Endure Industries Inc v. Vizient Inc

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

DALLAS DIVISION

ENDURE INDUSTRIES INC., §

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Plaintiff, §

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v. § Civil Action No. 3:20-CV-3190-X

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VIZIENT INC., et al., §

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Defendants. §

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Before the Court is defendants Provista Inc., Vizient Inc., and Vizient Source

LLC, and Vizient Supply LLC’s (collectively, “Vizient”) motion for summary judgment

against plaintiff Endure Industries Inc. (Endure). (Doc. 235). In addition, Vizient

moves to exclude the testimony of three of Endure’s experts: Loren K. Smith (Doc.

238) and John Strong and Gary Durham (Doc. 240). In return, Endure moves to

exclude the testimony of Vizient’s expert, Michael Fahlman (Doc. 245). For the

reasons below, the Court GRANTS Vizient’s motion for summary judgment and

FINDS AS MOOT all motions to exclude.

I. Factual Background

Endure sells disposable medical supplies (DMS) and brought this case against

Vizient, a healthcare group purchasing organization (GPO) after losing bids to

contract with Vizient. Endure alleges Vizient has violated the Sherman Antitrust

Act by monopolizing the market and engaging in anticompetitive conduct.

As a GPO, Vizient negotiates sales terms with product suppliers on behalf of

healthcare providers—such as hospitals, surgery centers, nursing homes, physician

offices, jails, and schools—that are members of its network. Members can purchase

products through Vizient at the price Vizient negotiates with certain suppliers,

through other GPOs with their negotiated prices, or from non-GPO suppliers

independently.

Vizient also has various Impact Standardization Programs (Impact Programs)

through which some suppliers offer quarterly rebates to members who purchase a

certain volume of particular supplies included in the program. When members join

an Impact Program, they make an annual spend projection in each product category

the Impact Program covers, such as nonsterile kits or bowel management. To be

eligible for the rebates, members must purchase at least 75% of their total projected

spend. Then, if the member purchases 90% of its projected spend in a particular

category from a specific supplier, the member receives a rebate from that supplier.

Members who do not purchase enough to receive the rebate can still purchase

supplies at the Vizient-negotiated rate.

The DMS suppliers in Vizient’s network sell products like medical tape,

syringes, tourniquets, monitoring electrodes, and masks. Endure defines DMS as

“the least technically complex subset of all devices sold in the medical supply market,”

with a “high degree of interchangeability.”1 Suppliers bid to negotiate contracts with

Vizient so they can offer their products to Vizient’s members through the GPO. In

evaluating these bids, Vizient considers both financial and non-financial factors,

including clinical quality and acceptability and member preference.

Endure submitted bids to become a supplier in Vizient’s network for medical

tape and tourniquets, but it did not win. Endure now brings antitrust claims under

Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act against Vizient for monopolization and

anticompetitive conduct.

II. Legal Standards

Summary judgment is proper only “if the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.”2 So to defeat a motion for summary judgment, the non-movant must

“identify specific evidence in the record and articulate the precise manner in which

that evidence supports his claim.”3 In ruling on summary judgment, the court views

all facts in a light most favorable to the nonmovant—here, Endure—and resolves all

factual disputes in its favor.4 “A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the

1 Doc. 100 ¶ 23.

2 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).

3 Shah v. VHS San Antonio Partners, L.L.C., 985 F.3d 450, 453 (5th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up).

4 Walker v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 853 F.2d 355, 358 (5th Cir. 1988).

suit,” and a “factual dispute is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury

could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”5

III. Analysis

Vizient asks the Court for summary judgment because (1) Endure’s proposed

antitrust markets are legally insufficient; (2) Vizient is not actually a competitor in

the markets Endure proposes; and (3) Endure’s theories of Vizient’s anti-competitive

conduct fail as a matter of law. Because Endure fails to survive summary judgment

on Vizient’s first reason, the Court does not consider Vizient’s two additional

arguments.

A. Relevant Markets

To bring a successful claim under the Sherman Act, Endure must first define

the relevant market within which it claims Vizient has engaged in anticompetitive

behavior or monopolized.6 Where a plaintiff fails to define a sufficient relevant

market, the Court may grant summary judgment on antitrust claims.7 “Without a

definition of the market there is no way to measure the defendant’s ability to lessen

or destroy competition,”8 which is the ultimate question in an antitrust case.

Endure proposes two alternative relevant markets through its expert, Loren

K. Smith. Smith calls the first the “GPO DMS Market,” which encompasses “the sale

of DMS through GPO-negotiated and administered contracts to [General Acute Care

5 Thomas v. Tregre, 913 F.3d 458, 462 (5th Cir. 2019) (cleaned up).

6 Shah, 985 F.3d at 453–54.

7 See id.; Apani Sw., Inc. v. Coca-Cola Enters., Inc., 300 F.3d 620, 628 (5th Cir. 2002).

8 Ohio v. Am. Express Co., 585 U.S. 529, 543 (2018) (cleaned up).

(GAC)] hospitals.”9 The second he calls the “Vizient DMS Market,” which includes

the sale of DMS only to those GAC hospitals that are Vizient members.10 Neither

market is legally sufficient.

Whether a relevant market has been properly identified “is usually a question

of fact; however, in some circumstances, the issue may be determined as a matter of

law.”11 To survive summary judgment, the defined relevant market “must include all

commodities reasonably interchangeable by consumers for the same purposes.”12

And it is defined by “the area of effective competition in which the seller operates,

and to which the purchaser can practicably turn for supplies.”13

Submarkets can exist within broader product markets as their own sufficient

markets for antitrust purposes. The boundaries of these “well-defined submarkets”

can be determined through practical considerations like industry or public

recognition of their separate economic nature, sensitivity to price changes, and

unique product characteristics, customers, uses, prices, or vendors.14 These are called

the Brown Shoe factors. However, the Fifth Circuit has stated the presence of one or

9 Doc. 239 at App. 7.

10 Id.

11 Apani Sw., Inc., 300 F.3d at 628.

12 PSKS, Inc. v. Leegin Creative Leather Prods., Inc., 615 F.3d 412, 417 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting

United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 395 (1956)). Some courts refer to this

as the “rule of reasonable interchangeability and the cross-elasticity of demand.” Apani Sw., Inc., 300

F.3d at 628.

13 Shah, 985 F.3d at 454 (cleaned up).

14 Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 325 (1962).

more of these factors will not necessarily protect against summary judgment on

whether a relevant market has been established.15

1. GPO DMS Market

Of Endure’s two proposed markets, the Court turns first to the GPO DMS

Market. According to Smith, Endure does not compete in this market. Rather,

Vizient competes with other national and regional GPOs. On its part, Vizient argues

that it does not compete in the market as it is defined either, since it does not “sell”

DMS.16 But even assuming, arguendo, that Endure does compete in this market, the

definition artificially limits the product market to a particular method of sale when

customers can (and do) purchase DMS outside GPOs.

As explained above, a legally sufficient relevant market for antitrust claims

must encompass “the area of effective competition” and include all reasonably

interchangeable substitutes for the product17—here, DMS sales. Smith’s GPO DMS

Market excludes all non-GPO DMS sales, even though his report states that 174 of

the 629 GAC hospitals that have left Vizient over the years left the GPO model

entirely.18 So Endure does not dispute that over a quarter of the GAC hospitals that

15 C.E. Servs., Inc. v. Control Data Corp., 759 F.2d 1241, 1246 (5th Cir. 1985).

16 Doc. 238 at 7. In its response to Vizient’s motion to strike Loren K. Smith’s expert testimony,

Endure clarifies the “GPO DMS Market is the market for the sale (by suppliers) of disposable medical

supplies (‘DMS’) through GPO-negotiated and administered contracts.” Doc. 252 at 4 (emphasis in

original). This seems to support Vizient’s position that Vizient itself does not even compete in this

market.

17 Shah, 985 F.3d at 454 (quoting Am. Express Co., 585 U.S. at 543 (2018)) (affirming summary

judgment against antitrust claims for failure to establish a relevant market encompassing all

“interchangeable substitute[s]”).

18 Doc. 239, App. 21.

have discontinued membership with Vizient presumably substituted Vizient’s GPO

contracts for other channels to purchase DMS, but it does not include these channels

as reasonably interchangeable substitutes.

Instead, Endure argues GPO contracts are a submarket under the Brown

Shoe factors. Endure tries to argue suppliers transacting through GPO-negotiated

contracts are “specialized vendors.” 19 In a similar case brought by a medical supplier,

the Eighth Circuit rejected this very argument, stating “GPOs are not specialized

vendors; the vendors are the same whether sales are GPO or non-GPO.”20 Further,

the “Supreme Court has repeatedly said that for identical items, a price differential

alone does not establish two separate product markets.”21 And Endure itself noted

that DMS are highly interchangeable.22

It may be true that GAC hospitals have a “unique demand for a large volume

of a broad array of DMS products” that makes GPOs an efficient option.23 But by

Vizient’s own report, 98% of hospitals are members of a GPO, yet only 72% of all

purchases by U.S. hospitals were through GPO contracts.24 That means, even though

most all hospitals are members of GPOs, almost 30% of their purchases are outside

GPOs. And the Fifth Circuit has called 30% of patients being left of out a proposed

19 Doc. 255 at 26 (citing Brown Shoe Co., 370 U.S. at 325).

20 Se. Mo. Hosp. v. C.R. Bard. Inc., 642 F.3d 608, 614–15 (8th Cir. 2011).

21 Id. at 615 (citing Brown Shoe Co., 370 U.S. at 326; United States v. Cont’l Can Co., 378

U.S. 441, 455 (1964)).

22 Doc. 100 ¶ 23.

23 Doc. 255 at 26.

24 Id. at 28 n. 167.

market a “substantial percentage” and “powerful evidence of the alternatives

reasonably available to consumers.”25

Once again, Vizient fails to address all reasonably interchangeable

substitutes and as a result, this proposed market fails as a matter of law.

2. Vizient DMS Market

Next, the Court examines Endure’s proposed Vizient DMS Market, which

includes only those GAC hospitals that are Vizient members. Endure proposes this

as a submarket to the GPO DMS Market.26 However, “absent strong evidence on the

issue, a single brand within a product class is presumptively not a separate

market.”27 Single-brand markets are only proper where “consumers are ‘locked-in’ to

a specific brand by the nature of the product.”28 This lock-in effect describes

situations where consumers are effectively at the mercy of one brand’s pricing, like

in Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, in which a photocopier

manufacturer would only sell its proprietary replacement parts (at above-market

prices) to customers who used the company’s repair services and restricted the

manufacturer from selling parts to any other independent repair service.29 There’s a

good reason that we only use this myopic submarket for sellers who lock in buyers.

If the lock-in constraint weren’t there, then we could define the market for, say, fast-

25 Dr.’s Hosp. of Jefferson v. Se. Med. All., Inc., 123 F.3d 301, 312 (5th Cir. 1997).

26 Doc. 100 ¶ 73.

27 O’Dell v. GMC, 122 F. Supp. 2d 721, 734 (E.D. Tex. 2000) (citing Domed Stadium Hotel, Inc.

v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 732 F.2d 480, 488 (5th Cir. 1984) (holding that “absent exceptional market

conditions, one brand in a market of competing brands cannot constitute a relevant product market”)).

28 PSKS, Inc. v. Leegin Creative Leather Prods., 615 F.3d 412, 418 (5th Cir. 2010).

29 504 U.S. 451, 455–58 (1992).

food burgers in Texas by standing outside only Whataburger and asking patrons

where they buy burgers. The answer would be 100% Whataburger. So too at every

burger joint. Such a truism only states that a business serves customers, not that it

cornered the market.

Though Endure uses the phrase “locked in” in its Second Amended

Complaint,30 none of its factual allegations suggest such a scheme from Vizient.

Instead, Endure claims members have “little or no incentive” to leave Vizient because

they would miss out on the Impact Program’s loyalty rebates.31 Offering customers

incentives to keep them from leaving does not lock them in. By that logic, employee

bonuses violate the Thirteenth Amendment. Or Whataburger violates the Sherman

Act by serving 100% of its customers and having a loyalty program. Likewise, the

internal costs a customer faces when changing suppliers or purchasing procedures do

not lock them in either.

Endure makes much of Vizient’s rebate program, but no allegations suggest its

members are prevented from buying the supplies they need outside the GPO, joining

and purchasing through additional GPOs, or leaving the GPO altogether. As noted

above, 629 hospitals have left Vizient over the course of its time as a GPO. Vizient is

30 Doc. 100 ¶ 36. Vizient supports this assertion by citing “the enormous cost a Member

Hospital would face attempting to switch from Vizient to another GPO or to purchasing directly from

suppliers” and the loss of “significant loyalty rebates.” Id. Endure does not clarify why leaving Vizient

would entail enormous cost.

31 Id.

hardly Hotel California. Rebates don’t lock in the hospitals that purchase through

Vizient, so the submarket of hospitals that work through Vizient fails.

The final nail in the coffin for this proposed market is that, even among

Vizient’s own GAC hospital members, 30% of DMS purchases are made outside

Vizient’s negotiated contracts, according to Smith’s report.*2. As discussed for the

GPO DMS Market above, missing 30% of the activity is strong evidence to the Fifth

Circuit that the proposed market does not encompass all reasonably interchangeable

substitutes. For this reason and those explained above, the Vizient DMS Market fails

as a matter of law.

IV. Conclusion

The Court GRANTS Vizient’s motion for summary judgment because Endure

has failed to establish a legally acceptable definition of the relevant market. The

Court FINDS AS MOOT Endure’s motions to exclude the testimony of Loren K.

Smith, John Strong, and Gary Durham, and Vizient’s motion to exclude the testimony

of Michael Fahlman.

IT ISSO ORDERED this 9th day of October, 2024.

BRANTL STARR

UNITEDSTATES DISTRICT JUDGE

82 Doc. 239, App. 8 (noting that Vizient holds 70% of the “Vizient DMS Market’).

10