“a proposed amendment is futile only if no set of facts can be proved under the 17 amendment to the pleadings that would constitute a valid and sufficient claim or 18 defense.”
How later courts described this case
- “a proposed amendment is futile only if no set of facts can be proved under the 17 amendment to the pleadings that would constitute a valid and sufficient claim or 18 defense.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT TACOMA
7
W.H. et al., CASE NO. C16-5273 BHS
8
Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING
9 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO
CERTIFY ISSUES TO THE
10 OLYMPIA SCHOOL DISTRICT, et al., WASHINGTON STATE SUPREME
COURT AND TO STAY
11 Defendants. PROCEEDINGS
12
13 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants Olympia School District
14 (“District”), Jennifer Priddy (“Priddy”), Frederick Stanley (“Stanley”), Barbara Greer
15 (“Greer”), William Lahmann (“Lahmann”), and Dominic Cvitanich’s (“Cvitanich”)
16 (collectively “Defendants”) motion to certify issues to the Washington State Supreme
17 Court and to stay proceedings. Dkt. 76. The Court has considered the pleadings filed in
18 support of and in opposition to the motion and the remainder of the file and hereby grants
19 the motion for the reasons stated herein.
20 I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
21 On April 8, 2016, Plaintiffs W.H., both for herself and as guardian for her minor
22 daughter P.H., J.H. individually, and B.M., both for herself and as guardian for her minor
1 daughter S.A. (collectively “Plaintiffs”) commenced this action. Dkt. 1. Plaintiff W.H. is
2 the mother of minor Plaintiff P.H. Dkt. 1, ⁋⁋ 13–14. Plaintiffs J.H. and B.M. are the
3 father and mother of minor Plaintiff S.A. Id., ⁋⁋ 15–17.
4 On June 23, 2017, Defendants moved for summary judgment. Dkt. 27. On August
5 18, 2017, the Court entered an order granting in part and denying in part Defendants’
6 motion. Dkt. 39. The Court granted summary judgment for Defendants to the extent
7 Plaintiffs argued Defendants violated a clearly established right of the minor Plaintiffs by
8 depriving them of necessary medical attention, granted summary judgment for Defendant
9 Cvitanich on Plaintiff’s claims against him under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and denied
10 Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ Title IX claims against the
11 District and Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims against the remaining Defendants. Dkt. 39 at 27.
12 Defendants moved for reconsideration, and the Court denied the motion on October 4,
13 2017. Dkt. 54. Defendants appealed to the Ninth Circuit. On September 26, 2018, the
14 Ninth Circuit affirmed the Court’s finding that Stanley and Greer are not entitled to
15 qualified immunity due to “triable issues as to whether they sustained a policy, practice,
16 or custom of deliberate indifference toward repeated sexual abuse that was a ‘moving
17 force’ behind the injuries of P.H. and S.A.” Dkt. 60 at 4. The Circuit reversed as to
18 Lahmann and Priddy, finding they were entitled to qualified immunity on the question of
19 whether a causal connection existed between their acts or failure to act and the abuse. Id.
20 at 4–5.
21 On February 2, 2019, Plaintiffs moved for leave to amend. Dkt. 65. On April 17,
22 2019, the Court granted the motion, permitting Plaintiffs to revise their claims on two
1 bases. Dkt. 74. First, Plaintiffs were permitted to amend their claim brought pursuant to
2 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to reflect the Ninth Circuit’s decision dismissing this claim as to
3 Defendants Priddy, Lahmann, and Cvitanich, and to clarify that the § 1983 claim was
4 maintained under the Fourteenth Amendment and Title IX of the Education Amendments
5 of 1972, 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a), not the Fourteenth Amendment and the Ninth Amendment.
6 Id. at 5, 11. Second, Plaintiffs were permitted to add a claim under the Washington Law
7 Against Discrimination (“WLAD”) RCW Chapter 49.60, on the theory that the District
8 could be liable for discrimination against the minor Plaintiffs as members of a protected
9 class in a place of public accommodation based on the Washington Supreme Court’s
10 decision in Floeting v. Group Health Cooperative, 192 Wn.2d 848 (2019) (“Floeting”).
11 Id. at 5–6, 11. Also on April 17, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint. Dkt. 75.
12 On June 25, 3019, Defendants filed the instant motion to certify issues to the
13 Washington Supreme Court and stay proceedings. Dkt. 76. On July 15, 2019, Plaintiffs
14 responded. Dkt. 77. On July 19, 2019, Defendants replied. Dkt. 79.
15 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
16 Relevant to the instant motion, in August of 2005, the District hired Gary Shafer, a
17 26-year-old man, as a bus driver. Dkt. 34-1 at 2.1 Over the course of his employment,
18 Shafer sexually harassed and abused between twenty-five and thirty-five (although
19 possibly as many as seventy-five) of the District’s youngest bus passengers, including the
20 minor Plaintiffs P.H. and S.A. Dkt. 34-2 at 76; Dkt. 34-5 at 49–50; Dkt. 75, ⁋ 68.
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1 A more detailed factual history is available in the Court’s August 18, 2017 Order. Dkt.
22 39 at 2–6.
1 III. DISCUSSION
2 Defendants ask the Court to certify questions to the Washington State Supreme
3 Court to address how a cause of action under Floeting may relate to Washington law (1)
4 appearing to show school districts are not subject to suit under a theory of strict liability
5 nor (2) subject to liability for intentional sexual misconduct perpetrated by their
6 employees. Dkt. 76 at 11. Defendants also ask the Court to certify a question asking
7 whether sexual abuse can be construed to be based on gender when an abuser harmed
8 children of both genders. Id. The Court finds that the first issue is appropriate for
9 certification, the second issue is dependent on the first, and the third is not appropriate for
10 certification.
11 A. The Court’s Order Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend
12 In its April 17, 2019 Order (the “April 17th Order”) granting the motion to amend,
13 the Court considered whether there was a conceivable set of facts from which it appeared
14 Plaintiffs could state a claim under the theory of recovery articulated in Floeting such that
15 amendment was not futile. See Miller v. Rykoff-Sexton, Inc., 845 F.2d 209, 214 (9th Cir.
16 1988) (“a proposed amendment is futile only if no set of facts can be proved under the
17 amendment to the pleadings that would constitute a valid and sufficient claim or
18 defense.”). In Floeting, the employee of a health care provider repeatedly sexually
19 harassed a patient when the patient was seeking medical treatment, thus violating his
20 right to be free from discrimination by the agents or employees of a place of public
21 accommodation under the WLAD. Floeting, 192 Wn.2d at 850, 852–53. Similarly, the
22 Court found that Plaintiffs could reasonably state a claim that their children were sexually
1 harassed by the district’s employee while on a school bus. See Dkt. 74 at 10 (explaining
2 that the WLAD defines places of public accommodation to include “any public library or
3 education institution, or schools of special instruction, or nursery schools, or day care
4 centers or children’s camps.”). The Court concluded that certification could be a matter
5 for additional motion practice once the record was fully developed. Id. at 10.
6 Relevant to Defendants’ arguments in the instant motion regarding strict liability,
7 the Court characterized Floeting as imposing “direct liability on a health care provider for
8 the discriminatory conduct of its employee who sexually harassed a patient, without
9 intercession of the doctrines of vicarious liability or respondeat superior.” Dkt. 74 at 9
10 (citing Floeting, 192 Wn.2d at 856–57). Relevant to Defendants’ arguments regarding
11 intentional misconduct, the Court explained that the Washington Supreme Court
12 specifically considered the argument that employers should not be liable for the
13 unforeseeable acts of an employee and instead decided that “RCW 49.60.214 is not a
14 negligence statute where foreseeability matters; it imposes direct liability for
15 discriminatory acts, regardless of the culpability of the actor.” Id. (quoting Floeting, 192
16 Wn.2d at 856).
17 B. Certification Standard
18 When there is no controlling Washington Supreme Court precedent on issues of
19 state law, the Court is bound to apply the law as it believes the Washington Supreme
20 Court would under the circumstances. See Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64
21 (1938). “If there be no decision by [the state’s highest] court then federal authorities must
22 apply what they find to be the state law after giving ‘proper regard’ to relevant rulings of
1 other courts of the State.” Commissioner v. Estate of Bosch, 387 U.S. 456, 465 (1967).
2 “Where an intermediate appellate state court rests its considered judgment upon the rule
3 of law which it announces, that is a datum for ascertaining state law which is not to be
4 disregarded by a federal court unless it is convinced by other persuasive data that the
5 highest court of the state would decide otherwise.” West v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 311 U.S.
6 223, 237 (1940).
7 However, another option is available to the Court. Rather than guessing what the
8 Washington Supreme Court would decide, the Court may certify the question to the
9 Washington Supreme Court for review. Under Washington law:
10 When in the opinion of any federal court before whom a proceeding is
pending, it is necessary to ascertain the local law of this state in order to
11 dispose of such proceeding and the local law has not been clearly
determined, such federal court may certify to the supreme court for answer
12 the question of local law involved and the supreme court shall render its
opinion in answer thereto.
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RCW 2.60.020. As noted by the United States Supreme Court, certification saves “time,
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energy, and resources and [perhaps most importantly] helps build a cooperative judicial
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federalism.” Lehman Bros. v. Schein, 416 U.S. 386, 391 (1974).
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Here, the Court concludes that one question, and a second contingent on the
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answer to the first as set out below are appropriate for certification. However, this Court
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does not intend its statement of the questions to restrict the Washington State Supreme
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Court’s consideration of any issue that it may determine is relevant. Should the
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Washington State Supreme Court decide to consider the certified questions, it may in its
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1 discretion reformulate the questions. See Affiliated FM Ins. Co. v. LTK Consulting Servs.
2 Inc., 556 F.3d 920, 922 (9th Cir. 2009).
3 C. Merits
4 Plaintiffs reasonably object to Defendants’ motion for certification on the basis
5 that the motion: (1) raises arguments which could have been raised in Defendants’
6 opposition to the motion to amend complaint and so functions as a cloaked motion for
7 reconsideration and (2) was brought before the record has been further developed as the
8 Court indicated may be appropriate. Dkt. 77 at 1–4.
9 Regarding the first issue, for the purposes of a motion to amend it must be
10 “beyond doubt” that amendment is futile as a matter of law. See DCD Programs, Ltd. v.
11 Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 188 (9th Cir. 1987). However, when the Court is called to decide
12 liability, the Court must decide conclusively how to interpret the law. The Court finds
13 that in this case there is a sufficient lack of clarity about how the Washington Supreme
14 Court would apply a claim for strict liability for discrimination in places of public
15 accommodation announced in Floeting to sexual abuse perpetrated by an employee of a
16 school district such that certification is appropriate.
17 Regarding the second issue, which appears to refer to Defendants’ arguments
18 about Plaintiffs’ ability to prove discrimination on the basis of gender, the specifics of the
19 abuse perpetrated by Schafer against the minor Plaintiffs themselves in comparison to
20 other minor victims are not yet clearly established in the record. However, the Court
21 agrees with Plaintiffs that whether the specifics of Schafer’s abuse show discrimination
22 based on gender is a question of fact not appropriate for certification.
1 1. Strict Liability
2 First, it appears that in Washington, school districts have not been subject to suit
3 under a strict or direct liability theory. While it is an older case, the Washington Supreme
4 Court explained the issue in Briscoe v. Sch. Dist. No. 12, Grays Harbor Cty., 32 Wn.3d
5 353, 360–61 (1949):
6 The general rule in this country is that a school district is not, in the
absence of a statute, subject to liability for injuries to pupils suffered in
7 connection with their attendance at school, since such district, in
maintaining schools, acts as an agent of the state, and performs a purely
8 public or governmental duty, imposed on it by law for the benefit of the
public, and for the performance of which it receives no profit or advantage.
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In the state of Washington, this general rule has been changed by virtue of
10 Rem.Rev.Stat. §§ 950, 951 providing, inter alia, that a school district may
be sued ‘for an injury to the rights of the plaintiff arising from some act or
11 omission’ of such public corporation.
12 (emphasis added). The referenced statute currently appears in the Washington Revised
13 Code at RCW 4.08.120. Defendants cite a substantial volume of Washington caselaw
14 holding school districts liable only under negligence theories for conduct similar to the
15 conduct alleged in this case. See Dkt. 79 at 2–3 (citing, inter alia, Anderson v. Soap Lake
16 Sch. Dist., 191 Wn.2d 343 (2018); N.L. v. Bethel Sch. Dist., 186 Wn.2d 422 (2016)).
17 Plaintiffs fail to cite authorities which show a claim against a school district proceeding
18 on a theory of strict liability in Washington.
19 Therefore, the Court certifies the following question:
20 1. May a school district be subject to strict liability for discrimination by its
employees in violation of the WLAD?
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1 2. Intentional Acts
2 Defendants argue that Floeting could represent a sea change in Washington law on
3 the issue of employer liability for intentional sexual misconduct by employees and imply
4 that allowing a strict liability cause of action under the WLAD would have a particular
5 impact on school districts. See Dkt. 79 at 4–5 (citing motions for leave to amend to add a
6 WLAD cause of action in two ongoing cases against school districts). Defendants rely on
7 several authorities to support their argument. For example, in Evans v. Tacoma Sch. Dist.
8 No. 10, 195 Wn. App. 25, 29–40 (2016), the Washington Court of Appeals held the
9 school district could not be vicariously liable for a school security guard’s sexual assault
10 of a student because the guard’s conduct was outside the scope of his employment. In
11 C.J.C. v. Corp. of Catholic Bishop, 138 Wn.2d 699, 718–19 (1999) (“C.J.C.”),
12 negligence claims were brought against church officers who allegedly failed to protect
13 children from sexual abuse and the Washington Supreme Court explained that it has
14 never adopted an approach permitting the imposition of respondeat superior or strict
15 liability for an employee’s intentional sexual misconduct. In Niece v. Elmview Group
16 Home, 131 Wn.2d 39, 42 (1997) (“Niece”), the Washington Supreme Court declined to
17 adopt what it characterized as “strict liability for an employee’s intentional or criminal
18 conduct,” explaining that it was “unable to determine the public policy consequences of
19 such a major change in Washington employer liability and therefore reserve[d] such
20 considerations of public policy for the Legislature.” See Dkt. 79 at 3. Defendants argue
21 the conduct alleged in the case at bar is more analogous to the conduct alleged in these
22 cases than the verbal sexual harassment alleged in Floeting. Id.
1 Plaintiffs’ allegations in this case are primarily grounded in physical sexual abuse,
2 see, e.g., Dkt. 75, ⁋⁋ 28, 37, though sexual harassment is also alleged, see, e.g., id. at 68.
3 Defendants appear to argue that at some point conduct becomes sufficiently intentional or
4 criminal that it goes beyond the scope of the WLAD. The Court finds this difficult to
5 reconcile with Floeting—a person subject to assault based on membership in a protected
6 class in a place of public accommodation is arguably more deprived of the benefits of
7 public accommodation than a person subject to verbal sexual harassment. Floeting clearly
8 imposed direct liability on employers for “the sexual harassment of members of the
9 public by their employees, just as . . . if their employees turned customers away because
10 of their race, religion, or sexual orientation.” Floeting, 192 Wn.2d at 851. The
11 Washington Supreme Court further explained “[i]t is the province of the legislature to
12 establish standards of conduct and attendant rules of liability, and the legislature
13 determined direct liability is appropriate” for claims of discrimination in public
14 accommodation. Dkt. 77 at 7 (citing Floeting, 192 Wn.2d at 856).
15 While the Court finds Defendants’ line of analysis most likely foreclosed either by
16 Floeting or by an answer in the negative to the Court’s first certified question, the
17 Washington Supreme Court could also consider the following question, contingent on its
18 answer to the Court’s first certified question:
19 2. If a school district may be strictly liable for its employees’ discrimination
under the WLAD, does “discrimination” for the purposes of this cause of
20 action encompass intentional sexual misconduct including physical abuse
and assault?
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1 3. Discrimination Based on Gender
2 Defendants argue that the Court should certify a question asking in effect whether
3 a plaintiff can prove discrimination was based on gender when the perpetrator directed
4 harassing conduct toward victims of both genders. The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that
5 whether Plaintiffs can show gender was a substantial factor in the discrimination the
6 minor Plaintiffs experienced remains a factual question at this point in the proceedings,
7 with discovery currently scheduled to close on January 6, 2020. Dkt. 77 at 9 (citing
8 Floeting, 192 Wn.2d at 853). Therefore, the question does not appear ripe for a legal
9 determination, and the Court declines to certify this issue, though as previously stated the
10 Washington Supreme Court clearly has the discretion to reformulate the certified
11 questions to address this matter as well if the Washington Supreme Court deems it
12 relevant.
13 D. Stay
14 Finally, the Court must consider whether to stay this action pending resolution of
15 the certification process. Plaintiffs contend that Defendants have failed to demonstrate
16 any question of law warranting certification. Dkt. 77 at 10. For the reasons set forth
17 above, the Court disagrees. Plaintiffs do not make arguments specific to the issue of a
18 stay. The Court finds that a stay will conserve resources by avoiding potentially
19 unnecessary discovery or motions practice. Therefore, the Court STAYS this action until
20 the Washington Supreme Court either declines the certification or answers the certified
21 questions. Of course, nothing in this order should be construed to prevent the parties from
22 pursuing resolution of this case through settlement negotiations.
1 IV. ORDER
2 Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants’ motion for certification, Dkt.
3 76, is GRANTED. The Clerk shall stay and administratively close this matter.
4 The Clerk shall also submit to the Washington State Supreme Court certified
5 copies of this Order; a copy of the docket in this matter, and Docket Numbers 1, 15, 39,
6 44, 54, 60, 74, and 75–79. The record so compiled contains the matters in the pending
7 case deemed material for consideration of the questions certified for answer.
8 In accordance with Washington State RAP 16.16(e)(1), which states that “[t]he
9 federal court will designate who will file the first brief,” the Court designates Plaintiffs as
10 the party which will file the first brief in the Washington State Supreme Court on the
11 certified question. The parties are referred to RAP 16.16 for additional information
12 regarding procedures upon review of the certified question. The Clerk shall notify the
13 parties within three days after the above-described record is filed in the Washington State
14 Supreme Court.
15 Dated this 6th day of September, 2019.
A
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BENJAMIN H. SETTLE
18 United States District Judge
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