The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
April 17, 2002 Session
PELILIA SAN JUAN-TORREGOSA, et al., v. ENGRACIA TORREGOSA
GARCIA, ROMULO G. GARCIA, ROEL T. GARCIA, RONALD T.
GARCIA, IMELDA GARCIA-MARGULIES, and ZERLINA GARCIA-
WALDROP, and ST. MARY’S HOSPICE CENTER and RANDALL E.
NICHOLS, ESQ.
Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Knox County
No. 151792-2 Hon. Daryl R. Fansler, Chancellor
FILED MAY 7, 2002
No. E2001-02906-COA-R3-CV
Patient in “chronic vegetative state” is on life support, i.e., nutrition by “percutaneous endoscopic
gastrostomy”. The Trial Court found by clear and convincing evidence that patient would not want
to be subjected to artificial nutrition. However, the Court ruled since she had not executed a living
will, the Court had no authority to authorize discontinuance of the artificial nutrition. On appeal,
we reverse.
Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed.
HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOUSTON M. GODDARD,
P.J., and D. MICHAEL SWINEY , J., joined.
Gerald L. Gulley, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant, Engracia Torregosa Garcia, by and
through the Guardian Ad Litem, Gerald L. Gulley, Jr.
David T. Lewis, Knoxville, Tennessee, for St. Mary’s Health System, Inc., d/b/a St. Mary’s Hospice
Center.
Kenneth W. Holbert, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellees.*
*Appellees by and through counsel gave notice to the Court that they “elected not to participate in the
appellate process” and did not file a brief..
OPINION
Engracia Torregosa Garcia is a patient at St. Mary’s Hospice Center in Knoxville, and
she is sustained through artificial hydration and nutrition.
This action was initiated by Ms. Garcia’s mother and siblings, alleging that Ms.
Garcia had been a patient at Methodist Medical Center prior to being moved to the Hospice, and that
while at the Methodist Medical Center, she was “on life support consisting of intravenous hydration
and nutrition by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)”. Appellees further allege that when
Ms. Garcia was moved to the Hospice, she was not provided with the PEG life support. Responding
to the Petition, the Chancellor appointed a Guardian Ad Litem for Ms. Garcia, and also an Attorney
Ad Litem for Ms. Garcia. A Restraining Order was issued, directing the Hospice to provide the
nourishment to Ms. Garcia.
At the conclusion of the trial, the Chancellor issued an injunction requiring the
Hospice to provide nourishment as sought in the Petition. Ms. Garcia, by and through the Guardian
Ad Litem, Gerald L. Gulley, Jr., and St. Mary’s Health Care System have appealed.
The evidence at trial established that Ms. Garcia suffered a cardiac arrest on or about
July 2, 2001, and although she was later resuscitated, she suffered oxygen deprivation to her brain
for more than ten minutes, and is in a chronic vegetative state. Medical opinion established that she
is breathing reflexively, but there is no evidence that she will be able to recover “cortical functions”.
Ms. Garcia also has metastatic breast cancer. Ms. Garcia’s treating physician, Dr. Richard Parrish,
testified at trial that he practices pulmonary medicine, and is also a critical care medicine specialist.
He explained that being a critical care specialist involved knowledge of and training in critical
illnesses of the heart and lungs, neurologic disease and infections. He opined within a reasonable
degree of medical certainty that Ms. Garcia would not recover and that he had never seen anyone in
her condition recover. He stated that Ms. Garcia was functioning on a low brain level, where the
brain stem kept her blood circulating, maintained blood pressure, and maintained respiration, and
she is in a persistent vegetative state and her chance of recovering any cortex activity was zero. The
doctor was asked about his discussions with the family regarding Ms. Garcia’s transfer to the
Hospice, and he said that he felt the Hospice was the best alternative. He further stated that he
discussed the discontinuation of artificial nutrition and hydration with the family, and that they had
ultimately decided to continue the fluids but stop the nutrition, which he felt was reasonable. He
explained that, in the absence of a written directive from the patient, his practice was to allow the
spouse to make the decision regarding the withholding or withdrawal of treatment, based on advice
from the hospital’s attorney, and that this is what he has done for years.
When asked why Ms. Garcia had been given life support in the first place, he
explained that although her injury initially seemed very severe, he could not say from the beginning
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whether she would recover, and wanted to give her every chance to improve if she could.
On October 29, 2001, the Trial Court entered an Order of Final Judgment and
Permanent Injunction. The Trial Court found that pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in
Cruzan v. Director of Missouri Health Dept., 497 U.S. 261 (1990), a person has a constitutional right
to make a determination as to whether to accept or reject medical treatment, including artificial
nutrition and hydration. The Trial Court stated that it was willing to concede, for the purposes of
this case, that a living will or other document was not necessary to allow a person to exercise their
fundamental and inherent right to die naturally and with dignity, and to refuse or withdraw from
medical care.
The Court further found as a matter of fact that the appellants had shown by clear and
convincing evidence that Ms. Garcia would not wish to be subjected to artificial nutrition and
hydration, and if she were competent, that would be the expression of her wishes. However, the
Court found as a matter of law, that the general assembly had required in Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-
103(5) that a person wishing to authorize the withholding of artificial nutrition and hydration could
do so only by the inclusion of specific language in a living will or power of attorney. The Court
ruled the temporary restraining order should be made permanent, and the Hospice and the relatives
were permanently enjoined from withholding nourishment from Ms. Garcia. The Court also entered
an Order appointing Ms. Garcia’s husband as conservator of her financial affairs.
Appellants assert that the Trial Court erred in refusing to allow Ms. Garcia’s family
to terminate the artificial nutrition and hydration which is keeping her body alive, and thereby failing
to honor her wishes and denying her constitutional right to bodily integrity.
Most states have recognized that a person has the right to refuse unwanted medical
treatment. Many states have found that this right stems from the common law right to be free from
any type of medical treatment without giving informed consent. See In re Estate of Longeway, 549
N.E.2d 292 (Ill. 1989); In re Gardner, 534 A.2d 947 (Me. 1987); Mack v. Mack, 618 A.2d 744 (Md.
1993); Guardianship of Jane Doe, 583 N.E.2d 1263 (Mass. 1992); In re Martin, 538 N.W.2d 399
(Mich. 1995); In re Conroy, 486 A.2d 1209 (N.J. 1985); Matter of Westchester County Medical
Center, 531 N.E.2d 607 (N.Y. 1988).
Some states have grounded this right in the federal (and sometimes state)
constitutional right to privacy and self-determination. See In re Guardianship of Browning, 568 So.
2d 4 (Fla. 1990); State v. Vogel, 537 N.W.2d 358 (N.D. 1995); In the Matter of Grant, 747 P.2d 445
(Wash. 1987). Still others have found that the right exists pursuant to both constitutional sources
and the common law. See Rasmussen v. Fleming, 741 P.2d 674 (Ariz. 1987); Foody v. Manchester
Memorial Hospital, 482 A.2d 713 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1984); In re Torres, 357 N.W.2d 332 (Minn.
1984); In the Matter of Guardianship of L.W., 482 N.W.2d 60 (Wis. 1992).
Tennessee clearly recognizes the right of a competent adult to bodily integrity and
self-determination in informed consent cases, and that a competent person can refuse medical
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treatment. See Ashe v. Radiation Oncology Associates, 9 S.W.3d 119 (Tenn. 1999); Shadrick v.
Coker, 963 S.W.2d 726 (Tenn. 1998); Church v. Perales, 39 S.W.3d 149 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).
See also State v. Ruane, 912 S.W.2d 766 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). This Court has held that the
citizens of our state are afforded a greater right of privacy by the Tennessee Constitution than that
provided in the Federal Constitution, and that “. . . the Tennessee Constitution and especially the
Declaration of Rights in Article I, indicate a strong historic commitment by the citizens of this State
to individual liberty and freedom from governmental interference in their personal lives. Our
Supreme Court noted this commitment in Davis”. (Davis v. Davis, 842 S.W.2d 588 (Tenn. 1992).
Campbell v. Sundquist, 926 S.W.2d 250 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), p.259.
The United States Supreme Court in Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health,
497 U.S. 261, 110 S. Ct. 2841 (1990), recognized that a competent person had a constitutionally
protected liberty interest in refusing unwanted medical treatment. The Court stopped short of finding
that an incompetent person would have the same right, however, the court said:
An incompetent person is not able to make an informed and voluntary choice to
exercise a hypothetical right to refuse treatment, or any other right. Such a “right”
must be exercised for her, if at all, by some sort of surrogate. Here, Missouri has in
effect recognized that under certain circumstances a surrogate may act for the patient
in electing to have hydration and nutrition withdraw in such a way as to cause death,
but it has established a procedural safeguard to assure that the action of the surrogate
conforms as best it may to the wishes expressed by the patient while competent.
Missouri requires that evidence of the incompetent’s wishes as to the withdrawal of
treatment be proved by clear and convincing evidence. The question, then, is
whether the United States Constitution forbids the establishment of this procedural
safeguard by the State. We hold that it does not.
Id. at 280.
Tennessee’s public policy on this issue is set forth in the Legislative intent section
of the Tennessee Right to Natural Death Act, codified at Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-102. This statute
reads:
The general assembly declares it to be the law of the state of Tennessee that every
person has the fundamental and inherent right to die naturally with as much dignity
as circumstances permit and to accept, refuse, withdraw from, or otherwise control
decisions relating to the rendering of the person's own medical care, specifically
including palliative care and the use of extraordinary procedures and treatment.
This policy belongs to every person, and does not distinguish between those who are
competent and those who are not. In State Dept. of Human Services v. Northern, 563 S.W.2d 197
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1978), an elderly person was found to be incompetent to make a decision regarding
whether to amputate her feet, and the Department of Human Services petitioned the court for
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guidance regarding whether the patient should undergo surgery without her consent. The Court
found that, based on the testimony of several medical professionals, that the state was entitled to take
action to preserve the patient’s life. The Court opined, “If the patient would assume and exercise her
rightful control over her own destiny by stating that she prefers death to the loss of her feet, her wish
would be respected. The doctors so testified, this Court so informed her; and this Court here and
now reiterates its commitment to this principle.” Id.
In his concurring opinion, Judge (now Chief Justice) Drowota stated that he was
generally in agreement with the principle that an individual had a right to refuse treatment so long
as that individual was competent. Id. at 213. He also stated that when an individual was
incompetent to make such a decision, the state had a duty to become involved by trying to determine
what “the desires of the patient would have been had he been conscious and competent”, and that
the initial assumption would be that the patient desired lifesaving treatment unless that assumption
was contradicted by previous statements made when competent. Id. As further evidence of the State
of Tennessee’s recognition of the right of an incompetent patient to not be subjected to unwanted
medical treatment, the legislature has provided several means by which an individual’s right to
consent to or refuse treatment can be exercised where an individual is incompetent. Tenn. Code
Ann. §32-11-101 et seq. provides that a person can execute a living will which shall control certain
medical decisions in the event the person subsequently becomes incompetent. Tenn. Code Ann.
§34-6-201 et seq. provides for decision-making authority to be transferred to someone else upon the
patient’s incompetency by way of a durable power of attorney for health care. Tenn. Code Ann. §34-
3-101 et seq. provides that a conservator can be appointed for a disabled adult, and that such
conservator can be vested with the right to give or refuse consent to medical treatment. Tenn. Code
Ann. §34-3-104(8). It is clear that from State Court decisions, artificial nutrition and hydration are
to be included in the realm of medical treatment which a patient has a right to refuse. The American
Medical Association concurs in this assessment, as stated in an ethics opinion on the subject:
Even if death is not imminent but a patient’s coma is beyond doubt irreversible and
there are adequate safeguards to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis and with the
concurrence of those who have responsibility for the care of the patient, it is not
unethical to discontinue all means of life-prolonging medical treatment. Life-
prolonging medical treatment includes medication and artificially or technologically
supplied respiration, nutrition or hydration.
American Medical Association Council on Ethics and Judicial Affairs, Opinion 2.18 (1986).
Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-103(5) specifically states that medical care includes
“artificial or forced feeding of nourishment, hydration, or other basic nutrients”.
In this case, the Trial Court found based upon Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-103(5), that
an incompetent person’s right to refuse artificial nutrition and hydration could only be exercised by
a valid written document (living will or durable power of attorney) which contained the language
found in the statutory section.
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The trial court felt that this section evidenced a goal of the legislature to limit these
types of decisions to a written expression of the individual’s intent.
Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-103(5) states:
"Medical care" includes any procedure or treatment rendered by a physician or health
care provider designed to diagnose, assess or treat a disease, illness or injury. These
include, but are not limited to: surgery; drugs; transfusions; mechanical
ventilation; dialysis; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; artificial or forced feeding of
nourishment, hydration or other basic nutrients, regardless of the method used;
radiation therapy; or any other medical act designed for diagnosis, assessment or
treatment or to sustain, restore or supplant vital body function. This part shall not
be interpreted to allow the withholding or withdrawal of simple nourishment
or fluids so as to condone death by starvation or dehydration unless the
provisions of the instrument which creates a living will or durable power of
attorney for health care include the following or substantially the following: "I
authorize the withholding or withdrawal of artificially provided food, water or
other nourishment or fluids";
(Emphasis added).
When initially enacted, this section did not contain the emphasized language, but said:
“In no case shall this section be interpreted to allow the withholding of simple nourishment or fluids
so as to condone death by starvation or dehydration.” Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-103(5) (1985). In
1987, this section was interpreted by the Attorney General to prohibit the withholding of basic
nutrients whether by intravenous feeding, tube feeding, or any other type of artificial feeding. See
Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 87-21. In 1991, the legislature amended the Act by deleting this
prohibition, and substituting:
This part shall not be interpreted to allow the withholding of simple nourishment or
fluids so as to condone death by starvation or dehydration unless the provisions of
the instrument which creates a living will include the following or substantially the
following language:
I authorize the withholding of artificially provided food, water, or other nourishment
or fluids.
1991 Tenn. Pub. Acts Ch. 167.1
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That same year, the legislature amended the statute again to add “withdrawal” along with
“withholding” in the above definition, and amended the statutory living will form to include a
specific provision regarding artificially provided nourishment and fluids. 1991 Tenn. Pub. Acts Ch.
344.
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The Chancellor’s construction of this provision, would render this section of the
statute in conflict with other sections of the statute. For example, in the “legislative intent” section
of this statute, Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-102, the general assembly declared that it is the “law of the
state of Tennessee that every person has the fundamental and inherent right to die naturally with as
much dignity as circumstances permit and to accept, refuse, withdraw from, or otherwise control
decisions relating to the rendering of the person’s own medical care”, and that the general assembly
“further” empowered the exercise of this right by providing that persons can execute a living will.
Use of the word “further” establishes that a living will is an additional way that one can exercise this
right declared to be fundamental and inherent.
The Trial Court’s construction also conflicts with the provisions of Tenn. Code Ann.
§32-11-110(d), which states “Nothing in this chapter shall impair or supersede any legal right or
legal responsibility which any person may have to effect the withholding or withdrawal of medical
care in any lawful manner. In such respect, the provisions of this chapter are cumulative”, this
language suggests that a living will is merely one way that a person can exercise her right to refuse
medical care. Further, Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-110(e) states that “This chapter shall create no
presumption concerning the intention of an individual who has not executed a declaration to consent
to the use, withholding, or withdrawal of medical care.” Accordingly, the fact that a person has not
executed a living will does not create any presumption that they would not want medical treatment
withdrawn or withheld.
Clearly, the Chancellor’s rationale does not comport with the legislative intent
expressed in the statute. The Living Will Statute, when read in its entirety, recognizes that
individuals in this State have the fundamental and inherent right to refuse medical care, and that
medical care includes the provision of artificial nutrition and hydration. The statute provides one
way that the individual’s rights may be exercised, and the fact that an individual has not executed
a living will does not create any presumption that that individual would not necessarily exercise her
right to refuse medical care. Tenn. Code Ann. §32-11-110. Other jurisdictions which have enacted
living will statutes who have addressed this issue are in accord with this interpretation. See
DeGrella v. Elston, 858 S.W.2d 698 (Ky. 1993); In re Fiori, 673 A.2d 905 (Pa. 1996); In re Tavel,
661 A.2d 1061 (Del. 1995); In re Gardner, 534 A.2d 947 (Me. 1987); Matter of Westchester County
Medical Center, 531 N.E.2d 607 (N.Y. 1988).
We concur with the Trial Court’s fact finding that evidence is clear and convincing
that Ms. Garcia would not want to be kept alive by artificial means and that her wishes, expressed
while she was competent, would be to have these services discontinued. Courts have the duty to
protect and when necessary enable individuals to exercise his or her Constitutional Rights. We
Order this matter remanded and direct the Chancellor appoint a conservator to carry out Ms. Garcia’s
wishes, including the refusal for medical care. Tenn. Code Ann. §34-3-104. The requisites for the
appointment are established in this case, as there is clear and convincing evidence of Ms. Garcia’s
incompetence, and the statute contains a priority list of persons to be considered for the appointment.
Since Ms. Garcia had no written preference, her husband would be the first choice to act as her
conservator and make medical decisions for her. See Tenn. Code Ann. §34-1-126 and §34-3-103.
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We reverse the Judgment of the Trial Court and remand for proceedings in
accordance with this Opinion. The costs of the appeal are assessed to the Appellees.
_________________________
HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, J.
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