Goodykoontz v. State Of Ohio

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION AT CINCINNATI

DAVID GOODYKOONTZ, : Case No. 1:24-cv-145

:

Plaintiff, : District Judge Michael R. Barrett

: Magistrate Judge Karen L. Litkovitz

vs. :

:

STATE OF OHIO, :

:

Defendant. :

:

ORDER AND REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

Plaintiff, an inmate at the Warren Correctional Institution (WCI), in Lebanon, Ohio, has

filed an amended civil rights complaint,1 naming the State of Ohio as the sole defendant. The

Court construes the pro se amended complaint as bringing claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983,

1985, 1986; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794 (Rehabilitation

Act);2 the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA); various federal

criminal statutes; and Ohio state law. (Doc. 10). By separate Order, plaintiff has been granted

leave to proceed in forma pauperis. (Doc. 3).

This matter is currently before the Court for a sua sponte review of the amended

1In a March 27, 2024 Order, the Court directed plaintiff to file an amended complaint setting forth in clear, short and

concise terms the names of each defendant, the specific claims for relief attributable to each defendant, and the factual

allegations supporting each such claim. In response, plaintiff filed two, nearly identical complaints. (Docs. 9; 10).

Of the two pleadings, only the later-in-time submission (Doc. 10) is signed. Accordingly, the Court construes the

amended complaint filed as Document 10 as superseding both earlier versions of the complaint (Docs. 1; 9) and to be

the operative complaint in this action. See Calhoun v. Bergh, 769 F.3d 409, 410 (6th Cir. 2014) (“An amended

complaint supersedes an earlier complaint for all purposes.”) (quotation and citation omitted). See also Fed. R. Civ.

P. 11(a) (“Every pleading, written motion, and other paper must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the

attorney’s name--or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented.”).

2The Rehabilitation Act provides that: “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States . . .

shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be

subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance[.]” 29 U.S.C. § 794.

complaint (Doc. 10) to determine whether the complaint or any portion of it should be dismissed

because it is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seeks

monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See Prison Litigation Reform

Act of 1995 § 804, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); § 805, 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint

A. Legal Standard

A complaint may be dismissed as frivolous when the plaintiff cannot make any claim

with a rational or arguable basis in fact or law. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 328-29

(1989); see also Lawler v. Marshall, 898 F.2d 1196, 1198 (6th Cir. 1990). An action has no

arguable legal basis when the defendant is immune from suit or when plaintiff claims a violation

of a legal interest which clearly does not exist. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327. An action has no

arguable factual basis when the allegations are delusional or rise to the level of the irrational or

“wholly incredible.” Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 32 (1992); Lawler, 898 F.2d at 1199.

The Court need not accept as true factual allegations that are “fantastic or delusional” in

reviewing a complaint for frivolousness. Hill v. Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 471 (6th Cir. 2010)

(quoting Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 328).

Congress also has authorized the sua sponte dismissal of complaints that fail to state a

claim upon which relief may be granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2)(B)(ii). A complaint filed by a

pro se plaintiff must be “liberally construed” and “held to less stringent standards than formal

pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam) (quoting

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)). By the same token, however, the complaint “must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); see also Hill, 630 F.3d at 470-71 (“dismissal standard articulated in Iqbal

and Twombly governs dismissals for failure to state a claim” under, in relevant part,

§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)).

“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The Court must accept all well-

pleaded factual allegations as true, but need not “accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a

factual allegation.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286

(1986)). Although a complaint need not contain “detailed factual allegations,” it must provide

“more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). A pleading that offers “labels and conclusions” or “a

formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.

Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders “naked assertion[s]” devoid of “further factual

enhancement.” Id. at 557. The complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . .

claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93 (citations omitted).

B. Allegations

The allegations in plaintiff’s amended complaint span plaintiff’s pretrial incarceration at

the Cuyahoga County Corrections Center (CCCC), his underlying Cuyahoga County criminal

proceedings, time he spent at “North Coast Behavioral Health,” and his incarceration in the

following five Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) prisons—the

Correctional Reception Center (CRC), Noble Correctional Institution (NCI), Lorain Correctional

Center (LORCI), Madison Correctional Institution (MaCI), and WCI. Liberally construing the

amended complaint, see Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94, the Court understands plaintiff to be bringing

the following twenty groups of claims against the State of Ohio.

1. Plaintiff brings his first group of claims against the State of Ohio under 42 U.S.C.

§§ 1985(1) and 1986. Plaintiff alleges that he is a federal agent and an informant for the State of

Ohio but the State has failed to protect him from harm “due to not having absolute proof of his

status” and to having “a culture and custom that promoted . . . corruption, bribery, intimidating

agents, rigging of elections, mistreating people who are accused of sex crimes involving children

and allowing others to do so, and policies such as judicial discretion and discretion of PC

[Protective Custody] placement and security levels.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 194-95). Plaintiff

alleges that he “was assaulted at least 12 times so far in ODRC, and twice in Cuyahoga,” “has a

broken rib,” and was forced to take unwanted medication at North Coast Behavioral Health and

“Cuyahoga County.” (Id. at PageID 195).

2. Plaintiff brings his second group of claims against the State of Ohio under the

Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1589; 1595; 2255.

(Doc. 10, at PageID 195). He alleges that he was forced to work as an informant “while he was a

minor in or around 2001 and 2002,” was “kidnapped and put through a fake legal trial in

Cuyahoga County,” “ha[d] his children, who were born when plaintiff was very underage,

hidden from him,” “was threatened into working for [t]he City of Lakewood,” and was “coerced

to staying in the area of Cleveland where he was assaulted and robbed multiple times.” (Doc. 10,

at PageID 196).

3. Plaintiff brings his third group of claims against the State of Ohio under the

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc-1;

2000cc-2. He asserts the State has “limit[ed] purchases of religious items to those who are

identified as practicing a particular religion . . . and not mixed belief individuals as plaintiff is.”

(Doc. 10, at PageID 196).

4. Plaintiff brings his fourth group of claims against the State of Ohio under

§ 1985(2). He alleges that “defendant actors conspired to injure him on account of him assisting

others to enforce their rights, including but not limited to, minor victims.” (Doc. 10, at PageID

196). According to plaintiff, the “[c]onspiracies originated in or around 2002 and were

effectuated in or around 2022-2024.” (Id.).

5. Plaintiff brings his fifth group of claims against the State of Ohio under

§ 1985(3). Plaintiff alleges that “state actors conspired to deprive him of his rights by having

him assaulted while incarcerated from 2022-2024, in or around 2002 while conversing with

plaintiff and others regarding various events.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 197). Plaintiff asserts “those

conspiracies were based, in whole or in part, on plaintiff being a mixed Native American, gay,

first generation federal agent.” (Id.).

6. Plaintiff brings his sixth group of claims against the State of Ohio under 42

U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff alleges cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments based on a long, rambling list of alleged unconstitutional conditions of

confinement at multiple facilities, including North Coast Behavioral Health, CCCC, NCI, and

CRC. (Doc. 10, at PageID 197-200).

7. Plaintiff brings his seventh group of claims against the State of Ohio under the

following Ohio and federal statutes: Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2307.60; 2903.11; 2903.12; 2905.01;

2905.02; 2925.03; 2905.11; 2905.12; 2905.32; 2907.21; 2907.22; 2913.02; 2913.42; 2921.02;

2921.12; 2921.41; 2921.43; 2923.32; 2923.34; 2925.03; 18 U.S.C. §§ 798; 1343; 1512; 1513;

1589; 1590; 1831; 1832; 1956; 1964. Plaintiff alleges a “failure to enter plaintiff into PC despite

him being a federal agent and having issues with gangs,” “trafficking,” “sending plaintiff to

LorCI, CRC, NCI and WCI in order to further . . . forced labor,” “extortion,” and “felonious

assault.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 201).

8. Similar to his second group of claims, plaintiff brings his eighth group of claims

against the State of Ohio under §§ 1589 through 1595 of the TVPRA for alleged forced labor.

(Doc. 10, at PageID 203-04).

9. Plaintiff brings his ninth group of claims against the State of Ohio for alleged

breach of “contracts that were agreed upon in or around 2002.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 204).

10. Plaintiff brings his tenth group of claims against the State of Ohio under § 1983

for alleged retaliation in violation of the First Amendment for filing grievances and reporting

threats at CCCC and NCI. (Doc. 10, at PageID 204-05).

11. Plaintiff brings his eleventh group of claims against the State of Ohio under

§ 1983 for alleged denial of access to the courts in violation of the First Amendment due to

“unnecessary library closures” and “there being only one hour per week normally available.”

(Doc. 10, at PageID 205). Plaintiff alleges that “his appeal to the supreme court, petition, and

reopening were delayed” and that he has had “difficulty keeping up with this suit as well.” (Id.)

12. Plaintiff brings his twelfth group of claims against the State of Ohio for alleged

discrimination “on the basis of disability and sex, for refusal to hire him as a groundskeeper, or

any other job due to his specific crimes or tickets.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 205). Plaintiff alleges

that “[t]he tickets were specifically Tourette’s and mental disability related[.]” (Id.).

13. Plaintiff brings his thirteenth group of claims against the State of Ohio for alleged

hazing in violation of various Ohio statutes. (Doc. 10, at PageID 205).

14. Plaintiff brings his fourteenth group of claims against the State of Ohio under

various Ohio statutes for alleges inmate abuse while he was at North Coast Behavioral Health.

(Doc. 10, at PageID 205-06).

15. Plaintiff brings his fifteenth group of claims against the State of Ohio for alleged

sex discrimination “for failing to allow male inmates to purchase certain products, including but

not limited to, makeup from sundry boxes.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 206).

16. Plaintiff brings his sixteenth group of claims against the State of Ohio for alleged

medical malpractice at North Coast Behavioral Health and the ODRC relating to the prescription

of medication. (Doc. 10, at PageID 206).

17. Plaintiff brings his seventeenth group of claims against the State of Ohio under

Ohio state law “for falsification by lying in RIB proceeding.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 207).

18. Plaintiff brings his eighteenth group of claims against the State of Ohio under 29

U.S.C. §§ 794 and 794a “for discriminating against him, and failing to accommodate his requests

for, including but not limited to, contacts for nausea and getting dizzy from glasses, a lower bunk

for his bone spur, plantar fasciitis and Tourette’s, and a single man cell assignment for his

Tourette’s or verbal and physical tics and outbursts otherwise.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 207-08).

19. Plaintiff brings his nineteenth group of claims against the State of Ohio under

various Ohio statutes for allegedly failing to protect him from assault. (Doc. 10, at PageID 208).

20. Plaintiff brings his twentieth group of claims against the State of Ohio under

various Ohio statutes for “trying to get plaintiff to sign a paper stating he did not feel threatened

in a pod where he had been assaulted in.” (Doc. 10, at PageID 208).

Plaintiff seeks monetary damages in an amount “not less than[] three billion seven

hundred fifty million dollars” as well as injunctive and declaratory relief. (Doc. 10, at PageID

208-12).

ANALYSIS

At this stage in the proceedings, without the benefit of briefing by the parties to this

action, the undersigned concludes, in an abundance of caution, that plaintiff may proceed for

further development at this juncture on his twelfth and eighteenth groups of claims against the

State of Ohio to the extent that he alleges that he is being discriminated against at WCI in job

opportunities based on his “Tourette’s and mental disability” and/or denied accommodations at

WCI in violation of the Rehabilitation Act,3 but only to the extent that he seeks compensatory

damages, injunctive relief, and/or declaratory relief.4 However, for the reasons below, plaintiff’s

remaining claims should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) & 1915A(b).

Rehabilitation Act Claims at Other Facilities

As an initial matter, although the Court is permitting plaintiff to proceed at this juncture

on his Rehabilitation Act claims arising out of alleged actions at WCI, any Rehabilitation Act

claims that he may be asserting based on alleged actions at CCCC, North Coast Behavioral

Health, LORCI, CRC, NCI or MaCI should be dismissed without prejudice. CCCC, North Coast

Behavioral Health, and LORCI are located in the Northen District of Ohio. CRC, NCI, and

MaCI are located in this Court’s Eastern Division. “Presumably, records . . . as to events that

3Because the Rehabilitation Act is the only federal disability discrimination statute pled in plaintiff’s amended

complaint, the Court understands each of his disability-discrimination claims to be pled under the Rehabilitation

Act.

4The Court advises plaintiff that this is only a preliminary determination. The Court has not made a determination as

to the merits of the claims or potential defenses thereto, nor is the defendant precluded from filing a motion to dismiss,

motion for more definite statement, or other appropriate motion under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See, e.g.,

Wiley v. Austin, No. 8:20-CV-220, 2020 WL 6204382, at *3 (D. Neb. Oct. 22, 2020).

occurred in those facilities can be found in those judicial districts. Without more, venue as to

such claims therefore would exist in those districts but likely would not exist in this district.”

Clemons v. Wexford Health Sources, No. 20 C 50330, 2020 WL 13816796, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Oct.

5, 2020). Furthermore, “generally, claims regarding events in different [facilities] should be

brought in separate lawsuits in the appropriate judicial district.” Id. Accordingly, the Court

should dismiss without prejudice any Rehabilitation Act claims in the twelfth and eighteenth

groups of claims that plaintiff may be asserting based on alleged actions at CCCC, North Coast

Behavioral Health, LORCI, CRC, NCI or MaCI. See id.; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2); 21.

Punitive Damages

Next, to the extent that plaintiff seeks punitive damages as to his Rehabilitation Act

claims, such damages are unavailable and any claims for punitive damages under the

Rehabilitation Act should be dismissed. See Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S. 181, 189 (2002).5

Sovereign Immunity

The State of Ohio is immune from plaintiff’s claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983; 1985; and

1986. Under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, a state and its agencies

may not be sued in federal court, regardless of the relief sought, unless the state has waived its

immunity or Congress has overridden it. Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf &

Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 146 (1993); Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89,

124 (1984); Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 782 (1978). The State of Ohio has neither

constitutionally nor statutorily waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity in the federal courts,

5At this time, the Court expresses no opinion as to the applicability of sovereign immunity to plaintiff's Rehabilitation

Act claims to the extent that plaintiff seeks compensatory damages. See, e.g., Meeks v. Schofield, No. 3:12-MC-

00035, 2012 WL 1934416, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. May 29, 2012) (allowing Rehabilitation Act compensatory damages

claims to proceed at the screening stage).

see Johns v. Supreme Court of Ohio, 753 F.2d 524 (6th Cir. 1985), and State of Ohio v. Madeline

Marie Nursing Homes, 694 F.2d 449 (6th Cir. 1982). Furthermore, Congress did not intend to

override the traditional sovereign immunity of states by enacting §§ 1983; 1985; or 1986.

Whittington v. Milby, 928 F.2d 188, 193–94 (6th Cir.1991) (citing Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S.

332, 341 (1979)); see also Ferritto v. Ohio Dep’t of Highway Safety, No. 90–3475, 1991 WL

37824, at *2 (6th Cir. Mar. 19, 1991) (“The Eleventh Amendment prohibits actions against states

and state agencies under section 1983 and section 1985.”). Cf. Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

204 F.3d 723, 726 (7th Cir. 2000) (sovereign immunity bars § 1985(3) and 1986 claims against

the United States). Plaintiff’s first, fourth, fifth, sixth, tenth, eleventh, and fifteenth groups of

claims, as well as the part of his twelfth group of claims that alleges sex discrimination, are

therefore subject to dismissal.6

Similarly, the State of Ohio is immune from plaintiff’s claims under RLUIPA. See

Sossamon v. Texas, 563 U.S. 277, 293 (2011) (finding that acceptance of federal funds by

states does not waive sovereign immunity to RLUIPA claims); Spearman v. Michigan, No.

1:18-cv-463, 2018 WL 2315786, at *5-6 (W.D. Mich. May 22, 2018) (dismissing the

plaintiff’s RLUIPA claims against the State of Michigan on immunity grounds); Cardinal v.

Metrish, 564 F.3d 794, 801 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he Eleventh Amendment bars plaintiff's claim

for monetary relief under RLUIPA.”). Plaintiff’s third group of claims are therefore subject to

dismissal.

6Because plaintiff does not assert any other basis for his sex-discrimination claims asserted in his twelfth and fifteenth

groups of claims, the Court understands them to raise § 1983 Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause

claims. See Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 624 (1979) (“Section 1983 provides a private

cause of action for the deprivation, under color of state law, of ‘rights ... secured by the Constitution and laws.’ ”)

(footnote omitted).

The doctrine of sovereign immunity likewise bars plaintiff’s state-law claims against

the State of Ohio in federal Court. Tolliver v. Noble, No. 2:16-cv-1020, 2020 WL 4260950, at

*3 (S.D. Ohio July 24, 2020), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Tolliver v. Nobel,

2021 WL 210450 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 21, 2021) (citing Ernst v. Rising, 427 F.3d 351, 368 (6th Cir.

2005) (en banc) (in turn citing Pennhurst St. Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 106

(1984)) (“And because the purposes of Ex parte Young do not apply to a lawsuit designed to

bring a State into compliance with state law, the States’ constitutional immunity from suit

prohibits all state-law claims filed against a State in federal court, whether those claims are

monetary or injunctive in nature.”). Plaintiff’s ninth, thirteenth, fourteenth, sixteenth,

seventeenth, nineteenth, and twentieth groups of claims are therefore subject to dismissal. The

state-law claims asserted in plaintiff’s seventh and eighth groups of claims should also be

dismissed.

Claims under the TVPRA

In his second group of claims, plaintiff seeks to raise claims under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1589;

1595; and 2255. Plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under these

statutes. The TVPRA is a criminal statute that prohibits forced labor. See 18 U.S.C. § 1589.

Although § 1589 is a criminal statutes, the TVPRA permits civil remedies. See 18 U.S.C.

§§ 1595; 2255. See also Cleveland v. Dripping Springs Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 1:19-cv-1256,

2020 WL 10054501, at *2 (W.D. Tex. June 24, 2020), report and recommendation adopted, No.

2020 WL 10054587 (W.D. Tex. July 15, 2020) (noting that “the TVPRA permits civil

remedies”). However, the amended complaint does not contain allegations from which the Court

can plausibly infer that he is the victim or that the State of Ohio is the perpetrator of a violation

of § 1589. Plaintiff’s second group of claims is therefore subject to dismissal.

Likewise, in his seventh and eighth groups of claims, plaintiff seeks to raise claims under

18 U.S.C. §§ 1589 for forced labor; 1590 for trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery,

involuntary servitude, or forced labor; 1591 for sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, or

coercion; and 1592 for unlawful conduct with respect to documents in furtherance of trafficking,

peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor. (See Doc. 10, at PageID 203)

(asserting, generally, violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1589 through 1595). As with plaintiff’s second

group of claims, because the amended complaint does not contain allegations from which the

Court can plausibly infer that plaintiff is the victim or that the State of Ohio is the perpetrator of

a violation of any provision of the TVPRA, the TVPRA claims asserted in plaintiff’s seventh

group of claims and plaintiff’s eighth group of claims in their entirety are subject to dismissal.

Other Federal Criminal Statutes

In his seventh group of claims, plaintiff also seeks to raise claims under 18 U.S.C.

§§ 798; 1343; 1512; 1513; 1831; 1832; 1956; 1964. Generally, private citizens cannot enforce

criminal statutes. See, e.g., Marshall v. Howard, No. 3:06-cv-354, 2007 WL 952076, at *2

(W.D. Ky. Mar. 26, 2007). There is no private right of actions under §§ 798; 1343; 1512; 1513;

1831; 1832; or 1956. See, e.g., Manners v. Pence, No. 621CV01272, 2022 WL 2782743, at *1

(W.D. Tex. Feb. 2, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, No. W-21-CV-01272, 2022 WL

2782649 (W.D. Tex. Apr. 5, 2022) (“Section 798 of Title 18 is a criminal statute that provides no

private right of action, and thus Plaintiff cannot enforce this statute in the present civil case.”);

Vest Safety Med. Servs., LLC v. Arbor Env't, LLC, No. CV H-20-0812, 2020 WL 4003642, at *3

(S.D. Tex. July 15, 2020) (no private right of action under 18 U.S.C. § 1832); Rogers v. LJT

Assocs. Inc., GLR-14-2823, 2015 WL 11027599, at *3 n.4 (D. Md. April 21, 2015) (no private

right of action under 18 U.S.C. § 1831); Black v. Mt. Pleasant Tennessee Police Dep’t, No. 1-14-

cv-00087, 2015 WL 4459158, at *9 (M.D. Tenn. July 20, 2015) (no private right of action under

§§ 1512 or 1513); Anderson v. Ballou, No. CIV. 12-70, 2012 WL 3027679, at *3 (E.D. Ky. July

24, 2012), aff’d, No. 12-5990 (6th Cir. Jan. 25, 2013) (“With regard to Anderson’s § 1343 claim,

the Sixth Circuit has held that there is no private right of action under § 1343.”); Schwartz v. F.S.

& O. Assocs., Inc., Civ. No. 90-1606, 1991 WL 208056, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 1991)

(“[V]iolations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1952, 1956 & 1957 do not create private rights of action”).

Further, plaintiff has failed to state a plausible RICO claim under § 1964 against the State

of Ohio. See Miles v. Richland Corr. Inst., No. 1:14-cv-01648, 2015 WL 366898, at *4 (N.D.

Ohio Jan. 27, 2015) (“Under the ‘non-identity’ or ‘distinctness’ requirement of RICO, an entity

may not be liable . . . for participating in the affairs of an enterprise that consists only of its own

subdivisions, agents, or members.”). Plaintiff’s remaining claims in the seventh group of claims

are therefore subject to dismissal.

Accordingly, in sum, plaintiff may proceed for further development at this juncture on his

twelfth and eighteenth groups of claims against the State of Ohio to the extent that he alleges that

he is being discriminated against at WCI in job opportunities based on his “Tourette’s and

mental disability” and/or denied accommodations at WCI in violation of the Rehabilitation Act,

but only to the extent that he seeks compensatory damages, injunctive relief, and/or declaratory

relief. However, for the above-stated reasons, plaintiff’s remaining claims should be dismissed.

See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) & 1915A(b).

IT IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT:

Plaintiff’s claims be DISMISSED for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted, with the exception of his twelfth and eighteenth groups of claims against the State of

Ohio to the extent that he alleges that he is being discriminated against at WCI in job

opportunities based on his “Tourette’s and mental disability” and/or denied accommodations at

WCI in violation of the Rehabilitation Act, but only to the extent that he seeks compensatory

damages, injunctive relief, and/or declaratory relief. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) &

1915A(b). The Court’s DISMISSAL of any Rehabilitation Act claims in the twelfth and

eighteenth groups of claims that plaintiff may be asserting based on alleged actions at CCCC,

North Coast Behavioral Health, LORCI, CRC, NCI or MaCI should be WITHOUT

PREJUDICE. Likewise, the DISMISSAL of plaintiff’s claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983;

1985; and 1986; RLUIPA; and Ohio state law based on sovereign-immunity grounds should be

WITHOUT PREJUDICE. However, the DISMISSAL of plaintiff’s remaining claims, which

seek punitive damages under the Rehabilitation Act or are asserted under various federal

criminal statutes, including the TVPRA, should be WITH PREJUDICE.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED THAT:

1. Plaintiff may proceed for further development at this juncture on his claims against the

State of Ohio to the extent that he alleges that he is being discriminated against at WCI in job

opportunities based on his “Tourette’s and mental disability” and/or denied accommodations at

WCI in violation of the Rehabilitation Act, but only to the extent that he seeks compensatory

damages, injunctive relief, and/or declaratory relief.

2. The United States Marshal shall serve a copy of the Amended Complaint (Doc. 10),

summons (Doc. 1-3), and this Order and Report and Recommendation upon the attorney general

of [the] state . . . .” See Ohio Civ. R. 4.2(K); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(j)(2).

3. Plaintiff shall serve upon defendant or, if appearance has been entered by counsel,

upon defendant’s attorney(s), a copy of every further pleading or other document submitted for

consideration by the Court. Plaintiff shall include with the original paper to be filed with the

Clerk of Court a certificate stating the date a true and correct copy of any document was mailed

to defendant or defendant’s counsel. Any paper received by a district judge or magistrate judge

which has not been filed with the Clerk or which fails to include a certificate of service will be

disregarded by the Court.

4. Plaintiff shall inform the Court promptly of any changes in his address which may

occur during the pendency of this lawsuit.

PROCEDURE ON OBJECTIONS:

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), WITHIN 14 DAYS after being served with a copy of

the recommended disposition, a party may serve and file specific written objections to the

proposed findings and recommendations. This period may be extended further by the Court on

timely motion for an extension. Such objections shall specify the portions of the Report objected

to and shall be accompanied by a memorandum of law in support of the objections. If the Report

and Recommendation is based in whole or in part upon matters occurring on the record at an oral

hearing, the objecting party shall promptly arrange for the transcription of the record, or such

portions of it as all parties may agree upon, or the Magistrate Judge deems sufficient, unless the

assigned District Judge otherwise directs. A party may respond to another party’s objections

WITHIN 14 DAYS after being served with a copy thereof. Failure to make objections in

accordance with this procedure may forfeit rights on appeal. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140

(1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981).

September 14, 2024 Hern K_ Xethovt-

KAREN L. LITKOVITZ

United States Magistrate Judge

15