Bailey v. Cheektowaga-Maryvale Union Free School District

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

NICOLE BAILEY,

Plaintiff,

23-CV-1083-LJV

v. DECISION & ORDER

CHEEKTOWAGA-MARYVALE UNION

FREE SCHOOL DISTRICT,

Defendant.

On October 13, 2023, the plaintiff, Nicole Bailey, commenced this action against

her former employer, the Cheektowaga-Maryvale Union Free School District (the

“District”). Docket Item 1. She asserts claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

1964 (“Title VII”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), the Family and

Medical Leave Act of 1993 (“FMLA”), and the New York State Human Rights Law

(“NYSHRL”). Id. On January 25, 2024, the District moved to dismiss Bailey’s Title VII

claims, ADA claims, NYSHRL claims, and punitive damages claim, Docket Item 5; on

April 10, 2024, Bailey responded, Docket Item 10; and on May 1, 2024, the District

replied, Docket Item 13.

For the reasons that follow, the District’s motion to dismiss is granted.

BACKGROUND1

On November 19, 2018, the District hired Bailey “as the Principal of the Primary

School.” Docket Item 1 at ¶ 12. “During her second school year with the District,”

Bailey began to encounter issues with her supervisors. Id. at ¶ 14; see generally id. at

¶¶ 12-95. Those issues eventually culminated in Bailey’s termination on June 30, 2021.

Id. at ¶ 82.

Bailey complains primarily about her treatment by District Superintendent Joseph

D’Angelo, who harassed her and discriminated against her based on her gender. See

id. at ¶ 14. For example, D’Angelo referred to Bailey and another female principal as

“the girls” and offered the District’s male principals more favorable working conditions,

such as the ability to work from home “during the remote phase” of the COVID-19

pandemic. Id. at ¶¶ 22-23, 25.

In early 2021, Bailey’s issues with the District worsened when she had

“emergency surgery” to treat “acute appendicitis.” Id. at ¶ 33. After her surgery, Bailey

took FMLA leave from January 19 to February 1, 2021. See id. at ¶ 37. D’Angelo “did

not provide building coverage for [] Bailey while she was out,” however, and the District

1 On a motion to dismiss, the court “accept[s] all factual allegations as true and

draw[s] all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Trs. of Upstate N.Y. Eng’rs

Pension Fund v. Ivy Asset Mgmt., 843 F.3d 561, 566 (2d Cir. 2016). In deciding the

motion, the court may consider any written documents that are attached to the

complaint, incorporated by reference, or integral to it. Sira v. Morton, 380 F.3d 57, 67

(2d Cir. 2004).

The following facts are taken from the complaint, Docket Item 1, and documents

integral to the complaint, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(“EEOC”) Notice of Rights, Docket Item 1-1, and the New York State Division of Human

Rights (“DHR”) Determination and Order, Docket Item 5-2.

contacted her “daily”—sending her “meeting invitations, emails, [and] text messages”

and calling her on the phone. Id. at ¶ 42. “Because of this, [] Bailey continued to work

full-time from home during her surgery recovery while out on FMLA [leave].” Id.

(emphasis omitted). Nevertheless, the District “deducted” Bailey’s leave time from her

“accrued sick time.” Id. at ¶ 43.

After Bailey returned to work in early February 2021, the negative treatment by

her supervisors “intensified” even more. Id. at ¶ 44; see id. at ¶¶ 46-47. For example,

Bailey was “reprimand[ed]” for her failure to attend a “virtual dance party” even though

she did not receive “timely . . . notice of the event.” Id. at ¶¶ 48-50.

On March 1, 2021, Bailey filed a “formal complaint” with Board of Education

President Cindy Strong alleging that D’Angelo had discriminated against her based on

gender and disability. Id. at ¶¶ 54-55. A few days later, Bailey “received a counseling

memo” from Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Elizabeth

Giangreco that “reprimanded” her for her performance and “threatened ‘further

administrative action.’” Id. at ¶¶ 57-58 (emphasis omitted).

On March 11, 2021, Bailey “met with the District’s lawyer assigned to investigate

her discrimination complaint.” Id. at ¶ 62. In the following weeks, Giangreco began to

“critiqu[e] and micro-manag[e]” Bailey’s performance. Id. at ¶ 63. Giangreco also told

another colleague “that she was not even sure if [] Bailey would still have a job after

filing [the] complaint.” Id.

As a result, on March 31, 2021, Bailey raised a retaliation claim with the District

investigator. Id. at ¶ 65. A few weeks later, Board President Strong told Bailey “that her

complaint of sex and disability discrimination was unsubstantiated.” Id. at ¶ 69. But

“the investigation into [] Bailey’s complaint of retaliation continued.” Id.

On May 14, 2021, Bailey received two letters from D’Angelo. Id. at ¶ 71. The

first letter put Bailey “on administrative leave effectively immediately.” Id. The second

letter stated that “D’Angelo would be recommending [Bailey’s] termination to the Board

of Education.” Id. “Bailey received no reason for her threatened termination and

immediate forced placement of leave,” id. at ¶ 72, so a few days later, she “request[ed]

a written explanation,” id. at ¶ 73. She then received a letter attributing the disciplinary

actions to her “deficient administrative judgment/capacity, deficient instructional

leadership, insufficient building management skills, and deteriorating building culture.”

Id. at ¶ 74. The letter did not “provide any specific examples” of those issues, however.

Id.

On June 4, 2021, Bailey sent a “detailed rebuttal” to the Board of Education,

asserting that she was being retaliated against for complaining about discrimination. Id.

at ¶¶ 76-77. Nevertheless, on June 30, 2021, the District terminated Bailey’s

employment. Id. at ¶ 82.

On December 30, 2021, Bailey filed a complaint against the District with the

DHR. See Docket Item 5-2. On June 16, 2023, the DHR issued a determination and

order finding no probable cause to believe that the District discriminated or retaliated

against Bailey. Id. Bailey also filed a charge with the EEOC. See Docket Item 1-1. On

July 10, 2023, the EEOC informed Bailey that it would not “proceed further with its

investigation” and that Bailey must commence any lawsuit related to the charge within

90 days of her “receipt of this notice.” Id. (emphasis omitted). The notice also informed

Bailey that she “should keep a record of the date [she] received [the] notice” and that

her “right to sue based on [the underlying] charge will be lost if [she did] not file a lawsuit

in court within 90 days.” Id.

LEGAL PRINCIPLES

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that

allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard is

not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a

defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Although the

statute of limitations is ordinarily an affirmative defense that must be raised in the

answer, a statute of limitations defense may be decided on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion if the

defense appears on the face of the complaint.” Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. BioHealth

Labs., Inc., 988 F.3d 127, 131-32 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Thea v. Kleinhandler, 807 F.3d

492, 501 (2d Cir. 2015)).

DISCUSSION

I. TITLE VII AND ADA CLAIMS

The District argues that Bailey’s Title VII and ADA claims must be dismissed

because the complaint was filed more than 90 days after the issuance of the EEOC

right to sue letter. Docket Item 5-1 at 8-9. This Court agrees.

A federal complaint asserting Title VII and ADA claims must be filed within 90

days of the plaintiff’s receipt of an EEOC right to sue letter. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 12117(a),

2000e-5(f)(1). The 90-day period is measured in calendar days, Carpenter v. City of

New York, 2011 WL 2118599, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. May 25, 2011), and the deadline is strict,

see Manley v. N.Y.C. Police Dep’t, 2005 WL 2664220, at *3-5 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 2005)

(dismissing pro se plaintiff’s claims as untimely where plaintiff filed complaint 91 days

after receiving right to sue letter). In fact, “in the absence of a recognized equitable

consideration, the court cannot extend the limitations period by even one day.” Johnson

v. AI Tech Specialties Steel Corp., 731 F.2d 143, 146 (2d Cir. 1984) (citation omitted).

A court presumes that a plaintiff received a right to sue letter three days after it

was mailed. Sherlock v. Montefiore Med. Ctr., 84 F.3d 522, 525-26 (2d Cir. 1996).

Similarly, courts presume that the EEOC mailed the right to sue letter on the letter’s

date. See id.

Bailey’s EEOC right to sue letter is dated July 10, 2023. Docket Item 1-1. Bailey

makes vague reference to the “date of the letter” and its “postmark,” see Docket Item 10

at 6, but she has not pleaded that she received the letter on a specific date, see Docket

Item 1. The Court therefore presumes that the letter was mailed on Monday, July 10,

2023, and that Bailey received it three days later, on Thursday, July 13, 2023. See

Sherlock, 84 F.3d at 525-26. Ninety days from Thursday, July 13, 2023, is Wednesday,

October 11, 2023. Bailey did not commence this action until two days after that—

Friday, October 13, 2023. Docket Item 1. Her ADA and Title VII claims therefore are

untimely.

Bailey says that her ADA and Title VII claims are timely because she filed her

DHR complaint on March 4, 2020,2 and “the look back period is three hundred (300)

2 It is unclear why Bailey says she filed her DHR complaint on March 4, 2020,

when the DHR determination itself says that Bailey filed her complaint on December 30,

2021, see Docket Item 5-2, and nearly all the events about which Bailey complains

occurred after March 2020, see generally Docket Item 1.

In addition to the puzzling assertion about the date of her DHR filing, Bailey’s

response includes several other inaccuracies that suggest her counsel is not taking the

appropriate care to ensure the accuracy and quality of counsel’s filings. For example,

the very first sentence of Bailey’s response says that the District “acted to remove [her]

complaint from state court . . . here to federal court.” Docket Item 10 at 6. But that is

not so: Bailey commenced this action by filing her complaint in the United States

District Court for the Western District of New York. See Docket Item 1.

Even more concerning is the fact that Bailey’s counsel—on Bailey’s behalf—

spends nearly seven pages of the response addressing an argument that the District did

not make. See Docket Item 10 at 13-20 (arguing that the complaint should not be

dismissed for failure to state a prima facie case of discrimination); see also Docket Item

13 at 2 (“[I]t is unclear whether many of the arguments contained in the Plaintiff’s

Memorandum of Law in Opposition are even responsive to the pending motion. In fact,

the arguments contained in Part II of Plaintiff’s Opposition purport to respond to

arguments on legal issues which were not raised by Defendant and must, therefore, be

disregarded entirely.”).

Worst of all, Bailey’s argument on punitive damages is, putting it charitably,

gibberish. She starts with the assertion that the District’s “reasoning again is flawed

regarding punitive damages,” and follows that with three-and-a-half paragraphs that do

not address—or even mention—punitive damages. Docket Item 10 at 12-13. Four

times she cites “N.Y. C.P.L.R. 1983,” a nonexistent statute that, as best this Court can

infer, may be a very poor attempt to invoke 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id. She then concludes

by saying that Bailey “was indeed endangered by the actions of the [D]istrict agents and

employees, and therefore the [D]istrict is not immune from possible punitive damages,”

a non sequitur that follows a page-and-a-half of irrelevancies. Id.

The submissions by Bailey’s counsel raise a serious question about whether she

reads the filings she submits to this Court. And this Court already has warned

counsel—in another case—“that such shoddy work will not be tolerated . . . and that she

risks sanctions if she repeats such errors.” Caulcrick v. Refresco NA, 2024 WL

1344766, at *1 n.1 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2024). This is counsel’s final warning: The next

time this Court spots a significant substantive error in her filings, it will order her to show

cause why she should not be sanctioned under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.

days” from that date. Docket Item 10 at 7. Bailey seems to be referring to the 300-day

period following a discriminatory act in which a complainant must file an EEOC charge.

See Richardson v. Hartford Pub. Library, 404 F. App’x 516, 517 (2d Cir. 2010)

(summary order) (“Under Title VII, a plaintiff must file an employment discrimination

charge with the EEOC . . . 300 days after an alleged unlawful employment practice

occurred.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). But the 300-day period to

file an EEOC charge has absolutely nothing to do with the District’s timeliness

argument, so the date of Bailey’s DHR complaint is irrelevant.

Bailey vaguely suggests that she may be entitled to equitable tolling. Docket

Item 10 at 7-8. But she does not provide any details supporting that suggestion, let

alone details demonstrating a “rare and exceptional circumstance[]” that might justify

tolling. See Zerilli-Edelglass v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 333 F.3d 74, 80 (2d Cir. 2003)

(citation omitted); see also Docket Item 10 at 7-8.

Finally, Bailey says that “[t]he instant matter was indeed commenced 90 days

from the date of the EEOC letter” and that she “is baffled as to how the [District]

calculated 95 days.” Docket Item 10 at 8. But after double- and triple-checking the

math, the Court is not so baffled. As noted above, three days after the letter’s date of

June 10, 2023, is July 13, 2023; 90 days after that is Wednesday, October 11, 2023; but

Bailey did not commence this action until Friday, October 13, 2023. So the complaint

was filed 95 days after the date of the EEOC letter, and even giving Bailey the benefit of

the presumption that she received the letter three days after it was issued, the complaint

still is late by two days.

In sum, Bailey’s conclusory assertion that she filed the complaint “90 days from

the date of the EEOC letter” does not render her Title VII and ADA claims timely, those

claims are in fact untimely, and her Title VII and ADA claims therefore are dismissed.

A. NYSHRL Claims3

1. Election of Remedies

The NYSHRL provides that “[a]ny person claiming to be aggrieved by an unlawful

discriminatory practice shall have a cause of action in any court of appropriate

jurisdiction . . . unless such person had filed a complaint hereunder or with any local

commission on human rights.” N.Y. Exec. Law § 297(9). Accordingly, a plaintiff can

choose between litigating her NYSHRL claim in court or administratively, and NYSHRL

claims, “once brought before the [DHR], may not be brought again as a plenary action in

another court.”4 Jiles v. Rochester Genesee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 317 F. Supp. 3d 695,

700 (W.D.N.Y. 2018) (quoting York v. Ass’n of the N.Y.C. Bar, 286 F.3d 122, 127 (2d

Cir. 2002)).

The District argues that Bailey’s NYSHRL claims “are barred by the [DHR’s] no

probable cause determination and election of remedies.” Docket Item 5-1 at 9-10.

More specifically, the District argues that because Bailey “has already litigated her

3 Because Bailey’s NYSHRL claims are dismissed based on the election of

remedies doctrine and timeliness grounds, infra at 9-11, the Court need not and does

not address the District’s argument that those claims also must be dismissed because

Bailey “failed to serve a Notice of Claim [as] required by [the] New York Education Law,”

see Docket Item 5-1 at 11-13.

4 This bar applies only when a DHR charge is dismissed on the merits, not when

dismissal is made “on the grounds of administrative convenience, on the grounds of

untimeliness, or on the grounds that the election of remedies is annulled.” N.Y. Exec.

Law § 297(9).

NYSHRL claims of sex and disability discrimination and retaliation . . . before the

[DHR]”—and because the DHR investigated those claims and issued a determination of

no probable cause—Bailey is “estopped from relitigating the same issues again before

this Court.” Id. In response, Bailey does not address the impact of the DHR

determination on her NYSHRL claims, see Docket Item 10; rather, she asserts only that

the DHR determination does not bar her federal claims, see id. at 8-10.

The District’s election of remedies argument is correct, but only as to Bailey’s

NYSHRL disability discrimination and retaliation claims. The DHR determination

recounts Bailey’s allegations relevant to those claims and concludes that there was no

probable cause to believe that the District discriminated against her based on disability

or retaliated against her for complaining about that discrimination. Docket Item 5-2.

This Court therefore finds that the DHR dismissed those claims on the merits, and

Bailey cannot reassert those claims now. See Jiles, 317 F. Supp. 3d at 700.

But the DHR determination also refers to “allegations that are time[ ]barred

[because] they fall outside of the [DHR’s] statute of limitations.” Docket Item 5-2.

Those allegations likely were the basis for Bailey’s NYSHRL sex discrimination claim

because the DHR determination did not specifically address probable cause as to sex

discrimination. See id. And because Bailey’s NYSHRL sex discrimination claim

apparently was dismissed on timeliness grounds, the election of remedies doctrine does

not bar that claim. See N.Y. Exec. Law § 297(9).

2. Timeliness

The District argues that Bailey’s NYSHRL claims “are also untimely because they

are subject to a one-year statute of limitations.” Docket Item 5-1 at 10-11. As the

District notes in its reply, Bailey “does not dispute” that argument. Docket Item 13 at 6;

see Docket Item 10. Regardless, the District clearly is correct that Bailey’s remaining

NYSHRL claim for sex discrimination is time barred because it accrued, at the latest, on

June 30, 2021, the date she was terminated—far more than a year before she

commenced this suit on October 13, 2023. See Carlson v. Geneva City Sch. Dist., 679

F. Supp. 2d 355, 368 (W.D.N.Y. 2010) (“[D]iscrimination claims brought against a

school district . . . pursuant to the [NYSHRL] are subject to a one-year statute of

limitations.” (citing N.Y. Educ. Law § 3813(2-b))). Bailey’s NYSHRL sex discrimination

claim therefore is dismissed as untimely.

B. Punitive Damages

The District argues that Bailey’s claim for punitive damages must be dismissed

because “[p]unitive damages are not available against school districts.” Docket Item 5-1

at 13 (citing City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, 453 U.S. 247, 263-71 (1981); Pierce v.

Sullivan West Cent. Sch. Dist., 379 F.3d 56, 57 n.3 (2d Cir. 2004); Quackenbush v.

Johnson City Sch. Dist., 716 F.2d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 1983)). Bailey responds that

punitive damages are available here, but her argument is a long non sequitur: She

discusses negligence, the Fourteenth Amendment, “sexual molestation,” and “corporal

punishment” claims. See Docket Item 10 at 12-13. It is completely unclear how any of

those arguments bear on whether she may seek punitive damages against the District

under Title VII, the ADA, the FMLA, or the NYSHRL. See generally n.2 supra.

The District is correct that a “large body of case law” supports “the proposition

that punitive damages are unavailable against school districts” in general. See

Benacquista v. Spratt, 217 F. Supp. 3d 588, 606-07 (N.D.N.Y. 2016) (collecting cases).

But the question of whether a plaintiff can pursue punitive damages against a school

district as a general matter is irrelevant: Bailey’s only remaining claim is her FMLA

claim, and “punitive damages are not available under the FMLA.” See Cooper v. N.Y.

State Nurses Ass’n, 847 F. Supp. 2d 437, 452 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (alteration and citation

omitted); see also Farrell v. Tri-Cnty. Metro. Transp. Dist., 530 F.3d 1023, 1025 (9th Cir.

2008) (“It is well-settled that the FMLA, by its terms, only provides for compensatory

damages and not punitive damages.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

Bailey’s claim for punitive damages therefore is dismissed.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the District’s motion to dismiss, Docket Item 5, is

GRANTED. Bailey’s Title VII, ADA, NYSHRL, and punitive damages claims are

dismissed. Her FMLA claim survives. The District shall answer the complaint within 21

days of the date of this order.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: June 27, 2024

Buffalo, New York

/s/ Lawrence J. Vilardo

LAWRENCE J. VILARDO

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE