Tinoco v. City of Hidalgo, Texas

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT August 18, 2023

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS Nathan Ochsner, Clerk

MCALLEN DIVISION

RAFAEL TINOCO, §

§

Plaintiff, §

§

VS. § CIVIL ACTION NO. 7:23-CV-136

§

CITY OF HIDALGO, TEXAS, et al., §

§

Defendants. §

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Now before the Court is the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended

Complaint filed by Defendants City of Hidalgo, Texas, Sergio Coronado, Romeo Rodriguez,

Raul Cantu, and Esteban Lozano (“City Defendants”) (Dkt. No. 20). The City Defendants

request that the Court dismiss all of Plaintiff Rafael Tinoco’s claims. See Dkt. No. 20. After

considering the Motion and the responsive briefings (Dkt. Nos. 25, 27), the Court is of the

opinion that the Motion should be granted.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

Plaintiff Rafael Tinoco filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 lawsuit in this Court on April 20,

2023, later amended, alleging that the City Defendants violated his Fourth and Fourteenth

Amendment rights when two officers of the Hidalgo Police Department (“HPD”), Defendants

Esteban Lozano and Raul Cantu (collectively, the “Officer Defendants”), conducted a false arrest

on Tinoco without probable cause. See Dkt. No. 18. Tinoco also brings claims under state law

against Defendant Guadalupe Amaya for slander and defamation. Id. Tinoco had been arrested

1 As this Order concerns a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b), the facts

presented herein are as alleged by Plaintiffs. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation

omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted) (“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain

for tampering with a witness in connection with the investigation of Monty Stumbaugh, who had

been accused of assaulting a student. See id. at ¶¶ 26–94. The City Defendants originally

challenged Plaintiff’s Original Complaint (Dkt. No. 1) through their first Motion to Dismiss

(Dkt. No. 13). In response, Tinoco filed his First Amended Original Complaint (Dkt. No. 18).2 It

is this complaint (Dkt. No. 18) that the City Defendants challenge in the motion to dismiss now

before the Court (Dkt. No. 20).3

On February 28, 2023, Hidalgo Early College High School’s soccer team refused to play

in a soccer match because they had been protesting the re-assignment of the previous soccer

coach, Ezequiel Morales. Id. at ¶¶ 26–27. The next day, on March 1, 2023, two parents informed

Tinoco that on the previous day, the day of the match, the soccer team had a meeting in the

locker room during which Monty Stumbaugh, the Athletic Director of Hidalgo ISD, had used

“threats” and “profanity.” Id. at ¶¶ 28–29. In this meeting between the parents and Tinoco, one

of the parents indicated that Guadalupe Amaya, the assistant soccer coach, was in the locker

room and can attest to the use of threats and profanity. Id. at ¶ 30. That day, after meeting with

the parents and as Tinoco was leaving the school, Tinoco received a call from Amaya, who

wanted to report an incident involving Stumbaugh and the soccer team. Id. at ¶¶ 31–32. Tinoco

met with Amaya, who had limited English proficiency and provided a written statement of what

he saw and heard.4 Id. at ¶¶ 33–34. Tinoco also collected statements from the soccer team

students concerning the locker room incident. Id. at ¶ 35.

2 Both the original and amended complaints name the same defendants.

3 The Court hereinafter refers only to the live pleading, Plaintiff’s First Amended Original Complaint

(Dkt. No. 18).

4 Tinoco’s pleadings do not actually mention what Amaya told Tinoco nor what his statement said,

and the statement, which Tinoco attached as Exhibit 1, is in Spanish. See Dkt. No. 18-1. But the Court need

The next day, on March 2, 2023, one of the Hidalgo School Resource Officers5 informed

Tinoco that a parent had filed a complaint of assault against Stumbaugh with the HPD, to which

Tinoco responded that he had been collecting statements concerning another matter and would

share those statements with the HPD after he reviewed them.6 Id. at ¶ 37. On this information,

Tinoco met again with Amaya on the following day, March 3, 2023, and asked Amaya if he

witnessed Stumbaugh grab or touch any student during the locker room incident. Id. at ¶ 38.

Amaya answered “No”, including in a second written statement. Id. at ¶¶ 38–40.

Weeks later, on March 22, 2023, HPD Officers Esteban Lozano and Raul Cantu came to

the school and requested to meet with Tinoco, who they asked to come to the police station for a

statement regarding an investigation. Id. at ¶¶ 42–43. Tinoco agreed and went to the HPD later

that day, but the officers were unavailable. Id. at ¶¶ 44–45. Two days later, on the afternoon of

March 24, 2023, Officers Lozano and Cantu came to the school with a warrant for Tinoco’s

arrest. Id. at ¶ 59–60. Tinoco was arrested on the charge of witness tampering for pressuring

Amaya to lie in their follow-up meeting. See Dkt. No. 18-4. According to the warrant affidavit,

Amaya told the police that Tinoco pressured him to change his original statement regarding the

locker room incident. Id.

The officers escorted Tinoco to the HPD, where Tinoco was interviewed by Officer

Lozano. The interview was videotaped on a cell phone camera by Officer Lozano, despite that

5 As the City Defendants point out, Tinoco’s original complaint referred to these officers as “School

Police Officers” but has since changed their titles to “Hidalgo School Resource Officers.” Compare Dkt.

No. 1 at ¶ 32 with Dkt. No. 18 at ¶ 37. At this point, Tinoco’s pleadings are unclear as to whether these

officers were members of the HPD. At this juncture, the Court will construe the facts favorably in Tinoco’s

favor, such that the “Hidalgo School Resource Officers” are not actual police officers. But this construction

does not bear on the resolution of the Motion.

6 It is unclear why Tinoco refers to the statements he had been collecting regarding the locker room

incident as “another matter” distinct from the complaint of assault that a parent filed, since the complaint

of assault ostensibly occurred during the locker room incident. See Dkt. No. 18 at 37. But this factual

the room had a video camera on the ceiling. Id. at ¶¶ 62–63. The ceiling camera was covered by

what appeared to be a blue glove, which Officer Lozano removed after he took a phone call

during the interview. Id. at ¶¶ 63–65. Tinoco asserts that others have also noticed that the

surveillance camera in the interrogation room was covered. Id. at ¶¶ 75–86. On May 19, 2023,

the underlying witness tampering charge against Tinoco was issued a “No Bill” by a grand jury,

and all criminal charges against him were dismissed. Id. at ¶ 94.

Tinoco brings this action against the Officer Defendants in their official and individual

capacities, alleging an unlawful arrest without probable cause in violations of his Fourth and

Fourteenth Amendment rights; the City of Hidalgo, Texas and Sergio Coronado and Romeo

Rodriguez (collectively, the “Policymaker Defendants”), in their official and individual

capacities, alleging that they have established policies and customs of constitutional violations,

namely (1) covering up interrogation room surveillance cameras and (2) condoning false arrests;

and Guadalupe Amaya, alleging that Amaya slandered and defamed him through false

statements to the police in furtherance of the other Defendants’ conspiracy. See Dkt. No. 18 at ¶¶

95–218. The City Defendants seek dismissal of this action, contending that Tinoco has failed to

plead a plausible claim to relief. Dkt. No. 20. The Officer Defendants also invoke the defense of

qualified immunity. Id. at ¶¶ 53–61. The Court will address each cause of action in turn.

II. RULE 12(B)(6) STANDARD OF REVIEW

A party may move to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for “failure

to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). Rule 12(b)(6) is read

in conjunction with the pleading standard set forth in Rule 8(a), which requires “a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2); see

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–68 (2009). “Thus, claims may be dismissed under Rule

12(b)(6) ‘on the basis of a dispositive issue of law,’” and also “if the complaint does not contain

Inclusive Cmtys. Project, Inc. v. Lincoln Prop. Co., 920 F.3d 890, 899 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting

Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326 (1989); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). This plausibility standard

does not require detailed factual allegations. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, a party’s

“obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations omitted). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the

complaint and any other matters properly considered7 “must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). A claim has facial plausibility when the pleaded factual

content allows the court, drawing upon its “judicial experience and common sense,” to

reasonably infer that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Id. at 678 (citing

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556), 679. “But where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to

infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not

‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” Id. at 679 (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2)).

III. ANALYSIS

42 U.S.C. § 1983 prohibits a person, acting “under color of any statute, ordinance,

regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia,” from

subjecting anyone within the jurisdiction of the United States “to the deprivation of any rights,

privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “To state

7 “Generally, a court ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion may rely on the complaint, its proper attachments,

‘documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial

notice.’” Randall D. Wolcott, M.D., P.A. v. Sebelius, 635 F.3d 757, 763 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Dorsey v.

Portfolio Equities, Inc., 540 F.3d 333, 338 (5th Cir. 2008)); see also Lone Star Fund V (U.S.), L.P. v.

Barclays Bank PLC, 594 F.3d 383, 387 (5th Cir. 2010) (explaining that a court’s review on 12(b)(6) motion

“is limited to the complaint, any documents attached to the complaint, and any documents attached to the

a section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must (1) allege a violation of a right secured by the Constitution

or laws of the United States and (2) demonstrate that the alleged deprivation was committed by a

person acting under color of state law.” James v. Tex. Collin Cty., 535 F.3d 365, 373 (5th Cir.

2008) (quoting Moore v. Willis Indep. Sch. Dist., 233 F.3d 871, 874 (5th Cir. 2000)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Tinoco alleges that the City Defendants were acting under color of law

“at all relevant times[.]” Dkt. No. 18 at ¶¶ 1, 10–13. The City Defendants do not contest this

aspect of Tinoco’s pleadings but challenge each of Tinoco’s causes of action directed against

them. Dkt. No. 20. The Court begins with Tinoco’s allegations against the Officer Defendants

and then turns to the allegations against the Policymaker Defendants.

A. OFFICER DEFENDANTS: ESTEBAN LOZANO AND RAUL CANTU

Tinoco brings a false arrest claim against the Officer Defendants in their individual and

official capacities, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Dkt. No. 18 at ¶ 1. In response

to these claims, the Officer Defendants argue that the arrest was supported by probable cause

and, even if not, that they are protected by qualified immunity. Dkt. No. 20 at ¶¶ 53–61. The

Court evaluates each argument in turn, only under the Fourth Amendment8 and only in the

Officer Defendants’ individual capacities.9

8 Tinoco challenges his arrest under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Dkt. No. 18 at ¶ 1.

However, an action brought under the Fourteenth Amendment “is inappropriate where a more specific

constitutional provision provides the rights at issue.” Arnold v. Williams, 979 F.3d 262, 270 (5th Cir. 2020).

A claim for false arrest is rooted in the Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures. See,

e.g., Deville v. Marcantel, 567 F.3d 156, 164 (5th Cir. 2009). Accordingly, to the extent that Tinoco pleads

his false arrest as a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment, it is dismissed. See Graham v. Connor, 490

U.S. 386, 395, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed. 2d 443 (1989)) (“[W]hen a claim is properly analyzed under the

Fourth Amendment, the Fourteenth is inapplicable.”).

9 A claim against an official in his official capacity “is tantamount to a suit against the municipal

entity.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of N.Y.C., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). Therefore, when a plaintiff

asserts claims against both the municipal entity and the official in his official capacity, as Tinoco has done

here, dismissal of the official capacity claim is appropriate as “redundant” to the municipal entity claim.

1. False Arrest

In order to establish the “constitutional tort” of false arrest, plaintiffs must show that

there was no probable cause to support the challenged arrests.10 See Brown v. Lyford, 243 F.3d

185, 189 (5th Cir. 2001). Probable cause exists “when the totality of the facts and circumstances

within a police officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person

to conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.” Goodson v. City of

Corpus Christi, 202 F.3d 730, 740 (5th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). “[P]robable cause requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity,

not an actual showing of such activity;” therefore, evidence that the arrestee was innocent does

not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the arresting officers lacked probable cause for the

arrest. Deville v. Marcantel, 567 F.3d 156, 165 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462

U.S. 213, 244 n.13 (1983)).

An arrest warrant presumptively establishes probable cause, but that presumption can be

attacked in two ways: (1) the warrant affidavit facially failed to establish probable cause, under

Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986); and (2) intentional or reckless false statements in the

affidavit resulted in a warrant lacking probable cause under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154

(1978). Terwilliger v. Reyna, 4 F.4th 270, 279 (5th Cir. 2021). In this case, Tinoco was arrested

pursuant to a warrant. Dkt. No. 18-1. He challenges his arrest warrant under both Malley and

Franks, so Court will address each in turn.

a. Facial Sufficiency

Under Malley, “an officer can be held liable for a search authorized by a warrant when

the affidavit presented to the magistrate was ‘so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render

10 The Fourth Amendment requires an arrest to be supported by either probable cause or a properly

official belief in its existence unreasonable.’” Mayfield v. Currie, 976 F.3d 482, 487 (5th Cir.

2020) (quoting Malley, 475 U.S. at 344–45). “The Malley wrong is not the presentment of false

evidence, but the obvious failure of accurately presented evidence to support the probable cause

required for the issuance of a warrant.” Melton v. Phillips, 875 F.3d 256, 264 (5th Cir. 2017).

Liability for such failure attaches only to the affiant and person who actually prepared, and was

responsible for, the warrant application. Id.

As an initial matter, Tinoco does not plead any facts to suggest that Officer Cantu had

any involvement in the warrant application. See Dkt. No. 18. Moreover, looking to the warrant

application attached to Tinoco’s pleadings,11 the affidavit on its face shows Officer Lozano as

the sole affiant. Dkt. No. 18-4. Tinoco does not plead any facts that Officer Cantu was involved

in his arrest, beyond that Officer Cantu was one of the arresting officers alongside Officer

Lozano. Dkt. No. 18. Under these facts, only Officer Lozano is potentially liable under Malley.

Tinoco contends that the affidavit does not sufficiently allege the statutory elements

necessary to charge him with witness tampering under Texas law. See Dkt. No. 18 at ¶¶ 118–20.

Texas Penal Code § 36.05 provides, in relevant part, that a person commits an offense if “he

coerces a witness or a prospective witness in an official proceeding” to “testify falsely” or

“withhold any testimony, information, document, or thing.” Tex. Pen. Code § 36.05(a). An

official proceeding is “any type of administrative, executive, legislative, or judicial proceeding

that may be conducted before a public servant.” Tex. Pen. Code § 1.07(a)(33). The affidavit in

this case sufficiently alleges that witness tampering had occurred, as it avers that Tinoco told

Amaya that “he needed to change his statement[,]” and this interaction occurred on March 3,

11 The affidavit can be considered in resolving the motion to dismiss because it is both 1) incorporated

in and central to the complaint and 2) a matter of which judicial notice may be taken. See, e.g., Kelley v.

City of Cedar Park, No. 1:20-CV-00481, 2022 WL 329342, at *11 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 3, 2022) (attached to

and central to the claims); Poullard v. Gateway Buick GMC LLC, No. 3:20-CV-02439, 2021 WL 4244781,

2023, after Tinoco learned on the day prior that Stumbaugh had been accused of assault. Dkt.

No. 18-4. The issuance of the warrant was facially supported by probable cause.

To be sure, even if the affidavit did not sufficiently establish probable cause to charge

Tinoco with witness tampering, Officer Lozano would still be insulated by the independent

intermediary doctrine, which provides that “if facts supporting an arrest are placed before an

independent intermediary such as a magistrate or grand jury, the intermediary's decision breaks

the chain of causation for false arrest, insulating the initiating party.” McLin v. Ard, 866 F.3d

682, 689 (5th Cir. 2017). Here, the magistrate reviewed the facts and approved the issuance of a

warrant. Dkt. No. 18-4. Officer Lozano is therefore protected by the magistrate’s approval,

which effectively “br[oke] the chain of causation.”12 McLin, 866 F.3d at 689 (internal quotations

omitted).

In sum, Tinoco has failed to plead that the arrest warrant lacked legal sufficiency, as it

was supported by probable cause. Moreover, even absent probable cause, Officer Lozano would

still be protected under the independent intermediary doctrine because the magistrate reviewed

the facts and allowed the warrant to issue.

b. Intentional or Reckless False Statements

Under Franks, an officer can be held liable for a Fourth Amendment violation when he

includes a false statement in a warrant application “knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless

disregard for the truth[.]” 438 U.S. at 155–56. This falsity can arise from either material

misstatements or material omissions. Terwilliger, 4.F.4th at 281. The false statement must also

be necessary to the finding of probable cause; that is, the court “must consider the faulty affidavit

12 While an exception exists where the plaintiff can show that the intermediary’s deliberations were

tainted by the actions of the defendant, a Malley challenge deals with “accurately presented evidence.”

Melton, 875 F.3d at 264. An allegation of taint is brought under Franks, which the Court proceeds to

as if the errors or omissions were removed, and then examine the corrected affidavit and

determine whether the probable cause for the issuance of the warrant survives the deleted false

statements and material omissions.”13 Arizmendi v. Gabbert, 919 F.3d 891, 897 (5th Cir. 2019)

(cleaned up).

Unlike Tinoco’s Malley challenge to probable cause, Franks liability extends not only to

those responsible for preparing a warrant application, but to those who deliberately or recklessly

provide false information for use in an affidavit. Melton, 875 F.3d at 264 (cleaned up).

Therefore, Officer Cantu may be liable if the affidavit contained false information that he

provided to Officer Lozano. But because the pleadings indicate that Officer Cantu did not

prepare the warrant application, and the warrant affidavit is based exclusively on information

obtained by Officer Lozano, through Amaya, only Officer Lozano may be liable under Franks.

See Dkt. No. 18.

Tinoco makes two arguments in support of his Franks challenge that there was no

probable cause. First, he argues that the Defendant Officers deliberately omitted material

exculpatory information. See id. at ¶¶ 126–58. Second, he asserts that Officer Lozano made false

statements in the affidavit. See id. at ¶¶ 159–76. On his first point, Tinoco essentially contends

that the affidavit did not also tell his side of the story, and that when he conducted an internal

school investigation, he had been dealing with allegations that Stumbaugh had used strong

language with the soccer team, and was not investigating any allegations of assault. Id. at ¶¶ 141,

151. However, the warrant affidavit states that Amaya submitted a video affidavit that “Tinoco

told him he needed to change his statement by adding that Coach Esteban Alegria was present in

the locker room at the time of the incident involving the assault of a student.” Dkt. No. 18-4.

13 Here, because the purported false statements comprise of the entire basis of the affidavit, there is no

Because Tinoco’s recitation of his narrative does not actually identify any exculpatory evidence

that he did not in fact pressure Alegria to change his statement, Tinoco fails to state any facts

indicating that exculpatory information was omitted.14 On his second point, Tinoco denies the

substance of the affidavit and asserts that he never told Amaya to change his statement. Dkt. No.

18 at ¶ 159. By Tinoco’s logic, because Amaya provided a false statement, Officer Lozano made

false statements in the affidavit. Id. at ¶ 161. This line of reasoning is wide of the mark because

Officer Lozano, by stating what Amaya said, is not himself making a false statement. By

accurately memorializing Amaya’s account, Officer Lozano’s report was truthful even if Amaya

had lied in his video affidavit. As explained in Franks, the facts recited in a warrant affidavit

need not be necessarily correct, but “it is to be ‘truthful’ in the sense that the information put

forth is believed or appropriately accepted by the affiant as true.”15 438 U.S. at 165.

Tinoco has failed to plead a plausible claim for relief, as his attack on the probable cause

underlying his arrest warrant fails as a matter of law under both his Malley challenge on the

facial sufficiency of the warrant affidavit and his Franks challenge on the truthfulness of the

warrant affidavit. Accordingly, dismissal is proper for his claims against the Officer Defendants.

14 In support of his assertion that the officers omitted exculpatory evidence, Tinoco essentially offers

his own account of what happened during his meetings with Amaya, including that he did not pressure

Amaya to change his story. But this account is merely self-serving testimony, which is not exculpatory

evidence. United States v. One Fossilized Tyrannosaurus Bataar Skull, 365 F.Supp.3d 759, 764 (N.D. Tex.

2018).

15 In addition to claiming that Amaya gave Officer Lozano false information, Tinoco also suggests

what to him is the only other possibility—that Officer Lozano himself lied about what Amaya actually said.

Dkt. No. 25 at 15. Even at the pleading stage, allegations of taint require other facts to support the inference.

Wilson v. Stroman, 33 F.4th 202, 212 (5th Cir. 2022). In Poullard v. Jones, the district court found taint

where the officer used an impermissibly suggestive method to procure identification in the false arrest, lied

about the process in the warrant affidavit, and ignored a verifiable alibi. 596 F.Supp.3d 729, 741 (N.D. Tex.

2022). Here, in contrast, Tinoco offers little more than conclusory claims that Officer Lozano was somehow

out to get him, that the Officer Defendants “were motivated by evil motive or intent[.]” Dkt. No. 18 at ¶¶

2. Qualified Immunity

The Court need not consider the Officer Defendants’ defense of qualified immunity

considering its determination that Tinoco has not demonstrated that they violated his statutory or

constitutional rights at all. To be sure, even if a violation had occurred, that right must have been

‘clearly established’ at the time of the challenged conduct” to overcome the defense of qualified

immunity. Whitley v. Hanna, 726 F.3d 631, 638 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563

U.S. 731, 735 (2011)). To be “clearly established,” the law must have “so clearly and

unambiguously prohibited [the defendant’s] conduct that every reasonable official would

understand that what he is doing violates [the law].” Morgan v. Swanson, 659 F.3d 359, 371 (5th

Cir. 2011) (en banc) (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Such a finding requires “controlling authority—or a robust consensus of

persuasive authority—that defines the contours of the right in question with a high degree of

particularity.” Id. at 371–72 (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741–42) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

Here, defined with a high degree of particularity, the right in question might be

characterized as the right to be free from an arrest based on a warrant when the officer, in

obtaining the warrant, relied exclusively on information from a direct witness to the alleged

crime. Tinoco has not identified any authority, let alone a controlling or robust consensus of

persuasive authority, in support of this right, and the Court likewise finds none. Accordingly,

even if the Officer Defendants had violated Tinoco’s rights, his claims against them would

nevertheless be barred by qualified immunity.

B. POLICYMAKER DEFENDANTS: CITY OF HIDALGO, TEXAS, SERGIO CORONADO,

AND ROMEO RODRIGUEZ

In light of the Court’s determination that no constitutional violation occurred in this case,

the Court need not consider Tinoco’s theories of municipal liability against the City of Hidalgo,

Texas, based on the underlying actions of the Officer Defendants. See, e.g., Hicks-Fields v.

Harris Cnty., Tex., 860 F.3d 803, 808 (5th Cir. 2017) (explaining that every Monell claim

requires an underlying constitutional violation); Harris v. Serpas, 745 F.3d 767, 774 (5th Cir.

2014) (same). For the same reason, the Court also need not consider the claims against Sergio

Coronado—the Mayor—and Romeo Rodriguez—the Chief of Police—in their individual

capacities.16 See, e.g., James, 535 F.3d at 373 (explaining that all § 1983 claims, including those

against an official in his individual capacity, require an underlying constitutional violation);

Oliver v. Scott, 276 F.3d 736, 741 (5th Cir. 2002) (same). Tinoco’s claims against Coronado and

Rodriguez in their official capacities also fail because these claims are functionally identical to

the claims against the City of Hidalgo, Texas. Monell, 436 U.S. at 690, n.55 (“[O]fficial-capacity

suits generally represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an

officer is an agent[.]”).

Tinoco also makes a distinct, peculiar claim: that the HPD has a policy of violating due

process rights when conducting police investigations by covering up the surveillance cameras in

their interrogation rooms and instead using officers’ cell phones to record the interviews. Dkt.

No. 18 at ¶¶ 182–88. Tinoco apparently brings this allegation against Defendant Romeo

Rodriguez, arguing that “[i]t is highly unlikely” that he, as Chief of Police, did not know that

officers were covering up the cameras, and in fact highly likely that he approved or even

requested such conduct. Id. at ¶¶ 189–90. Regardless of against who, and in what capacity, this

claim is construed as, Tinoco has not pled a plausible claim to relief. He does not identify any

16 Even if there had been an underlying constitutional violation, “[u]nder section 1983, supervisory

officials are not liable for the actions of subordinates on any theory of vicarious liability.” Thompkins v.

Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 303 (5th Cir. 1987). The official himself must either personally involved in the

deprivation or his actions must have been causally connected to the deprivation. James, 535 F.3d at 373.

While such a showing requires “specific conduct” of those officials, Oliver v. Scott, 276 F.3d 736, 741 (5th

support for the proposition that there is a due process right to having interrogations recorded,

including for the crime that he was charged with, much less support for the proposition that the

right is unmet if effectuated with a cell phone instead of a surveillance camera. This Court finds

no such support, and this claim will be dismissed because it does not plead a plausible claim to

relief.

C. GUADALUPE AMAYA

In moving to dismiss, the City Defendants request dismissal not only of all claims

asserted against them but of the entire lawsuit, despite that Guadalupe Amaya is not among the

City Defendants. Dkt. No. 20 at 20. They do not discuss Tinoco’s state law claims against

Amaya alleging slander and defamation, nor why those claims should be dismissed. See id.

Amaya is therefore a separate defendant who 1) faces state law claims independent of the federal

claims asserted against the City Defendants, and 2) has not moved for dismissal. Dkt. No. 18 at

¶¶ 205–18. The Court, however, does find that the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over the

remaining claims against Amaya is no longer be appropriate at this juncture.

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), federal courts are broadly granted supplemental

jurisdiction over other claims within the same case or controversy. See Exxon Mobil Corp. v.

Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 558 (2005). But a district court may decline to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim, including when “the district court has dismissed

all claims over which it has original jurisdiction[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). Other considerations

include whether the claim raises a novel or complex issue of state law; whether the claim

substantially predominates over the claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction;

and whether there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction. Id. § 1367(c). In

addition to these factors, the Fifth Circuit has instructed district courts to consider the common

law factors of “judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity.” Mendoza v. Murphy, 532

Here, the Court has determined that all of Tinoco’s federal claims against the City

Defendants should be dismissed. In the Fifth Circuit, once all federal claims have been

eliminated, the general rule is to dismiss the pendent state claims. Enochs v. Lampasas Cnty.,

641 F.3d 155, 161 (5th Cir. 2011); see also United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726

(1966) (explaining that when federal claims are dismissed before trial, the pendant state claims

should ordinarily be dismissed as well). While “this rule is neither mandatory nor absolute[,]”

Eddins v. Excelsior Indep. Sch. Dist., 88 F.Supp.2d 690, 693 (E.D. Tex. 2000) (citing Wong v.

Stripling, 881 F.2d 200, 204 (5th Cir. 1989)), the Court finds no compelling reason to deviate

from this general rule, especially when considering that this case is still in the early stages of

litigation and there is no indication that this Court has “substantial familiarity with the merits of

the case.”17 Parker & Parsley Petroleum Co. v. Dresser Indus., 972 F.2d 580, 587 (5th Cir.

1992). Of note, none of Tinoco’s claims against the City Defendants overlap with his claim

against Amaya, and vice versa. See Dkt. No. 18. This suit may well have been easily bifurcated,

with the state claims being properly asserted in state court. Accordingly, the Court declines to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims against Defendant

Guadalupe Amaya. See, e.g., Eddins, 88 F.Supp.2d at 695 (declining to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims); Watt v. New Orleans City, No. 2:22-CV-03107,

2022 WL 17844624, at *8 (E.D. La. Dec. 22, 2022) (same).

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the Court hereby ORDERS:

The City Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 20) is

GRANTED. Rafael Tinoco’s federal claims against the Officer Defendants and the Policymaker

Defendants are DISMISSED with prejudice for failing to state a plausible claim to relief. His

state law claims against Guadalupe Amaya are DISMISSED without prejudice to their being

timely asserted in state court.

SO ORDERED August 18, 2023, at McAllen, Texas.

Rone, Cras

Randy Crane

Chief United States District Judge

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