Hodges v. University of Texas Southwestern Medical School

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

DALLAS DIVISION

HANNAH HODGES, §

§

Plaintiff, §

§

v. § Civil Action No. 3:22-CV-2583-K

§

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS §

SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL §

SCHOOL, ANGELA MIHALIC, §

ROBERT REGE, ADITEE §

AMBARDEKAR, ERIN SINE, JESSICA §

SPANIOL, and DANIEL PODOLSKY, §

§

Defendants. §

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Before the Court is the Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss (the

“Motion”) (Doc. No. 12) filed by Defendants The University of Texas Southwestern

Medical School (“UTSW”), Angela Mihalic, Robert Rege, Aditee Ambardekar, Erin

Sine, Jessica Spaniol, and Daniel Podolsky (together in their individual capacities, the

“Individual Defendants”) (together in their official capacities, the “Official

Defendants”) (together with UTSW, the “Defendants”). Plaintiff Hannah Hodges

filed her Response (Doc. No. 14) and Defendants filed their Reply in Support (Doc.

No. 16). The Court has carefully considered the Motion, the Response, the Reply, the

applicable law, and the relevant portions of the record. The Court GRANTS in part

ORDER – PAGE 1

and DENIES in part the Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim for due process

violation is: dismissed without prejudice against UTSW as barred by Eleventh

Amendment immunity, dismissed with prejudice against the Individual Defendants

because qualified immunity applies, and dismissed without prejudice against the

Official Defendants for failure to state a due process claim. Plaintiff’s claims for

violation of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act and for violation of Section

504 of the Rehabilitation Act are: dismissed with prejudice against the Individual

Defendants as a matter of law, and dismissed without prejudice against UTSW and

the Official Defendants for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff’s state tort claims for

intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress

are: dismissed with prejudice against the Individual Defendants based on Plaintiff’s

concession, and dismissed with prejudice against UTSW and the Official Defendants

as Plaintiff abandoned these claims. The Court DENIES the Motion to Dismiss

Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Erin Sine and Jessica Spaniol on the affirmative

defense of attorney immunity. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend her

Complaint consistent with this Memorandum Opinion and Order and only if she has

a good faith basis to do so.

ORDER – PAGE 2

I. Factual and Procedural Background

The facts recited herein are those facts alleged in Plaintiff’s Complaint (Doc. No.

1) which are relevant to deciding this Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff Hannah Hodges

(“Plaintiff”) has been diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

(“ADHD”) which affects her ability to stay focused and to “attend to schoolwork.” Id.

at ¶ 15. A symptom of Plaintiff’s ADHD is her hands start “mindlessly moving”. Id.

at ¶ 20; see also id. at ¶ 36. In the fall of 2021, Plaintiff was a first-year medical student

at Defendant The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (“UTSW”). Doc.

No. 1 at ¶ 14. Plaintiff attended an anatomy lab on October 25, 2021, and, while

watching a classmate cut on a cadaver, Plaintiff cut an “H” and a partial “A” “into a

piece of fat of the cadaver.” Id. at ¶¶ 18, 20, 22. Plaintiff was unaware of her actions

at the time she was making those cuts and did not recall doing so later, therefore she

did not “self-report”. Id. at ¶¶ 23-25; see also id. at ¶ 27. When this incident happened,

Plaintiff’s ADHD was not fully controlled “due to her medication causing side effects,

particularly gastrointestinal distress.” Id. at ¶ 21.

On November 1, 2021, Dr. Alisa Winkler and Dr. Janine Prange-Kiel, both non-

parties, sent an e-mail to the anatomy lab students about this incident. Id. at ¶ 26.

Realizing for “the first time . . . what she had done”, Plaintiff immediately responded

and accepted responsibility. Id. at ¶ 27. Plaintiff met with Defendant Angela Mihalic

ORDER – PAGE 3

(“Mihalic”) on November 2, 2021. Id. at ¶ 28. (No where in the Complaint does

Plaintiff allege whether the individual Defendants are physicians or even what their

respective positions are with UTSW.) After the meeting, “the Deans [sic] office”

submitted an emergency meeting request for Plaintiff to see a psychiatrist “with the

student mental health office of [UTSW] Student Wellness and Counseling.” Id. at ¶¶

30-31. Plaintiff also emailed the professors involved and apologized. Id. at ¶ 32.

Later that same day, November 2, 2021, Defendant Mihalic informed Plaintiff

that she was charged with “violating EDU-151 Student Conduct and Discipline, as well

as the Human Structure Course Policies and Laboratory Rules and Procedures.” Id. at

¶ 33. In light of the accusations, Plaintiff was connected with non-party Dr. Blake

Barker, “another dean,” who was “to function as a third party”. Id. at ¶ 34. Plaintiff

met a second time with Defendant Mihalic who said that the disciplinary action being

taken “and [proposed] sanctions were based on the fact that her instructors have not

had a similar incident at [UTSW] yet.” Id. at ¶ 35.

On November 3, 2021, Plaintiff had an appointment with non-party Dr.

Timothy Wolff, a UTSW psychiatrist, who “stated that mindless hand-movements are

consistent with” untreated ADHD, like Plaintiff’s. Id. at ¶ 37. Over the next few days,

Plaintiff emailed her professors and Defendant Mihalic again expressing “her remorse”

and explaining how ADHD “had negatively impacted her during the incident.” Id. at

ORDER – PAGE 4

¶¶ 37-38. Plaintiff’s lab partners contacted Defendant Mihalic to say thee believed

Plaintiff did not act intentionally and, based on their knowledge, Plaintiff had not

previously treated a cadaver in a disrespectful manner. Id. at ¶ 39; see also id. at ¶ 19.

On November 8, 2021, Defendant Mihalic submitted a Notice of Disciplinary

Action which proposed Plaintiff’s expulsion from UTSW. Id. at ¶ 40. A student

disciplinary hearing was held on December 6, 2021, to address the charges against

Plaintiff. Id. at ¶ 42. Defendants Robert Rege, Aditee Ambardekar, Erin Sine, and

Jessica Spaniol comprised the hearing panel. Id. at ¶ 43. On December 17, 2021, the

hearing panel notified Plaintiff of their finding that she violated EDU-151 and that her

penalty was expulsion. Id. at ¶ 45. The decision letter did not mention Plaintiff’s

ADHD. Id. at ¶ 45. Plaintiff appealed this decision to Defendant Daniel Podolsky on

December 31, 2021, and her appeal was denied and her expulsion upheld on January

20, 2022. Id. at ¶¶ 46-47.

Plaintiff filed this suit against UTSW as well as Angela Mihalic, Robert Rege,

Aditee Ambardekar, Erin Sine, Jessica Spaniol, and Daniel Podolsky, in their individual

capacities (together, the “Individual Defendants”) and in their official capacities,

(together, the “Official Defendants”). Plaintiff asserts the following claims against

UTSW, the Official Defendants, and the Individual Defendants: (1) § 1983 claim for

violating Plaintiff’s right to due process pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment; (2)

ORDER – PAGE 5

violation of Title II of the American with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”); (3) violation of

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (the “Rehabilitation Act”); (4)

intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (5) negligent infliction of emotional

distress.

II. Legal Standards and Applicable Law

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

“A case is properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction when the

court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the case.” Smith v. Reg’l

Transit Auth., 756 F.3d 340, 347 (5th Cir. 2014) (quoting Krim v. pcOrder.com, Inc., 402

F.3d 489, 494 (5th Cir. 2005)). With limited exceptions, the Eleventh Amendment

proscribes private suits brought in federal court against a State, including its agencies

or departments. See Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100

(1984). Immunity under the Eleventh Amendment deprives the court of subject matter

jurisdiction and this may be challenged in a motion under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure. See, e.g., Ross v. Tex. Educ. Agency, 409 F. App’x 765, 768 (5th

Cir. 2011) (per curiam); cf. Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 98 (“[T]he principle of sovereign

immunity is a constitutional limitation on the federal judicial power established in Art.

III[.]”). The court may dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on any one of the

following: (1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint supplemented by undisputed

ORDER – PAGE 6

facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts

plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts. Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404, 413

(5th Cir. 1981); accord Ramming v. United States, 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001).

A Rule 12(b)(1) motion that challenges the court’s subject matter jurisdiction

solely on the face of the complaint is a facial attack. See Williamson, 645 F.2d at 412.

“A ‘facial attack’ on the complaint requires the court merely to look and see if plaintiff

has sufficiently alleged a basis of subject matter jurisdiction, and the allegations in his

complaint are taken as true for the purposes of the motion.” Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit

Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 (1980); see Williamson,

645 F.2d at 412 (when Rule 12(b)(1) motion is facial attack, “the plaintiff is left with

safeguards similar to those retained” on a Rule 12(b)(6)). Thus, if the plaintiff has

sufficiently alleged jurisdiction, the court must deny the Rule 12(b)(1) motion. See

Patterson v. Rawlings, 287 F. Supp. 3d 632, 637 (N.D. Tex. 2018) (Fitzwater, J.).

B. Rule 12(b)(6)

In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must determine whether the

plaintiff has sufficiently stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. FED. R. CIV.

P. 12(b)(6). A well-pleaded complaint must allege facts upon which the claims are

based, not simply recite in a conclusory fashion the elements of a cause of action. Bell

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). The court “accept[s] all well-pleaded

ORDER – PAGE 7

facts as true and draw[s] all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.”

Morgan v. Swanson, 659 F.3d 359, 370 (5th Cir. 2011) (en banc). The court does not

accept as true “a number of categories of statements, including legal conclusions; mere

‘labels’; ‘threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action’; ‘conclusory

statements’; and ‘naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement.’” Id.

(cleaned up) (quoting Aschcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677-78 (2009)). The claim must

be pled with “facial plausibility” meaning the “factual content . . . allows the court to

draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; see Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (the alleged facts must be facially

plausible such that they nudge the plaintiff’s claims “across the line from conceivable

to plausible.”). “Of course, a well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if it strikes a

savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improbable.” Kelson v. Clark, 1 F.4th 411,

416 (5th Cir. 2021).

C. Section 1983

“Section 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely provides

‘a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Albright v. Oliver, 510

U.S. 266, 271 (1994) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n. 3 (1979)). “A

plaintiff makes out a § 1983 claim if he ‘shows a violation of the Constitution or of

federal law, and then shows that the violation was committed by someone acting under

ORDER – PAGE 8

color of state law.’” Rich v. Palko, 920 F.3d 288, 293-94 (5th Cir. 2019) (cleaned up)

(quoting Brown v. Miller, 519 F.3d 231, 236 (5th Cir. 2008)).

A public official can invoke the defense of qualified immunity to avoid liability

when sued in his individual capacity for the performance of his duties. See Rich, 920

F.3d at 294. Qualified immunity shields a public official but only “‘insofar as their

conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which

a reasonable person would have known.’” Roque v. Harvel, 995 F.3d 325, 331 (5th Cir.

2021) (quoting Joseph v. Bartlett, 981 F.3d 319, 328 (5th Cir. 2020)); see also Morgan,

659 F.3d at 370 (“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials

from civil damages liability when their actions could reasonably have been believed to

be legal.”). Qualified immunity “protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who

knowingly violate the law,’ so [courts] do not deny immunity unless ‘existing precedent

must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.’” Morgan, 659

F.3d at 371 (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986) and Aschcroft v. al-Kidd,

--- U.S. ----, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2083 (2011)).

At the motion to dismiss stage, the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity

unless the plaintiff meets her burden “to demonstrate the inapplicability of the

defense.” Kelson, 1 F.4th at 416. To do so, the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to

plausibly show that (1) the defendant violated a constitutional right of the plaintiff

ORDER – PAGE 9

and (2) the constitutional right was clearly established at the time of the alleged

violation. Morgan, 659 F.3d at 371 (citing al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735).

The court may use its discretion in determining which of the two steps to address

first based on the circumstances in the particular case before it. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at

735; accord Morgan, 659 F.3d at 371. The Fifth Circuit has “repeatedly emphasized

that there is value in addressing both questions ‘to develop robust case law on the scope

of constitutional rights.’” Roque, 995 F.3d at 332 (quoting Joseph, 981 F.3d at 331

n.40). However, the Fifth Circuit has also affirmed that “a court may rest its analysis

on either prong.” Dyer v. Houston, 964 F.3d 374, 380 (5th Cir. 2020).

III. Analysis

In their Motion, Defendants move the Court to dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims

either for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) and for failure to state

a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

A. Section 1983 Claim for Due Process Violation

Plaintiff alleges she was deprived of her constitutionally protected liberty and

property interests in her “good name and reputation” and in her education at UTSW

because Defendants violated her due process rights in the disciplinary proceedings and

in expelling her from UTSW. See Doc. No. 1 at ¶¶ 53-70. UTSW and the Official

Defendants move for dismissal of this claim (on the Complaint alone) because it is

ORDER – PAGE 10

barred by sovereign immunity and also, as to the Official Defendants, dismissal for

failure to state a claim. Doc. No. 12 at 8-13. The Individual Defendants assert

qualified immunity and argue this claim is barred on that basis. Id. at 13-16. Plaintiff

responds that this claim is not barred by either sovereign immunity or qualified

immunity and that she has sufficiently pled this claim.

1. UTSW

The Eleventh Amendment bars private suits in federal court against states,

including state agencies, unless the state has waived, or Congress has abrogated, the

state's sovereign immunity. Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 98-100. The Supreme Court “‘has

consistently held that an unconsenting State is immune from suits brought in federal

courts by her own citizens . . . . Absent waiver, neither a State nor agencies acting under

its control may ‘be subject to suit in federal court.’” P.R. Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 144 (1993) (quoting Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S.

651, 662-63 (1974) and Welch v. Tex. Dep’t of Highways & Public Transp., 483 U.S. 468,

480 (1987)); accord Corn v. Miss. Dept. of Public Safety, 954 F.3d 268, 274 (5th Cir.

2020); see also Sherwinski v. Peterson, 98 F.3d 849, 852 (5th Cir. 1996) (holding that the

Texas Tort Claims Act waived sovereign immunity “in state court only.”).

The Fifth Circuit previously held that UTSW is an arm of the State of Texas

and, therefore, entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. Daniel v. Univ. Of Tex. Sw.

ORDER – PAGE 11

Med. Ctr., 960 F.3d 253, 257 (5th Cir. 2020) (employing the six Clark factors in

determining that UTSW “is entitled to arm-of-the-state status”) (citing Clark v. Tarrant

Cty., Tex., 798 F.2d 736 (5th Cir. 1986)). Plaintiff acknowledges as much in her

Response. Doc. No. 14 at 7. Accordingly, taking the well-pled allegations as true,

Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against UTSW is barred by Eleventh Amendment immunity.

See Moore, 743 F.3d at 963 (“Federal courts are without jurisdiction over suits against

a state, state agency, or a state official in his official capacity unless that state has

waived its sovereign immunity or Congress has abrogated it.”); cf. Will, 491 U.S. at 67

(Congress did not abrogate state sovereign immunity in enacting § 1983); Tex. Nat’l

Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 857 (Tex. 2002) (only the Texas

Legislature can waive sovereign immunity).

Plaintiff argues, however, that the Ex parte Young exception applies to her § 1983

claim, so it is not barred. The Supreme Court acknowledged in Ex parte Young that “a

suit challenging the constitutionality of a state official’s action is not one against the

State.” Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102 (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908)).

Plaintiff’s reliance on the limited Ex parte Young exception is misplaced though since it

applies only to claims brought against state officials and only for prospective injunctive

relief. See Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 n.10 (1989); cf. Moore v.

La. Bd. of Elementary & Secondary Educ., 743 F.3d 959, 963 (5th Cir. 2014) (federal

ORDER – PAGE 12

courts may enjoin a state official sued in their official capacity, but not state agencies,

“from taking future actions in furtherance of a state law that offends federal law or the

federal Constitution.”). “The [Ex parte] Young exception has no application in suits

against the States and their agencies, which are barred regardless of the relief sought.”

Moore, 743 F.3d at 963 (internal quotations omitted) (quoting P.R. Aqueduct, 506 U.S.

at 146); see Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102 (“This jurisdictional bar [of private suits against

a State] applies regardless of the nature of the relief sought.”). Accordingly, this

exception to Eleventh Amendment immunity does not apply and this claim is barred.

Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against UTSW is dismissed without prejudice for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). See Shah v. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med.

Sch., 54 F. Supp. 3d 681, 688 n.4 (N.D. Tex. 2014) (Fitzwater, C.J.) (“Shah I”) (“When

Eleventh Amendment immunity applies, it deprives the court of subject matter

jurisdiction.”).

2. The Official Defendants

The Official Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against them

as barred by sovereign immunity and for failure to state a claim for due process

violation. Doc. No. 12 at 9-13. As for the sovereign immunity argument, Plaintiff

responds that the claim is not barred since the Ex parte Young exception applies. Doc.

No. 14 at 7-8. Although not addressed specifically to the Official Defendants’

ORDER – PAGE 13

argument that she fails to state a due process claim, Plaintiff does argue that she

plausibly states her due process claim in her response to the Individual Defendants’

assertion of qualified immunity. Doc. No. 14 at 8-15.

“A suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit against

the official but rather a suit against the official’s office. As such, it is no different from

a suit against the State itself.” Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989).

For the same reasons UTSW enjoys immunity under the Eleventh Amendment, the

Official Defendants are likewise entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Will,

491 U.S. at 71. Plaintiff does argue that Ex parte Young applies so her § 1983 claim is

not barred. A plaintiff suing a state official in their official capacity for injunctive relief

is “a person under § 1983 because ‘official-capacity actions for prospective relief are

not treated as actions against the State,’” Will, 109 U.S. at 71 n. 10 (quoting Kentucky

v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 167 n. 14 (1985)); see also Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102 (“[A]

suit challenging the constitutionality of a state official’s action is not one against the

State.”). Therefore, “[s]uits by private citizens against state officers in their official

capacities are not . . . categorically barred.” NiGen Biotech, L.L.C. v. Paxton, 804 F.3d

389, 394 (5th Cir. 2015) (cleaned up) (quoting Fontenot, 777 F.3d at 752). “The theory

of the [Ex parte Young] case was than an unconstitutional enactment is ‘void’ and

therefore does not ‘impart to the officer any immunity from responsibility to the

ORDER – PAGE 14

supreme authority of the United States.’” Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102 (cleaned up)

(quoting Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. at 160).

“In determining whether the doctrine of Ex parte Young avoids an Eleventh

Amendment bar to suit, a court need only conduct a ‘straightforward inquiry into

whether the complaint alleges an ongoing violation of federal law and seeks relief

properly characterized as prospective.” Fontenot, 777 F.3d at 752 (cleaned up) (quoting

Verizon Md. Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Md., 535 U.S. 635, 645 (2002)). The Official

Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiff requests prospective injunctive relief, but

assert that Plaintiff’s allegations do not show an “ongoing violation of federal law”.

Doc. No. 12 at 10. The Official Defendants’ argument is two-fold: first, there is no

authority which holds that Plaintiff has a liberty or property interest in attending

medical school at UTSW or in her reputation; and second, even if she does have such

an interest, none of the Official Defendants deprived her of that interest. Id. at 11-12.

The Official Defendants contend the Eleventh Amendment bars Plaintiff’s § 1983

claim as asserted against them. Id. at 10-13; Doc. No. 16 at 2-5. Plaintiff argues this

claim is not barred because her request to be reinstated into UTSW’s medical program

as a medical student is prospective injunctive relief which is “acceptable . . . for Ex parte

Young purposes.” Doc. No. 14 at 8. This is the extent of Plaintiff’s responsive

argument. In their Reply, Defendants reassert their argument that Plaintiff’s

ORDER – PAGE 15

allegations fail to satisfy the “ongoing violation” requirement of Ex parte Young. Doc.

No. 16 at 2.

Having made a “straightforward inquiry” of the allegations in Plaintiff’s

Complaint, the Court concludes the Ex parte Young exception applies. First, Plaintiff

seeks prospective relief in the form of an injunction that “order[s] all records related to

her expulsion [] be expunged and reinstat[e] Plaintiff as a full-time student at UT

Southwestern.” Doc. No. 1 at 13; see Shah v. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Sch., 129 F. Supp.

3d 480, 495 (N.D. Tex. 2015)(Fitzwater, C.J.) (“Shah II”) (injunctive relief plaintiff

sought was “clearly prospective” for he sought to require defendants to remove the

“unconstitutional dismissal” from his record and to prevent defendants from

“disseminating information regarding his dismissal to other universities.”), aff’d, 668 F.

App’x 88 (5th Cir. 2016) (adopting and incorporating district court’s opinion in toto

because “the analysis, reasoning, and conclusions” are “comprehensive and correct”

rendering a separate opinion unnecessary); Gilani v. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr., Civ.

Action No. 3:21-CV-1461-N, 2023 WL 2518811, at * 3 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 13,

2023)(Godbey, C.J.) (plaintiff’s requested relief was prospective to the extent he sought

an injunction requiring defendants to correct his transcript “to reflect passing grades

and no disciplinary actions” and “to release his transcript and other relevant academic

ORDER – PAGE 16

records.”). Moreover, Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiff seeks prospective

injunctive relief.

The Court turns now to the “ongoing violation of federal law” requirement. On

multiple occasions, the Supreme Court and the Fifth Circuit have assumed without

deciding that a student has a protected interest in higher education at a public

university. See Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 222-23 (1985); Bd. of

Curators of Univ. of Mo. v. Horowitz, 435 U.S. 78, 98 (1978); Shaboon v. Duncan, 252

F.3d 722, 730 (5th Cir. 2001); Davis v. Mann, 882 F. 2d 967, 973 (5th Cir. 1989).

Earlier this year, another court in this District reaffirmed a previous holding “that

interference with a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest, such as

attending medical school, constitutes an ongoing violation under Ex parte Young.”

Gilani, 2023 WL 2518811, at * 3 (citing Shah II, 129 F. Supp. 3d at 496). Plaintiff

alleges her expulsion from UTSW “will be communicated to [her] future academic

programs and employers” and will “forever” remain on her academic record, thereby

harming her reputation. Doc. No. 1 at ¶¶ 59, 67. In Shah (I and II), a medical student

with ADHD was dismissed from medical school for “professionalism” violations and

he sued numerous defendants asserting several claims related to his dismissal and he

sought injunctive relief. Shah I, 54 F. Supp. 3d at 687-88; Shah II, 129 F. Supp. 3d at

486-88. The court concluded that the plaintiff alleged a continuing deprivation of “his

ORDER – PAGE 17

property and liberty interests in his professional reputation” because of the threat that

defendants would inform other medical schools or “third parties” of the plaintiff’s

negative evaluation forms and his dismissal from the medical school. Shah II, 129 F.

Supp. 3d at 496.

Here, the Court may reasonably infer from Plaintiff’s factual allegations in the

Complaint that there is an “ongoing violation”. See also Gilani, 2023 WL 2518811, at

* 3 (plaintiff’s allegations that his former medical school would send “deficient

transcript” including failing grades and disciplinary notes to another medical school

allowed the court to reasonably infer an “ongoing violation”). Plaintiff faces the threat

that the Official Defendants will send another school or potential employer Plaintiff’s

UTSW records, which include her expulsion, and this might prevent Plaintiff from

being accepted into another academic program at a public university or from being

offered employment, which would further deprive her of a protected property interest.

See Shah II, 129 F. Supp. 3d at 495-96 (assuming without deciding student has some

protected interest in higher education at a public university); Gilani, 2023 WL

2518811, at * 3.

The Court notes that Plaintiff specifically seeks an award of monetary damages,

costs, and attorneys’ fees related to her § 1983 claim. Doc. No. 1 at 13. This relief is

barred by the Eleventh Amendment and the Ex parte Young exception does not save it.

ORDER – PAGE 18

See Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102-03 (“[T]he federal court may award an injunction that

governs the official’s future conduct, but not one that awards retroactive monetary

relief.”); NiGen Biotech, 804 F.3d at 394 (recognizing that the Eleventh Amendment

bars claims for retrospective monetary damages as such claims “seek to impose a

liability which must be paid from public fund in the state treasury.”) (internal

quotations omitted). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim seeking retrospective

monetary relief against the Official Defendants is barred by Eleventh Amendment

immunity and dismissed without prejudice.

Although the Ex parte Young exception saves Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against the

Official Defendants for prospective injunctive relief, the Court concludes for the

detailed reasons set forth below in Section III.A.3 that Plaintiff fails to plausibly plead

a due process claim against the Official Defendants. Therefore, Plaintiff’s § 1983

claims against the Official Defendants for prospective injunctive relief is dismissed

under Rule 12(b)(6).

3. Individual Defendants

Plaintiff alleges the Individual Defendants’ conduct related to her expulsion

violated her due process rights as guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment, which

prohibits states from depriving “any person of life, liberty, or property, without due

process of law[.]” U.S. CONST. amend. XIV. To state a § 1983 claim, the plaintiff

ORDER – PAGE 19

must “‘show[] a violation of the Constitution or of federal law, and then show[] that

the violation was committed by someone acting under color of state law.’” Rich, 920

F.3d at 293-94 (cleaned up) (quoting Brown, 519 F.3d at 236).

The Individual Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against them

on the basis of qualified immunity. At the motion to dismiss stage, the plaintiff bears

the burden “to demonstrate the inapplicability of the [qualified immunity] defense.”

Kelson, 1 F.4th at 416. The plaintiff must allege facts which plausibly show that (1)

the defendant violated a constitutional right of the plaintiff and (2) the constitutional

right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. Morgan, 659 F.3d at

371 (citing al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735).

The Court first determines whether Plaintiff alleges facts which permit the Court

to reasonably infer that the Individual Defendants’ conduct violated her Fourteenth

Amendment right to due process.

Although it is not clear from her Complaint, Plaintiff’s argument in her Response

addresses both substantive due process and procedural due process. Doc. No. 14 at 9,

13. Plaintiff alleges she has a liberty and property interest in her continued education

at UTSW and also in her “good name and reputation”. Id. at ¶¶ 55, 58-59, 67-68.

These constitutionally protected interests, according to Plaintiff, were “directly

ORDER – PAGE 20

threatened” and affected by the disciplinary process and hearing, and her expulsion.

Id. at ¶¶ 60-68, 70.

a. Procedural Due Process

“Procedural due process imposes constraints on governmental decisions which

deprive individuals of ‘liberty’ or ‘property’ interests within the meaning of the Due

Process Clause of the . . . Fourteenth Amendment.” Shah I, 54 F. Supp. 3d at 691. To

state a claim for due process violation under the Fourteenth Amendment, the plaintiff

must show “(1) [s]he was deprived of a life, liberty, or property interest (2) without

the process that was due.” Aragona v. Berry, Civ. Action No. 3:10-CV-1610-G, 2012

WL 467069, at *5 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 14, 2012)(Fish, S.J.) (quoting Saucedo-Falls v.

Kunkle, 299 F. App’x 315, 319 (5th Cir. 2016)). As previously stated, the Supreme

Court and the Fifth Circuit have assumed without deciding that a student has some

protected interest in higher education at a public university. See Shah I, 54 F. Supp.

3d at 691 (citing Horowitz, 435 U.S. at 98, Shaboon, 252 F.3d at 730, and Davis, 882

F. 2d at 973). The Individual Defendants offer no sound basis for this Court to decline

to do the same. Regardless, “a court can avoid the constitutional interest question

when it is clear that the plaintiff ‘has been awarded at least as much due process as the

Fourteenth Amendment requires.’” Aragona, 2012 WL 467069, at * 5 (quoting

Horowitz, 435 U.S. at 84-85). Here, the Court concludes that Plaintiff was given at

ORDER – PAGE 21

least the procedural due process required under the Fourteenth Amendment in

academic disciplinary proceedings.

“The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard ‘at

a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’” Id. (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424

U.S. 319, 333 (1976)). This requirement is “flexible and calls for such procedural

protections as the particular situation demands.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333. In the

context of a public university student who has been dismissed, the due process

requirements hinge on whether the dismissal was disciplinary or academic. Shah I, 54

F. Supp. 3d at 692 (citing Horowitz, 435 U.S. at 86). A student dismissed for

disciplinary reasons rather than academic reasons is required more due process. Id.

Where a student is dismissed in a disciplinary proceeding, the Supreme Court defined

“more process” under the Fourteenth Amendment as giving the student “oral or written

notice of the charges against [her] and, if [s]he denies them, an explanation of the

evidence the authorities have and an opportunity to present his side of the story.” Goss

v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 581 (1975). “The [Due Process] Clause requires at least these

rudimentary precautions against unfair or mistaken findings of misconduct and

arbitrary exclusion from school.” Id.

Plaintiff alleges that “the hearing panel found her in violation of EDU-151

[Student Conduct and Discipline] and confirmed her penalty of expulsion.” Doc. No.

ORDER – PAGE 22

1 at ¶ 45. Plaintiff’s allegations support a reasonable inference that her expulsion was

for disciplinary reasons. Cf. Aragona, 2012 WL 467069, at *5 (“A student is dismissed

for disciplinary reasons when he violates a valid rule of conduct.”). Therefore, the

Court will apply the more stringent standard for disciplinary dismissals.

It is clear from Plaintiff’s allegations, taken in the light most favorable to her,

that she was afforded at least as much procedural due process as is constitutionally

required by the Fourteenth Amendment. Plaintiff was “informed” of the charges

against her, see Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 33, and her proposed expulsion was set forth in a “Notice

of Disciplinary Action”, see id. at ¶ 40. Plaintiff alleges that she “took responsibility”

for her actions; she does not allege she denied the accusations. Id. at ¶ 27. Moreover,

Plaintiff met with Defendant Mihalic twice to discuss the incident and had more than

one opportunity to explain her side of the story, in person and through e-mail, with

professors and various individual Defendants. Id. at ¶¶ 27-28, 32, 35, 37-38; see also

id. at ¶ 39 (Plaintiff’s lab partners called Defendant Mihalic to explain Plaintiff’s

actions as unintentional). A disciplinary hearing was held. Id. at ¶¶ 42-43. After

receiving the letter informing her of the disciplinary finding and her expulsion, Plaintiff

appealed the decision, which was ultimately upheld. Id. at ¶¶ 45-47. Taking the

allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds she received at least

the due process required under the Fourteenth Amendment for a disciplinary dismissal.

ORDER – PAGE 23

See Goss, 419 U.S. at 581 (when a student is dismissed for disciplinary reasons, the

student must receive “oral or written notice of the charges against" [her] and, if [s]he

denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an opportunity

to present his side of the story.”). Thus, even assuming Plaintiff has some protected

interest in her continued education at UTSW, the facts alleged do not plausibly state

a claim for a procedural due process violation regarding the disciplinary process and

her expulsion.

In her Complaint, Plaintiff does allege that “Defendants were, at a minimum,

constitutionally required to adhere to [UTSW’s] internal policy which provides that

the decision ‘shall be based on the totality of the evidence.’” Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 60; see

also id. at ¶¶ 44-45, 62, 64, 65. Plaintiff alleges her evidence of her ADHD was ignored

and the disciplinary decisions were made “without a preponderance of all available

evidence.” Id. at ¶¶ 62, 64-65. This argument is unfounded. “A student does not have

any due process rights to the procedures established by a state entity’s rules or

regulations.” Aragona, 2012 WL 467069, at * 6. Even if UTSW implemented certain

procedures or requirements for disciplinary proceedings, that alone does not add to the

constitutional requirements under the Fourteenth Amendment. Olim v. Wakinekona,

461 U.S. 238, 250-51 (1983) (“Process is not an end in itself. . . . The State may choose

to require procedures for reasons other than protection against deprivation of

ORDER – PAGE 24

substantive rights, of course, but in making that choice the State does not create an

independent substantive right.”). Even if the Court accepted as true Plaintiff’s

allegations that UTSW had such an internal policy on disciplinary proceedings and

that it was not followed, any failure to follow that policy would not itself render the

process unconstitutional. See Pham v. Univ. of La. at Monroe, 194 F. Supp. 3d 534, 545

(W.D. La. 2016).

Finally, Plaintiff alleges in a conclusory and vague fashion that “her questions

about the process and next steps were often left unanswered.” Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 66; see

id. at ¶ 34. But Plaintiff fails to allege any other facts giving further explanation or

context to this conclusory allegation. The Court does not accept as true “conclusory

statements” and “naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement”. See Iqbal,

556 U.S. at 678.

The Court finds that, taken in the light most favorable to her, Plaintiff does

not allege sufficient facts to permit the Court to reasonably infer that her procedural

due process rights were violated by the Individual Defendants’ actions. See Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 678. Because Plaintiff fails to plausibly show that the Individual Defendants

violated her constitutional right, the Court’s qualified immunity inquiry ends. For

these reasons, Plaintiff fails to meet her burden to show qualified immunity does not

apply and, therefore, the Individual Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.

ORDER – PAGE 25

See Kelson, 1 F.4th at 416 (defendant is entitled to qualified immunity unless the

plaintiff meets her burden). Also, for all these same reasons that the Court finds

Plaintiff fails to plausibly state a procedural due process claim, the Official Defendants

are entitled to dismissal of this claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See Rich, 920 F.3d at 293-

94 (to state a § 1983 claim, the plaintiff must plausibly allege a constitutional

violation committed by someone acting under color of state law).

b. Substantive Due Process

Substantive due process “bar[s] certain government actions regardless of the

fairness of the procedures used to implement them.” Shah I, 54 F. Supp. 3d at 695

(internal quotations omitted) (quoting Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 840

(1986)). “The reach of substantive due process is limited, however, and it protects

against only the most serious of governmental wrongs.” Id. at 695-96. In a case

involving a student’s substantive due process challenge to a public university’s decision

to dismiss him, the Supreme Court warned of the “profound importance” of “restrained

judicial review” of decisions by educational institutions, quoting Justice White in

explaining:

Although the Court regularly proceeds on the assumption that the

Due Process Clause has more than a procedural dimension, we must

always bear in mind that the substantive content of the Clause is

suggested neither by its language nor by preconstitutional history;

that content is nothing more than the accumulated product of

judicial interpretation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.

ORDER – PAGE 26

Ewing, 474 U.S. at 225 (quoting Moore v. E. Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 543-44

(1977)(WHITE, J., dissenting).

To state a claim for a substantive due process violation, the plaintiff must allege

that “(1) [s]he was deprived of a life, liberty, or property interest (2) in an arbitrary

and capricious manner.” Saucedo-Falls, 299 F. App’x at 319 (citing Moulton, 991 F.2d

at 230). “In determining whether the government’s action has been arbitrary in the

constitutional sense, the Court asks whether the government action ‘shocks the

conscience.’” Eustice v. Tex. A&M Univ., 2016 WL 8710444, at * 7 (S.D. Tex. Sept.

30, 2016) (determining plaintiff’s substantive due process claim arising from his

disciplinary-related expulsion) (quoting Pham, 194 F. Supp. 3d at 545). “Only the

most egregious executive action can be said to be ‘arbitrary in the constitutional sense.’”

Cnty. of Sacramento, 523 U.S. at 834. “In the context of dismissal from an academic

program, substantive due process amounts to a constitutional protection against

arbitrary dismissal.” Logarbo v. La. State Univ. Health Scis. Ctr., 2022 WL 17683219,

at * 6 (W.D. La. Nov. 29, 2022).

In asserting this claim, Plaintiff alleges she a constitutionally protected interest

in her continued education at UTSW and in her “good name and reputation”. Doc.

No. 1 at ¶¶ 55, 58-59, 68. Although the Supreme Court has assumed without deciding

that a student has a constitutionally protected property right in continued enrollment

ORDER – PAGE 27

at a public university, see, e.g., Ewing, 474 U.S. at 222-23, there is no case law which

directly holds that a student has a substantive due process right to continued education.

See Shah I, 54 F. Supp. 3d at 696-97 (“The law regarding substantive due process rights

in the context of higher education, however, is far from settled.”) (collecting cases in

which the courts assumed without deciding that such a right exists). Further, binding

case law instructs that any constitutionally protected interest in Plaintiff’s “good name

and reputation” does not alone trigger due process protections. The Supreme Court

confirmed that case law, including Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433 (1971) as

cited by Plaintiff, “does not establish the proposition that reputation alone, apart from

some more tangible interests such as employment, is either ‘liberty’ or ‘property’ by

itself sufficient to invoke the procedural protections of the Due Process Clause.” Paul

v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 701 (1976); see also Bledsoe v. City of Horn Lake, Miss., 449 F.3d

650, 653 (5th Cir. 2006) (“Neither damage to reputation alone nor the stigma resulting

from the [dismissal] itself trigger the protections of due process.”). Therefore, any

constitutionally protected interest Plaintiff has in her “good name and reputation” does

not alone trigger due process protections.

The Court is not convinced that Plaintiff can assert a substantive due process

claim since a student’s “substantive due process rights in the context of higher

education . . . is far from settled.” Shah I, 54 F. Supp. 3d at 696-97. Nevertheless, the

ORDER – PAGE 28

Court will assume without deciding that she can and that she has at some

constitutionally protected property interest in her education at UTSW and, taken

together, in her “good name and reputation”. Taking the allegations in the light most

favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds that Plaintiff alleges no facts from which the

Court can reasonably infer that the Individual Defendants’ conduct was so arbitrary as

to “shock the conscience” when she received notice (written and oral) of the charges, a

hearing by a panel of four people, and an appeal of the decision to expel her from

UTSW, all arising from the disciplinary violation of cutting letters into a cadaver. See

also Pham, 194 F. Supp. 3d at 548 (“Expelling a student [for a disciplinary violation)

after a hearing, a supplemental hearing, and an appeals process is not the type of

conduct which shocks the conscience as a matter of law.”).

Plaintiff fares no better were the Court to apply the standard for a “genuinely

academic decision” rather than a disciplinary decision. “When judges are asked to

review the substance of a genuinely academic decision . . .they show great respect for

the faculty’s professional judgment. Plainly, they may not override it unless it is such

a substantial departure from accepted academic norms as to demonstrate that the

persons or committee responsible did not actually exercise professional judgment.”

Ewing, 474 U.S. at 225; see also Salcido v. Univ. of S. Miss., 557 F. App’x 289, 294 (5th

Cir. 2014) (“Substantive due process requires public officials exercising their

ORDER – PAGE 29

professional judgment to do so in a nonarbitrary and noncapricious manner.”).

Plaintiff alleges no facts which, taken in the light most favorable to her, allow the Court

to reasonably infer that the Individual Defendants’ actions were “such a substantial

departure from accepted norms” that the Individual Defendants “did not actually

exercise professional judgment” in deciding to expel her and in upholding that decision

on appeal. See Ewing, 474 U.S. at 225.

Taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the factual allegations do not

support a reasonable inference that the Individual Defendants’ conduct, in deciding to

take disciplinary action and expel her and in upholding the decision on appeal, satisfies

“the constitutional concept of conscience shocking,” Cnty. of Sacramento, 523 U.S. at

848, or even was “a substantial departure from accepted norms” of exercising

professional judgment, Ewing, 474 U.S. at 225. Because Plaintiff fails to plausibly state

a claim that the Individual Defendants violated her substantive due process rights, the

Court’s qualified immunity inquiry ends. For these reasons, Plaintiff fails to meet her

burden to show that qualified immunity does not apply and, therefore, the Individual

Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. See Kelson, 1 F.4th at 416. Also, for all

these same reasons that the Court finds Plaintiff fails to plausibly state a substantive

due process claim, the Official Defendant are entitled to dismissal of this claim under

Rule 12(b)(6). See Rich, 920 F.3d at 293-94 (to state a § 1983 claim, the plaintiff must

ORDER – PAGE 30

plausibly allege a constitutional violation committed by someone acting under color of

state law).

4. Conclusion

The Court finds Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim for due process violations against

UTSW is barred by Eleventh Amendment immunity and is, therefore, dismissed

without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Individual

Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim because she

fails to plausibly allege facts showing a violation of her procedural or substantive due

process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment; therefore, the claim against the

Individual Defendants is dismissed with prejudice. Although Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim

for injunctive relief against the Official Defendants is not barred by Eleventh

Amendment immunity, the Court finds Plaintiff fails to plausibly state a claim for

procedural due process violation or substantive due process violation. Therefore, the §

1983 claim against the Official Defendants is dismissed without prejudice pursuant

to Rule 12(b)(6).

B. Disability Discrimination Claim Under the ADA and the

Rehabilitation Act

Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims against UTSW and the Official

Defendants under the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act for failure to state a claim. Doc.

No. 12 at 16-18. Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to allege facts showing that she

ORDER – PAGE 31

was expelled because of her disability. Id. at 17 (emphasis added). Defendants also argue

that, to the extent Plaintiff asserts these claims against the Individual Defendants, the

claims fail as a matter of law because the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act do not permit

individual capacity claims. Id. at 18 n. 5. Plaintiff responds that her disability was

known to UTSW and her professors, that her professors knew “she often doodles to

maintain concentration”, and that she “further provided additional evidence to the

hearing board that was ultimately disregarded.” Doc. No. 14 at 16. Plaintiff argues

that her “doodling on the cadaver lead to [her] misconduct violation and ultimately

her expulsion” and “Defendants failed to take into consideration that it was because of

[her] disability that she was brought before the disciplinary board.” Id. Plaintiff also

makes a single conclusory statement for the first time in her Response that UTSW

discriminated against her in denying her “services as a result of her disability and its

manifestation.” Id. Plaintiff makes no allegation in the Complaint that her ADA and

Rehabilitation Act claims arise from the denial of any services or accommodations

related to her disability. The Court does not consider this conclusory assertion in

determining the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s claims under the ADA and the Rehabilitation

Act as alleged in her Complaint.

Title II of the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a disability shall,

by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits

ORDER – PAGE 32

of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to

discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Section 504 of the

Rehabilitation Act states that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability . . .

shall solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be

denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity

receiving Federal financial assistance. . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). “The only difference

between the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act in the application of these elements

concerns the final requirement.” Maples v. Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston, 901

F. Supp. 2d 874, 879 (S.D. Tex. 2012), aff’d, 524 F. App’x 93 (5th Cir. 2013). The

ADA prohibits an individual’s exclusion “by reason of [their] disability,” 42 U.S.C.

§ 12132, whereas the Rehabilitation Act prohibits an individual’s exclusion “solely by

reason” of their disability, 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). “Thus, while Section 504 establishes a

‘sole cause’ test for causation, the ADA instead establishes a ‘motivating factor’ test.”

Maples, 901 F. Supp. 2d at 879; see Pinkerton v. Spellings, 529 F.3d 513, 516-19 (5th

Cir. 2008).

The ADA and the Rehabilitation Act “are judged under the same legal standards,

and the same remedies are available under both Acts.” Kemp v. Holder, 610 F.3d 231,

234 (5th Cir. 2010). “A plaintiff states a claim under Title II of the ADA or Section

504 of the Rehabilitation Act ‘in the context of a student excluded from an educational

ORDER – PAGE 33

program,’ if he establishes that: (1) he has a qualifying disability; (2) he is qualified to

participate in the defendant’s program; and (3) he was excluded from the defendant’s

program due to his disability.” Shrub v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at Houston-Sch. of

Med., 63 F. Supp. 3d 700, 707 (S.D. Tex. 2014) (internal quotation omitted).

As an initial matter, the Court agrees with Defendants and finds that Plaintiff’s

claim for violation of the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act against the Individual

Defendants fails as a matter of law. “Suits under the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act

must be brought against a ‘public entity’ as opposed to individuals.” Phillips next friend

of J.H. v. Prator, 2022 WL 3376524, at * 2 n.2 (5th Cir. Aug, 3, 2021) (citing Smith v.

Harris Cnty., 956 F.3d 311, 317 (5th Cir. 2020) and Smith v. Hood, 900 F.3d 180, 184

n. 6 (5th Cir. 2018)). For this reason, Plaintiff’s claims for violation of the ADA and

the Rehabilitation Act against the Individual Defendants are dismissed with

prejudice.

Turning to UTSW and the Official Defendants, they dispute only the third

prong, arguing Plaintiff fails to allege facts plausibly showing her expulsion was by

reason of her ADHD or that her disability was the sole cause for her expulsion. Plaintiff

alleges her ADHD, affects her ability to remain focused and “attend to schoolwork”.

Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 15. Plaintiff alleges that a symptom of her ADHD is her hands

“mindlessly mov[e]”, and that she “subconsciously” cut an “H” and a partial “A” into

ORDER – PAGE 34

a cadaver. Id. at ¶¶ 20, 22-23; see also id. at ¶¶ 25, 27, 36-37. Specifically in support

of her ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims, Plaintiff alleges that: Defendants ignored

evidence of her disability during the disciplinary process, in the Hearing Decision

Letter, and during the appeal, and expelled her for actions that were a symptom of her

ADHD, id. at ¶¶ 78, 90; Defendants compared her to students without disabilities

because they “based their conclusion” (presumably as to the disciplinary action and

decision) on never having previously seen a similar incident, id. at ¶¶ 79, 91; and

Defendants discriminated against her based on her disability “as evidenced, amongst

other things, by Defendant Mihalic’s statements about ADHD” and Adderall, a

treatment drug, id. at ¶¶ 81, 93. Plaintiff claims Defendant Mihalic has “biased views”

because she previously told “a group of students” no one should use Adderall,

irrespective of an ADHD diagnosis. Id. at ¶ 29.

Taking the allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds

that she fails to allege facts which plausibly show her ADHD was the sole cause for her

expulsion (the Rehabilitation Act) or even that ADHD was a motivating factor (the

ADA). Based on her own allegations, Plaintiff was disciplined and expelled for violating

EDU-151- Student Conduct and Discipline, see id. at ¶ 45, when she “cut” letters into

a cadaver. That Plaintiff’s ADHD allegedly caused her to cut these letters into a

cadaver, even subconsciously, “is of no matter.” Harkey v. NextGen Healthcare, Inc., 2022

ORDER – PAGE 35

WL 2764870, at * 4 (5th Cir. July 15, 2022). In Harkey, the plaintiff was fired for

“severe, unprofessional, and inappropriate conduct” which she alleged was caused by

her sleepwalking disorder. Id. at * 4. Examining prior holdings, the Fifth Circuit

highlighted “the line between” suffering an adverse action because of the disability and

suffering the adverse action because of the conduct that occurred as a result of the

disability. Id. at * 3-4. The Fifth Circuit held that, even though the plaintiff

maintained that her sleepwalking disorder caused her to “sleepwalk[] into her male co-

worker’s room” on a work trip, the conduct itself gave the defendant “reason to fire”

her. Id.; see also Hamilton v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 136 F.3d 1047, 1052-53 (5th Cir. 1998)

(holding that an employee’s “angry and profane confrontation with his manager” was

presumably caused by his PTSD, but his conduct “violated company policy” which

resulted in his termination). Therefore, “the ADA is no barrier to her termination.”

Harkey, 2022 WL 2764870, at * 4.

Although not factually on all fours, the Court finds Harkey to be instructive if

not on point for the third prong of ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims. Plaintiff does

not allege any facts which plausibly show that her ADHD itself, rather than her conduct

even if caused by her ADHD as she alleges, was a motivating factor or the sole reason

for her expulsion from UTSW. Rather, the Court can reasonably infer from Plaintiff’s

allegations, taken in the light most favorable to her, that she was expelled because her

ORDER – PAGE 36

conduct, cutting letters into a cadaver during an anatomy lab, violated UTSW’s code

of student conduct and discipline. Cf. Harkey, 2022 WL 2764870, at * 4 (“The ADA

does not give employees license to act with impunity.”). That Plaintiff’s actions might

have happened as a result of her ADHD and her “mindlessly moving” hands “is of no

matter”. Harkey, 2022 WL 2764870, at * 3. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff

fails to plausibly state a claim for violation of the ADA or a claim for violation of the

Rehabilitation Act against UTSW and the Official Defendants and, therefore, these

claims are both dismissed without prejudice under Rule 12(b)(6).

C. State Tort Claims

Plaintiff alleges claims against the Defendants for intentional and negligent

infliction of emotional distress. The Defendants move to dismiss these claims against

UTSW and the Official Defendants as barred by sovereign immunity and against the

Individual Defendants as barred by official immunity. Doc. No. 12 at 19-21. In her

Response, Plaintiff makes a single statement: “Plaintiff concedes that the claims for

negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress should be dismissed as to the

Individual Defendants pursuant to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.106.” Doc. No.

14 at 16. Plaintiff wholly fails to respond to the sovereign immunity argument put

forth by UTSW and the Official Defendants.

ORDER – PAGE 37

In light of Plaintiff’s concession regarding the Individual Defendants, the Court

hereby dismisses with prejudice the state law tort claims for intentional and negligent

infliction of emotional distress against the Individual Defendants. The Court finds

these claims against UTSW and the Official Defendants should be dismissed. “A

plaintiff abandons claims when it fails to address the claims or oppose a motion

challenging those claims.” Terry Black’s Barbeque, L.L.C. v. State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co., 22

F.4th 450, 459 (5th Cir. 2022); accord In re Dallas Roadster, Ltd., 846 F.3d 112, 126

(5th Cir. 2017). Because Plaintiff effectively abandoned these claims by failing to

respond, Plaintiff’s claims for intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress

against UTSW and the Official Defendants are dismissed with prejudice.

The Court would nevertheless be compelled to dismiss these tort claims against

UTSW and the Official Defendants. See, e.g., Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda,

133 S.W.3d 217, 225 (Tex. 2004) (internal citation omitted) (Texas Tort Claims Act

(“TTCA”) expressly waives sovereign immunity in only “three areas: ‘use of publicly

owned automobiles, premises defects, and injuries arising out of conditions or use of

property.’”); DeHorney v. Talley, 630 S.W.3d 297, 307 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no

pet. h.) (“[T]he TTCA does not contain a waiver of immunity for claims for negligent

infliction of emotional distress because no such cause of action is recognized under

Texas law.”); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.057(2) (sovereign immunity

ORDER – PAGE 38

expressly not waived for intentional torts); see also id. § 101.102(a) (emphasis added)

(“A suit under this chapter shall be brought in state court in the county in which the

cause of action arose or a part of the cause of action arises.”); see also id. § 101.106(e)

(“If a suit is filed . . . against both a governmental unit and any of its employees, the

employees shall be dismiss on the filing of a motion by the governmental unit.”).

D. Attorney Immunity

Defendants also move the Court to dismiss each of Plaintiff’s claims against

Defendants Sine and Spaniol on the basis of attorney immunity. Defendants Sine and

Spaniol contend that they are attorneys for UTSW, which is not alleged in the

Complaint, and ask the Court to take judicial notice of this fact. Doc. No. 12 at 21.

Defendants Sine and Spaniol argue that it is apparent from the face of Plaintiff’s

Complaint that “any involvement Ms. Sine or Ms. Spaniol may have had in the

dismissal of Plaintiff from UTSW would have been as part of those attorneys’ routine

practice of providing advice to UTSW as its full-time legal counsel.” Id. The Court

disagrees. In Texas, attorney immunity shields attorneys and law firms from suit by

third parties for legal services provided in representing a client. See Haynes & Boone,

LLP v. NFTD, LLC, 631 S.W.3d 65, 76, 81 (Tex. 2021). This affirmative defense is

“intended to ensure loyal, faithful, and aggressive representation by attorneys

ORDER – PAGE 39

employed as advocates.” Cantey Hanger, LLP v. Byrd, 467 S.W.3d 477, 481 (Tex. 2015)

(internal quotations omitted).

A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss on the basis of an affirmative defense may be

granted only if the defense appears on the face of the complaint. Bell v. Eagle Mountain

Saginaw Indep. Sch. Dist., 27 F.4th 313, 320 (5th Cir. 2022). “[I]t must be apparent

from the plaintiff’s own allegations that a defense is fatal to the claim.” Id. (internal

quotations omitted). The attorney has the burden to establish attorney immunity

applies. Kelly v. Nichamoff, 868 F.3d 371, 375 (5th Cir. 2017). Even taking judicial

notice of Defendants Sine’s and Spaniol’s employment with UTSW as legal counsel,

the Court cannot conclude that attorney immunity is apparent from the face of

Plaintiff’s Complaint. See Bell, 27 F.4th at 320. Therefore, the Court denies the

Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Sine and

Spaniol on the basis of the affirmative defense of attorney immunity.

IV. Leave to Amend

Plaintiff requests leave to amend her Complaint if the Court determines any

portion of it “deficient in any manner.” Doc. No. 14 at 17-18. Plaintiff notes that she

has not yet amended her Complaint, even as a matter of course. Id. at 17. Rule

15(a)(2) provides that a court “should freely give leave when justice so requires.” FED.

R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2). Although “leave to amend is not automatic”, “there is a strong

ORDER – PAGE 40

presumption in favor of granting leave to amend[.]” Fin. Acquisition Partners LP v.

Blackwell, 440 F.3d 278, 291 (5th Cir. 2006). Here, the Court has determined that

Plaintiff’s original Complaint should be dismissed in its entirety for the aforementioned

reasons. To be sure, certain claims are barred by immunity and, therefore, not subject

to being amended. But the Court is not securely certain that Plaintiff is unable to cure

some of the other deficiencies with further factual allegations.

Courts in this circuit recognize that “[i]n view of the consequences of dismissal

on the complaint alone, and the pull to decide cases on the merits rather than on the

sufficiency of pleadings, district courts often afford plaintiffs at least one opportunity

to cure pleading deficiencies before dismissing a case, unless it is clear that the defects

are incurable or the plaintiffs advise the court that they are unwilling or unable in a

manner that will avoid dismissal.” In re Am. Airlines, Inc., Privacy Litig., 370 F. Supp.

2d 552, 567-68 (N.D. Tex. 2005)(Fitzwater, J.) (quoting Great Plains Tr. Co. v. Morgan

Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 313 F.3d 305, 329 (5th Cir. 2002)). Accordingly, the Court

grants Plaintiff leave to amend her Complaint, consistent with this Memorandum

Opinion and Order and only if she has a good faith basis to do so, by October 17,

2023. If Plaintiff is unwilling or unable to amend her complaint in such a way as to

avoid dismissal, she must file a written notice stating as much by October 17, 2023.

If Plaintiff files a written notice with the Court that she is unwilling or unable to amend

ORDER – PAGE 41

her complaint, the Court will dismiss this case and enter a final judgment without

further notice.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part

the Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff's § 1983 claim for due process violation is: dismissed

without prejudice against UTSW, dismissed with prejudice against the Individual

Defendants, and dismissed without prejudice against the Official Defendants.

Plaintiff's claims for violation of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act and for

violation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act are: dismissed with prejudice

against the Individual Defendants, and dismissed without prejudice against UTSW

and the Official Defendants; and Plaintiff's claims for intentional infliction of

emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress are dismissed with

prejudice against UTSW, the Official Defendants, and the Individual Defendants.

The Court DENIES the Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's claims against Defendants Erin

Sine and Jessica Spaniol on the affirmative defense of attorney immunity.

SO ORDERED.

Signed September 29", 2023.

ED KINKEADE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

ORDER — PAGE 42