The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
PAUL ESMOND, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. CIV-24-00804-JD
)
THOMAS BROWN, individually; and )
DANNY HERMAN TRUCKING, INC., )
a Tennessee Corporation, )
)
Defendants. )
ORDER
Before the Court is Defendant Danny Herman Trucking, Inc.’s (“Danny Herman”)
Partial Motion to Dismiss (“Motion”) [Doc. No. 7], which seeks dismissal of the claims
for negligent hiring, training, retention, and entrustment in Plaintiff Paul Esmond’s
(“Esmond”) petition [Doc. No. 1-2]. Danny Herman seeks dismissal for failure to state a
claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Esmond responded in opposition.
(“Response”) [Doc. No. 16]. Danny Herman did not file a reply. For the reasons stated
below, the Court grants Danny Herman’s Motion.
I. BACKGROUND
On February 24, 2022, Esmond was driving in Canadian County, Oklahoma, when
he was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Pet. [Doc. No. 1-2] ¶ 4. Defendant Thomas
Brown (“Brown”) was driving the other vehicle involved in the collision; at the time of
the accident, Brown was acting in the course of his employment with Danny Herman,
which owned the vehicle Brown was driving. Id. ¶¶ 2–3, 5. As a result of the crash,
Esmond alleges he suffered personal injuries and mental anguish; he also alleges he
incurred medical expenses and damage to his vehicle. Id. ¶¶ 8, 10.
Esmond filed this action against Danny Herman in the District Court of Canadian
County, Oklahoma, seeking compensatory and punitive damages under a theory of
respondeat superior liability for Brown’s alleged negligence, as well as claims for
negligent hiring, training, retention, and negligent entrustment. Id. ¶¶ 5–6, 12. Danny
Herman removed the action to this Court based on diversity of citizenship. Notice of
Removal [Doc. No. 1] at 1. Danny Herman moves to dismiss Esmond’s claims for
negligent hiring, training, retention, and entrustment, arguing that the petition does not
allege sufficient facts to state a claim. Motion at 1. Danny Herman also argues that, as a
matter of Oklahoma law, Jordan v. Cates, 1997 OK 9, 935 P.2d 289, bars recovery on
these claims since Danny Herman has stipulated that Brown was acting within the scope
of his employment. Id.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“To survive a motion to dismiss” under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Under this standard, the Court must “accept the
well-pleaded facts alleged as true and view them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff.” Clinton v. Sec. Benefit Life Ins. Co., 63 F.4th 1264, 1275 (10th Cir. 2023).
However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements, do not suffice,” and the Court must “draw on its judicial
experience and common sense” to determine whether a complaint states a plausible claim
for relief. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79. “In other words, dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is
appropriate if the complaint alone is legally insufficient to state a claim.” Brokers’
Choice of Am., Inc. v. NBC Universal, Inc., 861 F.3d 1081, 1104–05 (10th Cir. 2017).
III. ANALYSIS
In Oklahoma, an employer “may be held liable for negligence in hiring,
supervising or retaining an employee. . . . if—at the critical time of the tortious
incident—[] the employer had reason to believe that the person would create an undue
risk of harm to others.” N.H. v. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), 1999 OK 88, ¶ 20, 998
P.2d 592, 600. “The critical element for recovery” in such cases “is the employer’s prior
knowledge of the servant’s propensities to create the specific danger resulting in
damage.” Id. ¶ 21, 998 P.2d at 600. Oklahoma courts frequently consider negligent
training claims alongside claims for negligent hiring, supervision, and retention; these
courts impose the same scienter requirement for all of these claims. E.g., Brown v.
Muldrow Pub. Schs., Case No. 120,934, 2024 OK CIV APP 20, ¶ 23, 2024 WL 4024661,
at *6 (filed July 17, 2024; mandate issued Aug. 9, 2024) (explaining that a “claim for
negligent supervision and training requires a showing that an employer met
the . . . elements of negligence during the ‘hiring, supervising, or retaining’ of an
employee,” then reciting the elements from Presbyterian Church (citation omitted)). “In
essence,” when facing claims of negligent hiring, training, and retention, “an employer
may bear liability of an employee’s unreasonable or injurious conduct upon a third party
if said conduct was reasonably foreseeable.” Id.
“To support an actionable claim for negligent entrustment of an automobile,” a
plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) “a person who owns or has possession and control of
an automobile allowed another driver to operate the automobile”; (2) “the person knew or
reasonably should have known that the other driver was careless, reckless and
incompetent”; and (3) “an injury was caused by the careless and reckless driving of the
automobile.” Green v. Harris, 2003 OK 55, ¶ 23, 70 P.3d 866, 871. “Liability for
negligent entrustment arises from the act of entrustment, not the relationship of the
parties.’” Sheffer v. Carolina Forge Co., 2013 OK 48, ¶ 17, 306 P.3d 544, 550.
Danny Herman argues that Esmond “has failed to plead any facts that support the
bare conclusion that Danny Herman was negligent in its hiring, training, and retention of
Thomas Brown.” Motion at 6. Regarding the negligent entrustment claim, Danny Herman
argues that Esmond “makes a conclusory allegation with no specifics as to what Danny
Herman knew or should have known about Brown or his driving ability.” Id. at 7. The
Court agrees. In his response, Esmond acknowledges that for negligent hiring, retention,
and training claims, liability hinges on “whether the employer knew or should have
known of the circumstances in the employee’s background which would create an
unreasonable risk of injury to persons with whom the employee could reasonably expect
to interact.” Response at 10 n.3. Yet the entirety of the allegations in Esmond’s petition
regarding these claims reads: “Defendant, Danny Herman Trucking, Inc. a Tennessee
Corporation was negligent in its hiring, training, and retention of the Defendant, Thomas
Brown; and negligent in its entrustment of its vehicle to him.” These conclusory
statements fail to allege any facts that would allow the Court to infer that Danny Herman
“had reason to believe that [Brown] would create an undue risk of harm to others,”
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), 1999 OK 88, ¶ 20, 998 P.2d at 600, or that Danny Herman
“knew or reasonably should have known that [Brown] was careless, reckless and
incompetent,” Green, 2003 OK 55, ¶ 23, 70 P.3d at 871. Accordingly, the Court
dismisses Esmond’s claims of negligent hiring, training, retention, and entrustment.1
In his response, Esmond “requests leave to amend his State Court Petition and file
an Amended Complaint to further plead and/or cure any deficiencies that the Court finds
may exist.” Response at 11.2 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) instructs that “[t]he
court should freely give leave” to amend pleadings “when justice so requires.” Where the
1 Because it dismisses these claims for insufficiency of the pleadings, the Court
need not address Danny Herman’s alternate argument for dismissal under Jordan v.
Cates, 1997 OK 9, 935 P.2d 289.
2 In the Certificate of Conference section of his response, Esmond notes that the
parties have agreed to request a stay “to await the Oklahoma Supreme Court’s decision in
Richardson v. Sibley, which will presumabl[y] have a direct impact on Defendant’s
Motion for Partial Motion to Dismiss.” Response at 1–2. In support for this request,
Esmond cites Taylor v. Juma, No. CIV-23-132-D, 2024 WL 3013838 (W.D. Okla. June
14, 2024), in which the court stayed a factually similar case pending the resolution of
Richardson v. Sibley.
The request for a stay in the response is not proper. Under Local Civil Rule 7.1(c),
“A response to a motion may not also include a motion or a cross-motion made by the
responding party.” If the parties wish to request a stay, they must move for such relief in
a separate motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7(b). Regardless, the Court
concludes that Taylor is distinguishable because that order was issued at the summary
judgment stage. Taylor, 2024 WL 3013838, at *1 & n.1. The Court does not prejudge a
proper motion for a stay but cautions the parties that it may not be appropriate at this
early stage in the proceedings.
party has “expressed a willingness to amend,” and “‘if it is at all possible that the party
against whom the dismissal is directed can correct the defect in the pleading or state a
claim for relief, the court should dismiss with leave to amend.’” Brever v. Rockwell Int’l
Corp., 40 F.3d 1119, 1131 (10th Cir. 1994) (quoting 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal
Practice & Procedure § 1483, at 587 (2d ed. 1990)). Here, because the deficiencies in
Esmond’s complaint are potentially curable, the Motion was directed at a petition drafted
under state (versus federal) pleading standards in this removed action, and Esmond seeks
the ability to amend his pleading, the Court dismisses these claims without prejudice.
Should Esmond wish to amend his complaint, he must follow the Federal and Local Civil
Rules of Procedure. Cf. LCvR7.1(c) (“A response to a motion may not also include a
motion or a cross-motion made by the responding party.”); see also LCvR15.1
(explaining that a party moving to amend a pleading under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15 “must attached the proposed pleading as an exhibit to the motion”).3
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the Court GRANTS Danny Herman’s Partial Motion to Dismiss
[Doc. No. 7]. Esmond’s claims for negligent hiring, training, retention, and entrustment
are dismissed without prejudice to his right to move to amend his petition.
3 Before filing any motion for leave to amend, the Court requires the parties to
confer to determine if they can resolve any disputes and to avoid further motion practice
on the issues.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 16th day of September 2024.
ei W. DISHMAN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE