The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT January 17, 2024
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS Nathan Ochsner, Clerk
HOUSTON DIVISION
BROCK ANDREW STARKEY, §
§
Plaintiff, §
§
v. § Civil Action No. 4:19-CV-04055
§
BRYAN COLLIER, DR. LANNETTE §
LINTHICUM, JOHN DOE, JOHN DOE, §
JOHN DOE, CATHERINE MAYO, §
KHARI MOTT, SEUNG TAEK LIM, §
BRAD C. BURNS, and JOHN §
PULVINO, §
§
Defendants. §
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Brock Andrew Starkey is an inmate in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice
(“TDCJ”). He filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that the Defendants used
excessive force against him and denied him medical care for his injuries. He seeks
monetary and injunctive relief.
Starkey previously obtained a default judgment against Defendant Khari Mott,
and the remaining Defendants have now moved to dismiss the claims against them.
Based on the pleadings, the motion, and the applicable law, Defendants’ Motion to
Dismiss Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), (Dkt. No. 58),
is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
I. BACKGROUND1
Brock Andrew Starkey alleges that around February 2018, he was assaulted by
TDCJ Corrections Officers at the Estelle Unit, with Defendant Brad C. Burns as the
primary offender. (Dkt. No. 1 at 7). Starkey was sent to Huntsville Memorial Hospital,
although it is unclear from the Complaint whether he was hospitalized for injuries
sustained in the alleged assault or for a mental health evaluation. (Id. at 8). Starkey
alleges that after his return to the Estelle Unit, he began requesting medical attention for
physical injuries; again, it is unclear whether these injuries resulted from the alleged
assault. (Id.).
Starkey claims that later, on or about August 8, 2018, he had a telemedicine visit
during which Dr. Mark A. Barber suggested to him that he might have a hernia. (Id. at
9). Dr. Barber ordered x-rays, and Starkey was transferred to the Lovelady Unit, where
x-rays were taken about one month later. (Id.). Starkey further alleges that he was
diagnosed with potential pernicious anemia in July 2019 and was prescribed monthly B-
12 injections. (Id. at 10). According to Starkey, he continues to suffer pain from injuries
sustained in the alleged assault and has unsuccessfully attempted to receive medical
treatment from the Defendants. (Id. 10–11). Starkey seeks monetary and injunctive relief
for the alleged use of excessive force and deliberate indifference to his serious medical
needs. (Id. at 14–17).
1 For purposes of addressing this Motion, the Court accepts all factual allegations by the
party seeking to assert personal jurisdiction, and resolves all conflicts in that party’s favor. See
Alpine View Co. Ltd. v. Atlas Copco AB, 205 F.3d 208, 215 (5th Cir. 2000).
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. RULE 12(B)(1)
A federal court must dismiss a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under
Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure when the court lacks the statutory
or constitutional power to adjudicate the plaintiff’s claims. Home Builders Ass’n of Miss.,
Inc., v. City of Madison, Miss., 143 F.3d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir. 1998). In resolving a motion
under Rule 12(b)(1), a court may refer to evidence outside the pleadings. Espinoza v. Mo.
Pacific R.R. Co., 754 F.2d 1247, 1248 n.1 (5th Cir. 1985). When the jurisdictional issue is of
a factual nature rather than facial, plaintiff must establish subject matter jurisdiction by a
preponderance of the evidence. Irwin v. Veterans Admin., 874 F.2d 1092, 1096 (5th Cir.
1989).
B. RULE 12(B)(6)
Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits a defendant to move
to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Rule 8(a)(2) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires a pleading to contain “a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although “the
pleading standard Rule 8 announces does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’” it
demands more than labels and conclusions. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct.
1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555,
127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a
cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. The
defendant, as the moving party, bears the burden of proving that no legally cognizable
claim for relief exists. Flores v. Morehead Dotts Rybak, Inc., No. 2:21-CV-00265, 2022 WL
4740076, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 29, 2022) (citing 5B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller,
Federal Practice and Procedure § 1357 (3d ed.)).
In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a court must accept the plaintiff’s
factual allegations as true and view those allegations in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff. White v. U.S. Corrections, L.L.C., 996 F.3d 302, 306–07 (5th Cir. 2021). The court
must evaluate whether “a complaint contains sufficient factual matter to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (cleaned up).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Id. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it
asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.
“Dismissal . . . is appropriate where the plaintiff fails to allege ‘enough facts to state a
claim that is plausible on its face’ and thus does not ‘raise a right to relief above the
speculative level.’” Montoya v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 614 F.3d 145, 148 (5th Cir.
2010) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. at 1965).
III. DISCUSSION
The Defendants argue that they are immune from suit for damages in their official
capacities and that they did not violate Starkey’s rights. (Dkt. No. 58 at 2–9). The Court
addresses their arguments in turn.
A. ELEVENTH AMENDMENT IMMUNITY
“[I]n the absence of consent a suit in which the State or one of its agencies or
departments is named as the defendant is proscribed by the Eleventh Amendment.”
Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100, 104 S.Ct. 900, 908, 79 L.Ed.2d
67 (1984). A suit for damages against a state official in his official capacity is not
considered to be a suit against the individual, but rather against the state. Hafer v. Melo,
502 U.S. 21, 25, 112 S.Ct. 358, 361, 116 L.Ed.2d 301 (1991). This Court, therefore, lacks
subject matter jurisdiction over Starkey’s claims for monetary damages against the
Defendants in their official capacities.
B. CLAIMS FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
Starkey seeks an injunction barring the Defendants from retaliating against him or
harassing him for bringing this case. (Dkt. No. 1 at 16). However, his Complaint does
not allege that any such retaliation or harassment has occurred. Under Article III of the
Constitution, a federal court cannot adjudicate hypothetical claims, but only actual cases
or controversies. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. To satisfy the requirements of Article III, an
injury in fact must be “concrete . . . and actual or imminent, not conjectural or
hypothetical.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2136, 119
L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (cleaned up). Starkey’s claims for injunctive relief are entirely
hypothetical. His Complaint alleges no retaliation or harassment yet seeks to enjoin
possible future harassment or retaliation. These claims are hypothetical, not concrete,
actual, or imminent. This Court therefore lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate them.
Even if the Court were to consider Starkey’s allegation that a hold has been placed
on his prisoner trust fund account for no reason, this allegation, even if true, does not
constitute retaliation.
To state a valid claim for retaliation under section 1983, a
prisoner must allege (1) a specific constitutional right, (2) the
defendant’s intent to retaliate against the prisoner for his or
her exercise of that right, (3) a retaliatory adverse act, and (4)
causation.
Bibbs v. Early, 541 F.3d 267, 270 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting Jones v. Greninger, 188 F.3d 322,
324–25 (5th Cir. 1999)). Accepting Starkey’s assertions in his response as true, he still fails
to plead any facts showing an intent to retaliate or causation. He therefore fails to state a
claim for retaliation.
C. CLAIMS AGAINST COLLIER, LINTHICUM, AND PULVINO
To prevail on his claims, Starkey must demonstrate that each defendant was
personally involved in the alleged constitutional violation, or that the Defendants
committed wrongful acts that were causally connected to a constitutional deprivation.
See Jones v. Lowndes Cnty., Miss., 678 F.3d 344, 349 (5th Cir. 2012). In addition, supervisory
officials cannot be held vicariously liable under 42 U.S.C. ' 1983 for acts of their
subordinates on a respondeat superior theory. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New
York, 436 U.S. 658, 692, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2036, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).
Defendant Bryan Collier is the Executive Director of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice. (Dkt. No. 1 at 3). Defendant Lannette Linthicum is described in the
Complaint as “the last known Director of T.D.C.J. Health Services Division.” (Id.).
Pulvino’s position is unclear from the pleadings. (See id. at 3–6). Starkey makes no
specific allegations concerning any of these three Defendants, pleads no facts showing
that any of these Defendants are directly responsible for providing medical care to
inmates, and appears to sue Collier and Linthicum based solely on their supervisory
positions. Because none of these Defendants was personally involved in any of the
alleged wrongful acts or omissions, Starkey’s claims against them must be dismissed.
D. DELIBERATE INDIFFERENCE
The Eighth Amendment “establish[es] the government’s obligation to provide
medical care for those whom it is punishing by incarceration.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S.
97, 103, 97 S.Ct. 285, 290, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). Thus, an Eighth Amendment violation
may occur where “denial of medical care may result in pain and suffering which no one
suggests would serve any penological purpose.” Id. To rise to the level of a constitutional
violation, however, prison officials must exhibit deliberate indifference to the prisoner’s
serious medical needs. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 1974, 128
L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). “Deliberate indifference” is more than mere negligence, but
“something less than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm or with
knowledge that harm will result.” Id. at 835, 114 S.Ct. at 1978. Rather, deliberate
indifference requires that the defendant be subjectively aware of a substantial risk of
serious harm to the inmate and recklessly disregard that risk. Id. at 829, 836, 114 S.Ct. at
1974, 1978.
Deliberate indifference is an extremely high standard to meet
. . . [T]he plaintiff must show that the officials “refused to treat
him, ignored his complaints, intentionally treated him
incorrectly, or engaged in any similar conduct that would
clearly evince a wanton disregard for any serious medical
needs.”
Domino v. Texas Dep’t of Crim. Justice, 239 F.3d 752, 756 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting Johnson v.
Treen, 759 F.2d 1236, 1238 (5th Cir. 1985)).
The Defendants argue that allegations in Starkey’s Complaint and exhibits to the
Complaint show that Starkey received medical attention. (Dkt. No. 58 at 6–7). While
these documents do show that he eventually received medical care, they do not contradict
his allegation that he requested care for several months before being appropriately
treated. For example, grievances attached to the Complaint show that Starkey was told
he would be seen by a doctor, but no appointment was ever scheduled, (Dkt. No. 1 at 37),
that requests for care were ignored, (id. at 39), and that one of the Defendants accused
him of fabricating his symptoms, (id. at 41–42).
While it may be that the Defendants will be able to show, upon the presentation of
evidence, that Starkey did receive constitutionally adequate medical care, the Complaint
sufficiently alleges facts supporting his claim that he did not. The Motion to Dismiss is
therefore denied as to Starkey’s deliberate indifference claims.
E. EXCESSIVE FORCE
Starkey also alleges that he was assaulted by Defendant Burns but offers no details
about the alleged assault. (See Dkt. No. 1 at 7). “[I]n order to avoid dismissal for failure
to state a claim, a plaintiff must plead specific facts, not mere conclusory allegations[.]”
Guidry v. Bank of LaPlace, 954 F.2d 278, 281 (5th Cir. 1992) (quoting Elliott v. Foufas, 867
F.2d 877, 881 (5th Cir. 1989)). “’[C]onclusory allegations and unwarranted deductions of
fact are not admitted as true’ by a motion to dismiss.” Id. (quoting Associated Builders, Inc.
v. Alabama Power Co., 505 F.2d 97, 100 (5th Cir. 1974)). Because Starkey’s excessive force
claim is conclusory and no facts in the Complaint support it, the claim fails to state a
plausible claim to relief and is dismissed.
F. QUALIFIED IMMUNITY
The Defendants argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity. (Dkt. No. 58
at 8–9). “The doctrine of qualified immunity shields public officials . . . from damages
actions unless their conduct was unreasonable in light of clearly established law.” Elder
v. Holloway, 510 U.S. 510, 512, 114 S.Ct. 1019, 1021, 127 L.Ed.2d 344 (1994). The Fifth
Circuit has held that, to overcome qualified immunity, “pre-existing law must dictate,
that is, truly compel (not just suggest or allow or raise a question about), the conclusion
for every like-situated, reasonable government agent that what the defendant is doing
violates federal law in the circumstances.” Pierce v. Smith, 117 F.3d 866, 882 (5th Cir. 1997)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis in original).
Starkey’s claims against Defendants Collier, Linthicum, and Pulvino, along with
his claims for injunctive relief, claims for damages against the Defendants in their official
capacities, and claims for excessive force, are dismissed for failure to state a claim on
which relief can be granted for the reasons stated above. There is therefore no need to
determine whether the Defendants are qualifiedly immune from these claims.
Starkey’s claims for deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs allege that
his requests for medical care were ignored for months before he finally received
treatment. (Dkt. No. 1 at 37–42). At the motion to dismiss stage, these allegations must
be taken as true. Campbell v. Wells Fargo Bank, 781 F.2d 440, 442 (5th Cir. 1986). Because
the duty to provide medical care to prisoners has been clearly established for decades, see
Estelle, 429 U.S. at 103, 97 S.Ct. at 290, the Defendants have not established at this time
that they are entitled to qualified immunity on Starkey’s deliberate indifference claims.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), (Dkt. No. 58), is GRANTED IN PART
AND DENIED IN PART, and the Court ORDERS as follows:
1. Starkey’s claims for damages against the Defendants in their official capacities and
his claims for injunctive relief are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction;
2. All claims against Defendants Collier, Linthicum, and Pulvino, and Starkey’s
excessive force claim, are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE; and
3. The Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Starkey’s deliberate indifference claims.
It is SO ORDERED.
Signed on January 16, 2024.
R J
DREW B. TIPTON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
10