Ms. Young if they could take pictures of
21 the TV and she said “no.” Dkt. 42, at 14. He states that “that’s when they tried to threaten her
22 with, oh, if we can’t do this – if we can’t do something then you might be placed under arrest or
23 something like that.” Id.
24
1 Officer Bohatch acknowledges that while Officer Hammond was with the Plaintiff, Ms.
2 Young withdrew her consent to allow them in the apartment. Dkt. 42, at 56-58. He maintains
3 that it wasn’t until they got into the apartment that whether she lived there was really called into
4 question. Dkt. 42, at 56-57. In any event, Officer Bohatch states that he remained long enough
5 to take a picture of the broken TV while Officer Hammond “was getting Jabo prepared to leave.”
6 Dkt. 42, at 58. Officer Bohatch warned Ms. Young not to interfere with their investigation by
7 “her wanting to revoke consent now that Jabo was getting arrested, and basically denying the
8 ability to prove that that crime ever happened.” Dkt. 42, at 59. According to Officer Bohatch,
9 she continued to yell at the officers, and he said, “[s]he was free to go since she didn’t live in
10 Jabo’s apartment.” Dkt. 42, at 61.
11 In Officer Bohatch’s police report, he states that Ms. Young “stated that her ex-boyfriend
12 and ‘Baby-daddy’ Jabo O. Johnigan got into an argument . . .” Dkt. 42, at 75. Ms. Young
13 denied using the term “baby-daddy.” Dkt. 43, at 2.
14 The Plaintiff was charged with third-degree malicious mischief domestic violence. Dkt.
15 25-6. Three months after Plaintiff’s March arrest, Ms. Young write a note stating that she had
16 given the TV to the Plaintiff in February as a gift. Dkt. 25-2, at 14 and 22. She claims that no
17 one asked her to write the note, but that she did it because the Plaintiff “was going to court over
18 the whole TV situation.” Id., at 14. She gave the note to Plaintiff and his lawyer. Id. Ms.
19 Young states that she didn’t want the Plaintiff to go to jail, just “to get a police report and have
20 him replace the TV.” Id. On October 23, 2019, the state moved for dismissal of the charges
21 without prejudice because it cannot prove the charges beyond a reasonable doubt; the court
22 granted the motion. Dkt. 25-8, at 2.
23
24
1 The Plaintiff acknowledged that he did not sustain any physical injuries from the incident
2 and has not sought medical or mental health treatment. Dkt. 25-1, at 10. He diagnosed himself
3 with trauma. Id.
4 II. DISCUSSION
5 A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
6 Summary judgment is proper only if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on
7 file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
8 movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (a). The moving party is
9 entitled to judgment as a matter of law when the nonmoving party fails to make a sufficient
10 showing on an essential element of a claim in the case on which the nonmoving party has the
11 burden of proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1985). There is no genuine issue
12 of fact for trial where the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find
13 for the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586
14 (1986) (nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply “some
15 metaphysical doubt.”). Conversely, a genuine dispute over a material fact exists if there is
16 sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute, requiring a judge or jury to resolve
17 the differing versions of the truth. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 253 (1986);
18 T.W. Elec. Service Inc. v. Pacific Electrical Contractors Association, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.
19 1987).
20 The determination of the existence of a material fact is often a close question. The court
21 must consider the substantive evidentiary burden that the nonmoving party must meet at, which
22 is a preponderance of the evidence in most civil cases. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254, T.W. Elect.
23 Service Inc., 809 F.2d at 630. The court must resolve any factual issues of controversy in favor
24
1 of the nonmoving party only when the facts specifically attested by that party contradict facts
2 specifically attested by the moving party. The nonmoving party may not merely state that it will
3 discredit the moving party’s evidence at trial, in the hopes that evidence can be developed at trial
4 to support the claim. T.W. Elect. Service Inc., 809 F.2d at 630 (relying on Anderson, 477 U.S.
5 242). Conclusory, non-specific statements in affidavits are not sufficient, and “missing facts”
6 will not be “presumed.” Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. 871, 888-89 (1990).
7 B. CLAIMS UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1983 GENERALLY
8 In order to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a complaint must allege that (1) the conduct
9 complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law, and that (2) the
10 conduct deprived a person of a right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution or laws
11 of the United States. Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 535 (1981), overruled on other grounds,
12 Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986). Section 1983 is the appropriate avenue to remedy an
13 alleged wrong only if both of these elements are present. Haygood v. Younger, 769 F.2d 1350,
14 1354 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 478 U.S. 1020 (1986). In order to state a claim under 42
15 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must set forth the specific factual bases upon which he claims each
16 defendant is liable. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980).
17 C. QUALIFIED IMMUNITY – GENERALLY
18 Defendants in a Section 1983 action are entitled to qualified immunity from damages for
19 civil liability if their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights
20 of which a reasonable person would have known. Pearson v. Callahan, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815
21 (2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)).
22 In analyzing a qualified immunity defense, the Court must determine: (1) whether a
23 constitutional right would have been violated on the facts alleged, taken in the light most
24
1 favorable to the party asserting the injury; and (2) whether the right was clearly established when
2 viewed in the specific context of the case. Saucier v. Katz, 121 S. Ct. 2151, 2156 (2001). “The
3 relevant dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it
4 would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he
5 confronted.” Id. This opinion will consider whether there has been a violation of each
6 constitutional right asserted here and then whether the officers are entitled to qualified immunity.
7 D. CLAIM FOR VIOLATION OF FOURTH AMENDMENT – SEARCH
8 1. Violation?
9 “Unreasonable searches and seizures” are prohibited under the Fourth Amendment.
10 Ordinarily, the Fourth Amendment prohibits the “warrantless entry of a person’s home, whether
11 to make an arrest or to search for specific objects.” Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 181
12 (1990). “The prohibition does not apply, however, to situations in which voluntary consent has
13 been obtained, either from the individual whose property is searched, or from a third party who
14 possesses common authority over the premises.” Id. “Common authority rests on mutual use of
15 the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes.” Id. Consent
16 is valid either from one who possess common authority, or from one who the police reasonably
17 believe has such authority, even if that belief is later shown to be erroneous. Id., at 186.
18 The Defendants here contend that even if Ms. Young did not have actual authority to consent
19 to the search, she had apparent authority to consent to the search. “Under the apparent authority
20 doctrine, a search is valid if the government proves that the officers who conducted it reasonably
21 believed that the person from whom they obtained consent had the actual authority to grant that
22 consent.” United States v. Arreguin, 735 F.3d 1168, 1175 (9th Cir. 2013). “Apparent authority is
23 measured by an objective standard of reasonableness, and requires an examination of the actual
24
1 consent as well as the surrounding circumstances.” Id. Only those facts available to the officer
2 at the moment are considered in assessing whether an officer's belief was objectively reasonable.
3 Rodriguez, at 188.
4 The Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment
5 claim should be granted and the claim dismissed. The Plaintiffs have failed to point to issues of
6 fact that it was unreasonable for the officers on a domestic violence call to believe that, at a
7 minimum, Ms. Young had apparent authority to consent to the officers entering the apartment.
8 When the officers arrived on the scene, they were aware that Ms. Young called about a potential
9 domestic violence offense, that she and the Plaintiff lived together, and that Officer Bohatch had
10 been to that same address on another domestic violence call a few months before. Although Ms.
11 Young stated that she this was not her “technical place of residence,” in response to the question
12 “so who all lives here then if this technically isn’t your apartment?” she answered, “me and him
13 and our son.” Although the Plaintiff can be heard on the video saying “no” she doesn’t live here,
14 she then stated that all her possessions were in the apartment.
15 The Plaintiff argues that he expressly told the officers he could not enter. The recording
16 contains the following exchange:
17 POLICE OFFICER: So, can we come in and see that TV then?
18 MR. JOHNIGAN: No, she doesn't live here. She doesn't. She can't -- I did not.
19 The Plaintiff points to Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103 (2006), which held that a warrantless
20 search was unreasonable as to defendant who was physically present and expressly refused to
21 consent. In Fernandez v. California, 571 U.S. 292 (2014), the U.S. Supreme limited the
22 Randolph holding. It provided Randolph should be “taken at its word – that it applies only when
23 the objector is standing in the door saying ‘stay out’ when officers propose to make a consent
24
1 search.” Fernandez, at 306. The Plaintiff fails to point to evidence that the officers heard him
2 expressly deny them access to the apartment. While he arguably says “no” on the video, he is
3 not near the officers at the time, and they repeatedly say “what?” in response to his comments.
4 Both officers say that they did not hear him say “no” to whether they could enter.
5 Further, to the extent the Plaintiff now argues that Ms. Young only had apparent authority
6 to give her consent to search the common areas of the apartment (like where the TV was located
7 in the living room) and not to consent to entry into the Plaintiff’s bedroom, the claim should still
8 be dismissed. The grounds for this claim are less than clear. To the extent the claim is based on
9 Officer Bohatch’s foot and a portion of his arm crossing the threshold of the Plaintiff’s bedroom
10 while they talked, there is no showing that this was an unreasonable search after hearing Ms.
11 Young describe the event and seeing the broken TV. The Plaintiff was in the bedroom, which
12 had an open door, and did not object to the officers partially entering his bedroom.
13 The Plaintiff further maintains that Ms. Young’s consent was not voluntary. He points to
14 her statements that Ms. Young felt like she was being bullied and would be arrested if she didn’t
15 let the officers in after they warned the Plaintiff not to impede their investigation. The Plaintiff
16 fails to point to issues of fact that the officers knew that Ms. Young felt like that. One of the
17 officers says, “In order for me to take a report of damaged property I need to see that property.”
18 Ms. Young responds with, “Okay. Well, let’s see –” There is no evidence that a reasonable
19 officer in the Defendants’ position would have known that her consent was not voluntary.
20 2. Qualified Immunity?
21 Even if the Defendants violated the Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from an
22 unreasonable search, the Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity for the search. The
23 Plaintiff points to Bonivert v. City of Clarkston, 883 F.3d 865 (9th Cir. 2018) in arguing that his
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1 Fourth Amendment rights were clearly established. In Bonivert, the Ninth Circuit held that while
2 a co-resident did not verbally tell the officers they could not enter the home, his express refusal
3 was implied when he rushed to lock a side door to prevent the officer’s entry and when he
4 attempted to close a back door when the officers were trying to enter the home that way.
5 Bonivert does not aid the Plaintiffs. There is no evidence that the Plaintiff attempted to
6 physically bar the officers from entering the apartment. The Defendants motion for summary
7 judgment on their claim for qualified immunity on the Fourth Amendment search claim should
8 be granted.
9 E. CLAIM FOR VIOLATION OF FOURTH AMENDMENT – SEIZURE
10 1. Violation?
11 Generally, Fourth Amendment seizures are reasonable if supported by probable cause.
12 See Bailey v. U.S., 133 S.Ct. 1031, 1037 (2013). Probable cause “arises when the facts and
13 circumstances within the officer’s knowledge are sufficient to warrant a prudent person to
14 believe that the suspect has committed ... an offense.” Crowe v. Cty. of San Diego, 608 F.3d
15 406, 432 (9th Cir. 2010). )). “Probable cause is an objective standard. The arresting officers’
16 subjective intention . . . is immaterial in judging whether their actions were reasonable for Fourth
17 Amendment purposes.” United States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir. 2007).
18 The Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment seizure
19 claim should be granted and the claim dismissed. The Plaintiff has failed to point to issues of
20 fact as to this claim. After hearing Ms. Young’s version of events and seeing the damage to the
21 TV, there are no facts to suggest that the officers did not have probable cause to arrest the
22 Plaintiff for malicious mischief under RCW 9A.48.090(1)(a). The Plaintiff asserts that the
23 evidence gathered after the officers entered the apartment should be excluded and so there is no
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1 probable cause for arrest. The exclusionary rule, applicable in criminal cases and prohibiting the
2 government from introducing illegally seized evidence against a defendant, does not apply in
3 cases brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Lingo v. City of Salem, 832 F.3d 953, 958-959 (9th Cir.
4 2016).
5 To the extent that the Plaintiff also asserts that he was “seized” when the officers ordered him
6 to his bedroom, the claim should also be dismissed. “A person is seized by the police and thus
7 entitled to challenge the government's action under the Fourth Amendment when the officer by
8 means of physical force or show of authority terminates or restrains his freedom of movement
9 through means intentionally applied.” Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 254 (2007)(internal
10 quotation marks and citations omitted). The Plaintiff fails to point to sufficient evidence to
11 support his assertion that he did not feel free to go when the officers were outside his apartment
12 asking him to remain in his bedroom while they talked to Ms. Young at the door. Further, the
13 Defendants point out that the Plaintiff did not make this claim in his complaint. Additionally,
14 they maintain that they had probable cause to arrest him for his repeated attempts to interfere
15 with a domestic violence investigation under RCW 9A.76.020(1).
16 2. Qualified Immunity?
17 “Even if the arrest was made without a warrant and without probable cause, however, the
18 officer may still be immune from suit if it was objectively reasonable for [them] to believe that
19 [they] had probable cause.” Rosenbaum v. Washoe Cty., 663 F.3d 1071, 1078 (9th Cir. 2011).
20 “The law acknowledges that an otherwise competent officer will sometimes make an
21 unreasonable decision or make an unreasonable mistake as to law or fact. In those instances, the
22 officer will appropriately be liable under § 1983.” Id. “Framing the reasonableness question
23
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1 somewhat differently, the question in determining whether qualified immunity applies is whether
2 all reasonable officers would agree that there was no probable cause in this instance.” Id.
3 Even if the Defendants violated the Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from
4 unreasonable seizures, they are entitled to qualified immunity on this claim. The Plaintiff fails to
5 point to a case which is sufficiently similar to put these officers on notice that they were
6 violating his clearly established rights. They have failed to show that “all reasonable officers
7 would agree that there was no probable cause” here.
8 F. CLAIM FOR VIOLATION OF FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT – RACE
9 1. Violation?
10 To make a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim “for a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the
11 Fourteenth Amendment a plaintiff must show that the defendants acted with an intent or purpose
12 to discriminate against the plaintiff based upon membership in a protected class.” Furnace v.
13 Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1030 (9th Cir. 2013)(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A
14 plaintiff must point to “intentional unlawful discrimination” or “facts that are at least susceptible
15 of an inference of discriminatory intent.” Monteiro v. Tempe Union High Sch. Dist., 158 F.3d
16 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998). “[A] plaintiff must show that the defendant treated the plaintiff
17 differently from similarly situated individuals” to assert an equal protection claim. Pimentel v.
18 Dreyfus, 670 F.3d 1096, 1106 (9th Cir. 2012).
19 The Plaintiff’s claim for violation of the Fourteenth Amendment should be dismissed. As
20 evidence that the defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against him, the
21 Plaintiff points to inconsistencies in the police reports, internal investigation transcripts and the
22 video Plaintiff created. He maintains that substantial inconsistencies implicates credibility
23 leading to an inference of discrimination.
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1 To the extent that the Plaintiff generally asserts that there are inconsistencies creating
2 credibility issues with Officer Hammond’s or Officer Bohatch’s police reports, the transcripts
3 from the police department’s internal investigation, and the video made by the Plaintiff, he fails
4 to point out what is inconsistent and why it is relevant. A review of these materials do not lead
5 to the conclusion that any inconsistencies are so “substantial” to lead to an inference of
6 discrimination.
7 The Plaintiff fails to point to any other evidence that Officer Hammond “acted with an intent
8 or purpose to discriminate against [him]” based on his race. Plaintiff’s subjective belief that the
9 officers were motivated by discriminatory animus, without more, is insufficient. See Gomez v.
10 City of Fremont, 730 F. Supp.2d 1056 (N.D. Cal. 2010).
11 As evidence of Officer Bohatch’s discriminatory bias, the Plaintiff points to Officer
12 Bohatch’s use of the term “Baby-daddy” in his police report. He cites an article written in 2020
13 (after this event) which indicates that use of the term reinforces racial stereotypes. The
14 Plaintiff’s Equal Protection claim against Officer Bohatch should also be dismissed even if this
15 could be considered evidence of discriminatory bias. He fails to point to any evidence that
16 Officer Bohatch “treated the plaintiff differently from similarly situated individuals.” Pimentel,
17 at 1106.
18 The Plaintiff has failed to point to issues of fact to support his equal protection claim.
19 2. Qualified Immunity?
20 Further, even if the officers had violated his equal protection rights, they are entitled to
21 qualified immunity on that claim. The Plaintiff fails to cite to a case that demonstrates that it
22 was clearly established that it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was
23 unlawful in the situation he confronted.
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1 G. CLAIM FOR VIOLATION OF FIFTH AMENDMENT – INTERROGATION
2 The Plaintiff asserts a claim for violation of his Fifth Amendment right against self-
3 incrimination. The Fifth Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment’s due
4 process clause and so, applies here. See Dickerson v. U.S., 530 U.S. 428, 434 (2000).
5 The Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiffs’ Fifth Amendment claim
6 (Dkt. 24) should be granted. The Plaintiffs do not respond to the motion as to this claim and the
7 motion has merit.
8 H. STATE LAW CLAIMS
9 The Plaintiff asserts state law claims for outrage and for nuisance.
10 1. Outrage
11 In Washington, “[t]he tort of outrage requires the proof of three elements: (1) extreme and
12 outrageous conduct, (2) intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress, and (3) actual
13 result to plaintiff of severe emotional distress.” Kloepfel v. Bokor, 149 Wn.2d 192, 195 (2003).
14 The Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiffs’ outrage claim should be
15 granted. The Plaintiffs did not respond to this portion of the motion. They failed to point to
16 sufficient issues of fact to find that the officers’ conduct was “so outrageous in character, and so
17 extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as
18 atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Kloepfel, at 196. The outrage claim
19 should be dismissed.
20 2. Nuisance
21 A nuisance is defined by Washington statute as:
22 [U]nlawfully doing an act, or omitting to perform a duty, which act or omission
either annoys, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others,
23 offends decency, or unlawfully interferes with, obstructs or tends to obstruct, or
render dangerous for passage, any lake or navigable river, bay, stream, canal or
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1 basin, or any public park, square, street or highway; or in any way renders other
persons insecure in life, or in the use of property.
2
RCW 7.48.120. Under Washington law, “an actionable nuisance must either injure the property
3
or unreasonably interfere with enjoyment of the property.” Tiegs v. Watts, 135 Wn.2d 1, 13
4
(1998).
5
The motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiff’s nuisance claim should be granted. The
6
Plaintiff does not assert that the officers injured his property, but that his arrest was an
7
unreasonable interference with his enjoyment of his apartment. The Plaintiff notes that the
8
Defendants concede that their entry into the apartment might have violated the Washington State
9
Constitution and so that renders their interference “unreasonable.” The Defendants properly
10
point out that Washington does not recognize a private right of action based on the Washington
11
State Constitution, and the Plaintiff’s attempt to create one should be rejected. This claim should
12
be dismissed.
13
III. ORDER
14
It is ORDERED that Defendants Christopher Bohatch and Scotland Hammond’s Motion
15
for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 24) IS GRANTED and the claims against them are DISMISSED.
16
The Clerk is directed to send uncertified copies of this Order to all counsel of record and
17
to any party appearing pro se at said party’s last known address.
18
Dated this 2nd day of August, 2021.
19 A
20
ROBERT J. BRYAN
21
United States District Judge
22
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