setting forth standard of review and stating that 23 leave to amend may be denied where amendment would be futile
How later courts described this case
- setting forth standard of review and stating that 23 leave to amend may be denied where amendment would be futile
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
HONORABLE RICHARD A. JONES
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE
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OLEG CHURYUMOV,
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Plaintiff,
10 Case No. 2:18-cv-00841-RAJ
v.
11 ORDER GRANTING
DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR
U.S. CITZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
12 SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND
SERVICES, DENYING PLAINTIFF’S
13 MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY
Defendants. JUDGMENT AND LEAVE TO
14 AMEND
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I. INTRODUCTION
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Before the Court are the motions for summary judgment filed by Plaintiff Oleg
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Churyumov and Defendant U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) and a
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motion to amend filed by Churyumov. Dkt. ## 20, 22, 25. For the reasons below, the
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Court GRANTS USCIS’s motion and DENIES Churyumov’s motions.
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II. BACKGROUND
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Plaintiff Oleg Churyumov challenges the decision by USCIS denying his petition
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for an employment-based immigrant visa for aliens of extraordinary ability. Churyumov
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is a citizen and native of Russia who arrived in the United States on February 16, 2016.
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CAR 627-32. He completed an immigrant visa petition, Form I-140, as an alien of
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extraordinary ability, on or about February 22, 2016. CAR 633. Churyumov contends that
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he has an extraordinary ability in the field of business, specifically in the hospitality
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1 industry. CAR 627-32, 648-49. Churyumov claims that he is the first in Russia to apply
2 “capsule technology” in a hostel setting. CAR 648. A “sleep capsule” is a pod where a
3 guest can sleep, rest, or watch television and gained popularity in Japan and China during
4 the twentieth century. Id. On March 7, 2016, USCIS issued a Request for Evidence. CAR
5 8-15. Churyumov submitted his response on or about May 16, 2016. CAR 16-626. USCIS
6 denied his petition in a decision dated June 6, 2016. CAR 1-7.
7 USCIS found that Churyumov failed to satisfy his burden of proof pursuant to 8
8 U.S.C. § 1361. Notably, USCIS determined that Churyumov had not established
9 “sustained national or international acclaim,” or achievements indicating that he “is one of
10 that small percentage who has risen to the very top of the field of endeavor.” CAR 1, 5-6.
11 USCIS also found that also failed to satisfy the statutory requirement under 8 U.S.C. §
12 1153(b)(1)(A)(ii) that he is coming to the United States to work in his field of extraordinary
13 ability. CAR 1, 6-7.
14 On June 9, 2018, Churyumov filed a complaint requesting that this Court “revoke
15 the USCIS decision and approve Plaintiff’s I-140 form.” Dkt # 1 at 5. He filed his motion
16 for summary judgment on April 19, 2019. Dkt. # 20. USCIS filed a response and cross-
17 motion for summary judgment on May 5, 2019. Dkt. # 21.
18 III. LEGAL STANDARD
19 The review of a final agency action is governed by the APA under an “arbitrary and
20 capricious” standard. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Idaho Farm Bureau Fed’n v. Babbitt, 58 F.3d
21 1392, 1401 (9th Cir. 1995). In other words, an agency’s decision should be overturned if
22 it was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with
23 the law.” Id. In evaluating an agency’s decision under this standard, “[courts] ask whether
24 the agency ‘considered the relevant factors and articulated a rational connection between
25 the facts found and the choice made.’ ” Natural Res. Def. Council v. U.S. Dep’t of the
26 Interior, 113 F.3d 1121, 1124 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of
27 Indians v. U.S. Dep’t of the Navy, 898 F.2d 1410, 1414 (9th Cir. 1990)). The standard is
1 “highly deferential, presuming the agency action to be valid and affirming the agency
2 action if a reasonable basis exists for its decision.” Indep. Acceptance Co. v. California,
3 204 F.3d 1247, 1251 (9th Cir. 2000).
4 Under the APA, the district court’s review is usually limited to the administrative
5 record. 5 U.S.C. § 706; see also Cnty. of Los Angeles v. Shalala, 192 F.3d 1005, 1011 (D.C.
6 Cir. 1999) (when reviewing final agency action, the district court is not managing a “garden
7 variety civil suit,” but rather “sits as an appellate tribunal”). Therefore, the usual “genuine
8 dispute of material fact” standard for summary judgment does not apply in an APA case.
9 Rather, summary judgment functions as a mechanism for determining as a matter of law
10 whether the administrative record supports the agency’s decision and whether the agency
11 complied with the APA. Occidental Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769 (9th Cir. 1985).
12 IV. DISCUSSION
A. Motions for Summary Judgment
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14 Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(1)(A), aliens may apply for a visa on the basis of
15 “extraordinary ability.” The INA does not define “extraordinary ability.” Abilities in the
16 “sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics” qualify. 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(1)(A)(i).
17 “Sustained national or international acclaim” is a hallmark of extraordinary ability, as are
18 achievements that “have been recognized in the field through extensive documentation.”
19 Id. Federal regulations explain that “extraordinary ability” is “a level of expertise
20 indicating that the individual is one of that small percentage who have risen to the very top
21 of the field of endeavor.” 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(h)(2).
22 An alien can prove an extraordinary ability in one of two ways. The first is “evidence
23 of a one-time achievement (that is, a major, international recognized award).” 8 C.F.R. §
24 204.5(h)(3). The second way to prove extraordinary ability is to provide evidence of at
25 least three of the following:
26 (i) Documentation of the alien’s receipt of lesser nationally or internationally
27 recognized prizes or awards for excellence in the field of endeavor;
1 (ii) Documentation of the alien’s membership in associations in the field for which
2 classification is sought, which require outstanding achievements of their members, as
3 judged by recognized national or international experts in their disciplines or fields;
4 (iii) Published material about the alien in professional or major trade publications
5 or other major media, relating to the alien’s work in the field for which classification is
6 sought. Such evidence shall include the title, date, and author of the material, and any
7 necessary translation;
8 (iv) Evidence of the alien’s participation, either individually or on a panel, as a judge
9 of the work of others in the same or an allied field of specification for which classification
10 is sought;
11 (v) Evidence of the alien’s original scientific, scholarly, artistic, athletic, or
12 business-related contributions of major significance in the field;
13 (vi) Evidence of the alien’s authorship of scholarly articles in the field, in
14 professional or major trade publications or other major media;
15 (vii) Evidence of the display of the alien’s work in the field at artistic exhibitions
16 or showcases;
17 (viii) Evidence that the alien has performed in a leading or critical role for
18 organizations or establishments that have a distinguished reputation;
19 (ix) Evidence that the alien has commanded a high salary or other significantly high
20 remuneration for services, in relation to others in the field; or
21 (x) Evidence of commercial successes in the performing arts, as shown by box
22 office receipts or record, cassette, compact disk, or video sales.
23 Id.
24 If an alien satisfies this initial evidentiary burden, USCIS must then consider
25 whether the evidence demonstrates “extraordinary ability.” Kazarian v. USCIS, 596 F.3d
26 1115, 1119-20 (9th Cir. 2010). Only where the evidence demonstrates “sustained national
27 or international acclaim” is the alien eligible for the “extraordinary ability” designation.
1 Id. at 1120 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(1)(A)(i)). By design, the “extraordinary ability”
2 designation is “extremely restrictive.” Id. (quoting Lee v. Ziglar, 237 F.Supp.2d 914, 918
3 (N.D. Ill. 2002)).
4 USCIS concluded that Churyumov met the evidentiary threshold by providing
5 evidence (i) that he received a lesser nationally or internationally recognized prize or award
6 for excellence in his field of endeavor; (ii) that he was the subject of published material in
7 a professional or major trade publication; (iii) that he has performed in a leading or critical
8 role for organizations that have a distinguished reputation; and (iv) that he has commanded
9 a high salary in relation to others in his field. CAR 3. Although Churyumov disputes
10 USCIS’s finding and contends that he has met at least seven of criteria listed at 8 C.F.R. §
11 204.5(h)(3), the Court assumes for this order that Churyumov met the threshold evidentiary
12 burden.
13 Once the evidentiary threshold is met, USCIS must determine whether the evidence
14 demonstrates “sustained national or international acclaim.” 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(h)(3); see also
15 Kazarian, 596 F.3d at 1121 (noting that evidence submitted to meet threshold criteria must
16 support a “final merits determination” that the “petitioner is at the very top of his or her
17 field of endeavor”). In its decision, USCIS articulated rational reasons for why
18 Churyumov’s submitted evidence did not demonstrate “extraordinary ability.”
19 Specifically, USCIS found that “the success of one hostel does not equate to national or
20 international acclaim.” CAR 6. USCIS also noted that the award for excellence from
21 Booking.com that Churyumov received in 2014 is based upon client satisfaction reviews
22 and annually awarded to “thousands of places that offer lodging.” Id. As another reason,
23 USCIS explained that Churyumov’s idea for a capsule hostel, while slightly different than
24 the original idea of a “capsule” hotel, did not elevate his contribution to one of “major
25 significance” in the field. CAR 5. Ultimately, after reviewing all the evidence in relation
26 to the criteria identified in 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(h)(3), USCIS concluded that it failed to show
27 Churyumov had risen to the very top of his field or that he has enjoyed sustained acclaim.
1 Id.
2 USCIS also found that Churyumov failed to establish that he was coming to the
3 United States to continue work in the area of expertise. CAR 6. A petition for a visa based
4 on “extraordinary ability” must be accompanied by clear evidence that the alien is coming
5 to the United States to continue work in the area of expertise, which may be demonstrated
6 by letters from prospective employers, evidence of prearranged commitments such as
7 contracts, or a statement from the beneficiary detailing plans on how he or she intends to
8 continue his or her work in the United States. 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(h)(5). USCIS explained
9 that Churyumov failed to meet this standard in his petition, which included a letter of
10 reference and his personal statement. CAR 6, 324-25, 377, 678-79. In finding no clear
11 evidence, USCIS noted Churyumov’s petition failed to show any evidence of financial
12 sourcing or completed business plans for capsule hostel projects in the United States. CAR
13 6.
14 In sum, the decision was not arbitrary or capricious. USCIS examined the evidence
15 in the record in its entirety and applied the correct legal analysis to that record. It finished
16 that review with the conclusion that the evidence, taken together, did not satisfy the
17 required standards and articulated satisfactory reasoning in its assessment. CAR 5-7.
18 While Churyumov clearly takes a different view of the evidence, it is not enough that
19 another adjudicator might have come to a different conclusion. Rijal v. USCIS, 772
20 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1346 (W.D. Wash. 2011). Rather, “[u]nless the court can conclude that
21 no rational adjudicator would have come to that conclusion, …USCIS did not act arbitrarily
22 and capriciously.” Id. Upon review of the record, the Court cannot say that is the case.
23 Even if USCIS introduced new evidentiary requirements into 8 C.F.R. §
24 204.5(h)(5), as Churyumov argues, that error “clearly had no bearing” on either “the
25 procedure used or the substance of decision reached.” Kazarian, 596 F.3d at 1122 (citing
26 Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 378 F.3d 1059, 1071 (9th Cir.
27 2004); (quotations omitted)). As noted above, USCIS had already found that he had failed
1 to demonstrate Churyumov had risen to the very top of his field or that he has enjoyed
2 sustained acclaim as required for the visa before evaluating whether he had shown that he
3 was coming to the United States to work in the hospitality industry.
4 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS USCIS’s motion for summary
5 judgment and DENIES Churyumov’s motion for summary judgment.
6 B. Motion for Leave to Amend
7 Churyumov moves for leave to amend and supplement his complaint. Dkt. # 25.
8 The proposed amendment restates Churyumov’s argument that if an applicant meets the
9 initial requisite evidentiary burden, then he is automatically entitled to the extraordinary
10 ability visa; a final merits determination is unlawful and violates the due process clause of
11 the Fourteenth Amendment. Dkt. # 25.
12 Churyumov’s argument, however, is unsupported by binding Ninth Circuit
13 precedent, which recognizes and has adopted USCIS policy and regulations. See Kazarian,
14 596 F.3d at 1119-20 (“If a petitioner has submitted the requisite evidence, USCIS
15 determines whether the evidence demonstrates both a ‘level of expertise ….’”); see also
16 Rijal v. USCIS, 772F.Supp.2d 1339, 1344 (W.D. Wash. 2011) (“If an alien satisfies this
17 initial evidentiary burden, the USCIS must then consider whether the evidence
18 demonstrates extraordinary ability.”), aff’d, 683 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2012).
19 Although leave to amend should be given freely, a district court may dismiss
20 without leave where a plaintiff’s proposed amendments would fail to cure the pleading
21 deficiencies and amendment would be futile. See Cervantes v. Countywide Home Loans,
22 Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2011) (setting forth standard of review and stating that
23 leave to amend may be denied where amendment would be futile); Cook, Perkiss & Liehe,
24 Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv. Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 247 (9th Cir. 1990). The futility of
25 Churyumov’s amendment warrants denial. Additionally, another factor supporting denial
26 is undue delay. See, e.g., Parker v. Joe Lujan Enters., Inc., 848 F.2d 118, 121 (9th Cir.
27 1988) (affirming district court’s denial of motion to amend in part on ground of undue
1 delay). Churyumov files this motion to amend a year into the litigation and after the parties
2 have filed motions for summary judgment. He offers no explanation for this delay nor is
3 one apparent. The amendment is not based on new evidence and restates an argument that
4 Churyumov presented in his current motion for summary judgment. The Court finds that
5 the circumstances of this delay weigh against granting leave to amend. After considering
6 the other relevant factors, the Court DENIES the motion.
7 V. CONCLUSION
8 For the reasons stated above, the Court the reasons below, the Court GRANTS
9 USCIS’s motion for summary judgment and DENIES Churyumov’s motion for summary
10 judgment. Dkt. ## 20, 22. The Court also DENIES Churyumov’s motion for leave to
11 amend. Dkt. # 25.
12 DATED this 7th day of November, 2019.
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The Honorable Richard A. Jones
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United States District Judge
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