“Probable cause exists when the totality of the facts and circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person to conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.”
How later courts described this case
- “Probable cause exists when the totality of the facts and circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person to conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.”
- explaining that courts “must think twice before denying qualified immunity”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
□ Southern District of Texas
ENTERED
November 08, 2021
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT Nathan Ochsner, Clerk
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
HOUSTON DIVISION
ANTONIO YOUNG, a/k/a §
ANTONIO LADARRELL YOUNG, §
§ .
Plaintiff, §
§ Civil Action No. H-21-2033
V. §
§
CITY OF COLLEGE STATION, et al., §
§
Defendants. §
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pending before the Court are the three motions to dismiss filed by defendants College
Station Police Department (“CSPD”) (Docket Entry No. 9), the City of College Station (the
“City”) (Docket Entry No. 10), and CSPD officers Michael Pohl and Tim Grandy (the
“Officers”) (Docket Entry No. 11). The defendants seek dismissal of federal statutory and
constitutional claims raised against them by plaintiff in this civil lawsuit.
Plaintiff, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, is not a prisoner, detainee, or
otherwise in custody of any law enforcement or correctional agency. His responses to the
motions were due September 29, 2021. See LR7.3, LR 7.4, LOCAL RULES OF THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS.' Plaintiff filed two
untimely responses dated October 19, 2021 (Docket Entries No. 15, 16), without leave of
'These and other federal procedural rules may be viewed online at
https://www.txs.uscourts.gov/page/local-federal-rules.
court. Plaintiffs response to the Officers’ motion to dismiss is unsigned, untimely, and filed
without leave of court. The response is STRICKEN FROM THE RECORD (Docket Entry
No. 15). Plaintiff's response to the City’s motion to dismiss is untimely and filed without
leave of court. The response is STRICKEN FROM THE RECORD (Docket Entry No.
16).
Plaintiff also filed a motion for leave to amend his complaint on October 19, 2021.
(Docket Entry No. 20.) The motion does not include a certificate of conference as required
by the Local Rules of this Court and those of the undersigned district judge. See LR7.1,
LOCAL RULES OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
TEXAS; COURT PROCEDURES OF JUDGE KEITH P. ELLISON, 5(c).’ The motion for leave is
DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.
Having considered the motions to dismiss, the pleadings, matters of public record, and
the applicable law, the Court GRANTS the motions and DISMISSES plaintiffs claims in
part with leave to amend for the reasons shown below.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff asserts that, on June 22, 2019, he called 911 for an ambulance and was
transported to Baylor Scott and White Medical Center (the “Hospital’’) in College Station,
Texas. He claims that the Hospital refused to treat him and that its security guards removed
*The undersigned judge’s procedural rules may be viewed online under “Judge Ellison’s
Procedures” at https://www.txs.uscourts.gov/content/united-states-district-judge-keith-p-ellison.
him from the premises.’ Once outside the Hospital’s property, plaintiff again called 911 for
medical attention. College Station Police Department officers Pohl and Grandy arrived and
listened to plaintiff explain for thirty minutes that the Hospital had escorted him off the
property without treating him. The Officers issued him a criminal trespass warning not to
return to the Hospital.
Plaintiff ignored the warning, and once again called 911 while standing with the
Officers outside the Hospital. College Station Fire Department emergency medical personnel
responded, examined him, and told him he was dehydrated. The Officers reminded plaintiff
about the criminal trespass warning, but plaintiff nonetheless asked the emergency medical
personnel to take him back to the Hospital. When plaintiff stepped from the ambulance back
on to Hospital property, the Officers arrested him for criminal trespass and transported him
to the Brazos County Detention Center.’ Plaintiff posted bail and was released from
detention the next day.° The parties have not disclosed the current status of the criminal
charges.
*Plaintiff’s separate lawsuit against the Hospital and staff is pending before this Court in
Young v. Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, C.A. No. H-21-2116 (S.D. Tex.). Plaintiff
avers in that lawsuit that hospital security guards “kicked” him out of the Hospital.
“Plaintiff's separate lawsuit against Brazos County and law enforcement personnel is
pending before this Court in Young v. Brazos County, C.A. No. H-21-2035 (S.D. Tex.).
°The Court takes judicial notice of Brazos County public online jail records for plaintiff
for booking #305589. See https://jailsearch.brazoscountytx.gov (accessed October 21, 2021).
Plaintiff, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed this lawsuit against the
defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, one day prior to expiration of limitations. He claims that
he was illegally given a criminal trespass warning, denied his federal statutory rights under
the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (“EMTALA”), arrested in violation of his
Fourth Amendment rights, and taken to jail in violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. He
seeks compensatory and exemplary damages of $3 million and injunctive relief. Plaintiffwas
not a prisoner or pretrial detainee at the time he filed the lawsuit.
Il. ANALYSIS
A College Station Police Department
In its motion to dismiss (Docket Entry No. 9), defendant CSPD argues that plaintiff
cannot sue the police department because it is not a jural entity.
CSPD is not a separate legal entity apart from the City of College Station (“the City”)
and has no capacity to be sued. “[T]he law of the state where the court is located” determines
the capacity of an entity to be sued. FED. R. Civ. P. 17(b). The City is a home-rule
municipality, and Texas law grants the City the authority to organize a police force. See TEX.
Loc. GOv’T ANN. § 341.003. The City’s Charter grants all the general powers of a city to
the City itself and creates its police department, but the Charter does not grant the police
department the power to sue or be sued.
The Court grants CSPD’s request that it take judicial notice of provisions contained
in the City’s Charter, College Station, Tex., Charter art. III, § 26 (2018), which CSPD
attached as Exhibit A to its motion. FED. R. EvID. 201. The Charter does not grant CSPD
the power to sue or be sued, and plaintiff pleads no factual allegations to the contrary. See
Darby v. Pasadena Police Dep't, 939 F.2d 311, 313 (Sth Cir. 1991).
CSPD lacks jural existence and cannot be sued. CSPD’s motion to dismiss (Docket
Entry No. 9) is GRANTED and plaintiff's claims against CSPD are DISMISSED FOR
LACK OF JURISDICTION.
B. City of College Station
In its motion to dismiss (Docket Entry No. 10), the City moves to dismiss plaintiffs
claims under Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for his failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.
The City is a municipality. See CHARTER, COLLEGE STATION, TEX., CHARTER ART.
III, § 26 (2018). (Docket Entry No. 10, Exhibit C.) It is well established that municipal
liability under section 1983 requires pleading and proof of a policy or custom that caused a
plaintiff's constitutional violation. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-91
(1978). To establish municipal liability, a plaintiff must identify and plead: (1) an official
policy or custom, of which (2) a policymaker can be charged with actual or constructive
knowledge, and (3) a constitutional violation whose moving force is that policy or custom. |
Quinn v. Guerrero, 863 F.3d 353, 364 (Sth Cir. 2017); Valle v. City of Houston, 613 F.3d
536, 541-542 (Sth Cir. 2010).
Plaintiff pleads none of these essential allegations. Accordingly, the City’s motion
to dismiss is GRANTED and plaintiff's constitutional claims against the City are
DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Plaintiff is granted leave to file an amended
complaint within THIRTY DAYS from date of this order to cure this pleading deficiency.
No new claims may be raised or parties joined in the amended complaint.
The City’s motion to dismiss plaintiff's statutory claims for violation of EMTALA
is GRANTED. EMTALA, by its own statutory language, applies to hospitals with an
emergency department and require such hospitals to provide medical care to stabilize the
medical condition of individuals who come to the hospital with an emergency medical
condition. 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd. The City is not a hospital and owed plaintiffno duty on June
22,2019, to provide him emergency medical care under EMTALA. Plaintiffs claims against
the City for violation of EMTALA are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
C. CSPD Officers Michael Pohl and Tim Grandy
Plaintiff asserts in general terms that the criminal trespass warning and his subsequent
arrest violated his Fourth Amendment rights. “The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from
false arrests—that is, arrests unsupported by probable cause.” Defrates v. Podany, 789 F.
App’x 427, 431 (Sth Cir. 2019). Under Texas law, criminal trespass is the act of knowingly
entering private property without the consent of the owner after receiving notice that entry
on the property is forbidden or remaining on property after receiving notice to depart but
failing to do so. TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 30.05 (a); Defrates, 789 F. App’x at 431. “Notice”
.
with respect to criminal trespass includes oral communication by someone with apparent
authority to act for the owner. TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 30.05 (a)(2)(A). It is clear from
plaintiff's own factual allegations that the Hospital had him removed from its property, that
plaintiff made the Officers aware of this, that they gave him a criminal trespass warning not
to return to the Hospital, and that the Officers arrested plaintiff when he knowingly ignored
the warning and returned to the Hospital.
The Officers argue that plaintiff's claims against them should be dismissed because
police officers sued in their individual capacity are protected by qualified immunity.
Qualified immunity is a defense available to government officials in their individual See
Johnston v. City of Houston, 14 F.3d 1056, 1059 (Sth Cir. 1994). Qualified immunity shields
officers from liability unless their conduct violates “clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan,
555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). It provides officers “breathing room to make reasonable but
mistaken judgments,” and “all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate
the law” are protected. Stanton v. Sims, 571 U.S. 3, 6 (2013); Pratt v. Harris County, 822
F.3d 174, 181 (Sth Cir. 2016). “If officers of reasonable competence could disagree as to
whether the plaintiffs rights were violated, the officer’s qualified immunity remains intact.”
Hanks v. Rogers, 853 F.3d 738, 744 (Sth Cir. 2017) (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted). Qualified immunity “represents the norm, and courts should deny a defendant
immunity only in rare circumstances.” Angulo v. Brown, 978 F.3d 942, 949 (Sth Cir. 2020);
Morrow v. Meachum, 917 F.3d 870, 876 (Sth Cir. 2019) (explaining that courts “must think
twice before denying qualified immunity”).
When an officer invokes qualified immunity, courts ask two questions: (1) whether
the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff shows that the officer violated
constitutional right, and (2) whether the unlawfulness of his conduct was clearly established
at the time. District of Columbia v. Wesby, _ U.S. _, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589 (2018). A
court may address the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis in any sequence,
depending on the circumstances of the particular case at hand. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236;
Heaney v. Roberts, 846 F.3d 795, 801 (Sth Cir. 2017).
Plaintiff's factual allegations in the instant case show that the Officers’ interactions
with plaintiff on June 22, 2019, commenced after he had been removed from the Hospital
hospital security guards. Plaintiff asserts that he arrived at the hospital at 8:15 a.m., and
that at 9:34 a.m., he was “escorted out untreated for trying to get help with my worsening
symptoms.” (Docket Entry No. 1, {§ 12-13.) Plaintiff makes no assertion that it was his
own decision to leave the Hospital. Although he had just been removed from the Hospital’s
property, plaintiff again called 911, and the Officers arrived at plaintiffs location off hospital
property a few minutes later at 9:48 a.m. Jd. at ¥ 15.
Plaintiff explained to the Officers for thirty or more minutes that the Hospital had not
treated him and that he needed to return to the Hospital. Jd. at 716. Plaintiff did not seek
medical care elsewhere and insisted on returning to the Hospital. Jd. at 20-23. He
complains that instead of escorting him back to the Hospital, the Officers gave him the
criminal trespass warning “that [he] didn’t want to hear about earlier” “even as [he] was
trying to tell them [he] wasn’t going to be able to abide by the warning[.|” Jd. at {J 22-23.
Plaintiff called 911 for the third time at 10:21 a.m., and College Station EMTs arrived
soon thereafter. Plaintiff stood up and got on the gurney unaided. The EMTs told plaintiff
he was dehydrated, but plaintiff “knew that there was something else very wrong and feared
for [his] life,” and told the EMTs to take him back up the driveway to the Hospital. Jd. at □□
25-27. When plaintiff exited the ambulance on Hospital property, the Officers arrested him
for criminal trespass and transported him to the Brazos County Detention Center. Jd. at □□
28-29, Plaintiff does not allege that the Officers prevented his receiving medical care from
the EMTs, or that they issued him a criminal trespass warning for any location or facility
other than the Hospital. The Officers had no further interaction with plaintiff after he was
booked into the Brazos County Detention Center.
Plaintiffs factual allegations do not show that the criminal trespass warning and his
ensuing arrest were without probable cause and unreasonable, and no viable Fourth or
Fourteenth Amendment violation is raised. See Resendiz v. Miller, 203 F.3d 902, 903 (Sth
Cir. 2000) (“Probable cause exists when the totality of the facts and circumstances within a
police officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person to
conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.”). Moreover,
plaintitt states he was escorted off the Hospital grounds by hospital security guards, and that
he was examined and treated for dehydration by EMTs outside the Hospital grounds.
Plaintiff alleges no facts establishing that the Officers were deliberately indifferent to any
serious medical need that required plaintiff to return to the Hospital at that time. His
assertion that the Officers “should have known” that he needed additional medical attention
does not give rise to a viable Fourteenth Amendment claim.
The Officers are entitled to qualified immunity as to plaintiff's claims for violation
of his Fourth and Fourteenth rights, and plaintiffs claims against them are DISMISSED.
To the extent plaintiff claims that the Officers violated EMTALA, the claim is
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE for failure to raise a viable claim for relief under section
1983. As discussed above, EMTALA applies to hospitals, not individuals. Plaintiff does not
and cannot allege that the Officers were hospitals for purposes of EMTALA, and the Officers
owed plaintiff no duty on June 22, 2019, to provide him emergency medical care under
EMTALA.
D. Injunctive Relief
In addition to seeking monetary damages, plaintiff asks the Court to issue an
injunction ordering the CSPD to “require and enforce trainings [sic] on Mental Health, 42
U.S.C. 1395dd aka EMTALA, racial and behavioral profiling especially in medical
situations[.]” (Docket Entry No. 1, 439.) Because CSPD has been dismissed as a party in
this lawsuit, plaintiffs request for injunctive relief as to CSPD is DENIED AS MOOT.
10
Il. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, the Court ORDERS as follows:
1. Defendant College Station Police Department’s motion to dismiss (Docket
Entry No. 9) is GRANTED and plaintiff's claims against CSPD are
DISMISSED FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION.
2. Defendant City of College Station’s motion to dismiss (Docket Entry No. 10)
is GRANTED and plaintiff's claims against the City are DISMISSED with
leave to amend within thirty days from date of this order.
3. Defendant CSPD Officers Michael Pohl and Tim Grandy’s motion to dismiss
(Docket Entry No. 11) is GRANTED and plaintiff's claims against them are
DISMISSED.
4, Plaintiff’ s request for injunctive relief against CSPD is DENIED AS MOOT.
5. Plaintiffs motion to amend (Docket Entry No. 20) is DENIED WITHOUT
PREJUDICE.
6. THIS IS AN INTERLOCUTORY ORDER.
g ~
Signed at Houston, Texas, on this the day of November, 2021.
KEITH P. ELLISON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
11