The opinion
PEARSON, J.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
YAHWEH BEN YAHWEH BEN YAHWEH, )
) CASE NO. 4:24-CV-671
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) JUDGE BENITA Y. PEARSON
)
BUILDING NEIGHBORHOODS OF ) MEMORANDUM OF OPINION
YOUNGSTOWN, ) AND ORDER
)
Defendant. )
Pro se Plaintiff Yahweh Ben Yahweh Ben Yahweh filed this action against Building
Neighborhoods of Youngstown, an Ohio non-profit corporation with its principal place of
business in Youngstown, Ohio. Plaintiff contends that he is a general contractor who was hired
by Defendant to repair and replace roofs. He alleges Defendant discriminated against him by
terminating his contract. He seeks monetary relief.
Plaintiff also filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis. ECF No. 2. Plaintiff’s
Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis is granted. For the reasons below, the Complaint is
dismissed.
I. Factual Allegations
Plaintiff states that he is an African American working in the construction industry as a
general contractor. ECF No. 1 at PageID #: 1, 2. He indicates his principal place of business is
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in Solon, Ohio. ECF No. | at PageID #: 1. He alleges he is a qualified journeyman carpenter
and a member of Local 526 Union. ECF No. | at PageID #: 2.
Plaintiff alleges that on January 15, 2024, he entered into an agreement with the
Defendant. ECF No. | at PageID #: 2. Plaintiff attached a receipt for a payment he made to
Defendant in the amount of $825.00. ECF No. 1-1. The receipt indicates that $ 800.00 of the
amount paid, was a registration fee, which would be returned to him upon his withdrawal from
the program, provided that he had “no claims” (against him) or “unfinished work”. ECF No. 1-1
at PageID #: 6. Plaintiff states that, on February 22, 2024, he was induced by Defendant to
replace and repair roofs. ECF No. | at PageID #: 3. He claims the work was performed “in a
work like manner and according to the standards required to schedule and staff projected □□□□□□
ECF No. | at PageID #: 3. He alleges Defendant terminated his services, giving Plaintiff “a
negative and false evaluation .. . to justify their acts of past business grievances.” ECF No. | at
PageID #: 3. He contends Defendant acted in a discriminatory manner, but does not elaborate or
explain this statement. Plaintiff asserts that Defendant violated 31 U.S.C. § 6711 and 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. Plaintiff seeks unspecified monetary damages.
II. Standard for Dismissal
Although pro se pleadings are liberally construed, Boag v. MacDougall, 454 U.S. 364,
365 (1982) (per curiam); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972), courts are required to
dismiss an in forma pauperis action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e), if it fails to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted, or if it lacks an arguable basis in law or fact. Neitzke v. Williams,
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490 U.S. 319 (1989); Lawler v. Marshall, 898 F.2d 1196 (6th Cir. 1990); Sistrunk v. City of
Strongsville, 99 F.3d 194, 197 (6th Cir. 1996). A claim lacks an arguable basis in law or fact
when it is premised on an indisputably meritless legal theory or when the factual contentions are
clearly baseless. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327.
A cause of action fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted when it lacks
“plausibility in [the] complaint.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 564 (2007). A
pleading must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief.” Ashcroft v. Igbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677-78 (2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P.
8(a)(2)). The factual allegations in the pleading must be sufficient to raise the right to relief
above the speculative level on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true.
Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 555. A plaintiff is not required to include detailed factual allegations,
but must provide more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.”
Igbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A pleading that offers legal conclusions or a simple recitation of the
elements of a cause of action will not meet this pleading standard. /d. In reviewing a complaint,
the Court must construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Bibbo □□□ Dean
Witter Reynolds, Inc., 151 F.3d 559, 561 (6th Cir.1998).
Ill. Law and Analysis
Plaintiff cites to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as a basis for federal subject matter jurisdiction. To
establish a prima facie case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Plaintiff must assert that a person acting
under color of state law deprived him of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
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Constitution or laws of the United States. Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 535 (1981) (overruled
on other grounds). Generally to be considered to have acted “under color of state law,” the
Defendant must be a state or local government entity, official or employee. Building
Neighborhoods of Youngstown is a private party, not a governmental entity.
For a private entity to “act under color of state law” for § 1983 purposes, “its actions
[must] so approximate the state action that they may be fairly attributed to the state.” Lansing v.
City of Memphis, 202 F.3d 821, 828 (6th Cir. 2000). The Sixth Circuit employs three tests in
order to determine whether a private entity meets this requirement: (1) the state compulsion test;
(2) the symbiotic relationship or substantial nexus test; and (3) the public function test. /d.;
Wolotsky v. Huhn, 960 F.2d 1331, 1335 (6th Cir. 1992). Plaintiff states that Building
Neighborhoods of Youngstown received a grant under the American Rescue Plan. Accepting
public funds to finance activities is not sufficient to render a private corporation a state actor for
purposes of § 1983. Crowder v. Conlan, 740 F.2d 447, 450 (6th Cir.1984). Plaintiff fails to
allege facts sufficient to suggest Defendant could be considered a state actor.
Furthermore, Plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under §
1983. He alleges Defendant engaged in “discriminatory conduct,” but provides no factual
allegations to explain or support this claim. It is stated as a legal conclusion. Legal conclusions,
alone, are not sufficient to state a claim. Jgbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
Plaintiff also cites to 31 U.S.C. § 6711 as a basis for the Court’s federal question
jurisdiction. That statute “prohibits discrimination in a program or activity of a unit of general
local government because of disability, race, color, national origin, or sex if the government
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receives a payment under Chapter 67 of Title 31.” Tocarchick v. Fouts, No. 22-12545, 2022 WL
16855783, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 10, 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted). That statute
provides payments to local governments to carry out programs related to “education to prevent
crime,” “substance abuse treatment to prevent crime,” and “job programs to prevent crime.” See
31 U.S.C. § 6701(a)(2). Although Plaintiff alleges in a conclusory manner that Defendant
engaged in discriminatory conduct, his allegations do not relate to the programs identified in_§
6701, which is required to establish a violation of § 6711. Moreover, there is no indication that
Plaintiff exhausted his administrative remedies before filing suit. See 31 U.S.C. § 6716(b)
(requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies before a claim under § 6711 may be filed in
federal court). Plaintiff's claim under 31 U.S.C. § 6711 is also dismissed.
Given its best liberal reading, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant entered in a contract with
him and breached the terms of that contract. Contract disputes are matters of state law, not
federal law. Contrary to Plaintiffs assertion, he has not established diversity of citizenship
jurisdiction. Diversity of citizenship is applicable to cases of sufficient value between “citizens
of different states.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). To establish diversity of citizenship, a plaintiff must
establish that he is a citizen of one state and all of the defendants are citizens of other states. Von
Dunser vy. Aronoff, 915 F.2d 1071, 1072 (6th Cir.1990). Plaintiff indicates that he is a citizen of
the United States and a resident of Ohio. He does not indicate that he is a citizen of a state other
than Ohio. He also indicates that Defendant is a non-profit corporation incorporated in Ohio
with its principal place of business in Ohio. A plaintiff in federal court has the burden of
pleading sufficient facts to support the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. In
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a diversity action, the plaintiff must state the citizenship of all parties so that the existence of
complete diversity can be confirmed. Washington v. Sulzer Orthopedics, Inc., No. 03-3350,
2003 WL 22146143, at *1 (6th Cir. Sept. 16, 2003). The Complaint suggests that Plaintiff and
Defendant are both citizens of Ohio. Therefore, federal subject matter jurisdiction cannot be
based on diversity of citizenship.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, Plaintiff's Motion to Proceed Jn Forma Pauperis (ECF No. 2) is granted.
This action is dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). The Court certifies, pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), that an appeal from this decision could not be taken in good faith.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
August 6, 2024 /s/ Benita Y. Pearson
Date Benita Y. Pearson
United States District Judge