Lynch v. City of Little Falls

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

____________________________________________

ERIC LYNCH,

Plaintiff,

vs.

6:20-CV-604

(MAD/MJK)

TIMOTHY BLAISE, NATHAN PEARSON,

TED FOURNIER, and EDWARD JONES,

Defendants.

____________________________________________

APPEARANCES: OF COUNSEL:

GREENBERG TRAURIG LLP JENNIFER M. GOMEZ, ESQ.

54 State Street CYNTHIA E. NEIDL, ESQ.

6th Floor

Albany, New York 12207

Attorney for Plaintiff

OFFICE OF THE NEW YORK JENNIFER J. CORCORAN, AAG

STATE ATTORNEY GENERAL MARK J. DOLAN, AAG

The Capitol

Albany, New York 12224

Attorneys for Defendants

Mae A. D'Agostino, U.S. District Judge:

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff commenced an action in state court on March 4, 2020, alleging that Defendants

City of Little Falls, Timothy Blaise, Nathan Pearson, Ted Fournier, Edward Jones, Chad Salis,

and Benjamin Skibinksi violated his constitutional rights to be free from excessive force and

deliberate indifference to his medical needs in violation of the Fourth Amendment. See Dkt. Nos.

1, 2. The allegations stem from Plaintiff's arrest on March 9, 2017. See Dkt. No. 2. Defendants

Skibinksi and the City of Little Falls removed the action to this Court on June 2, 2020. See Dkt.

No. 1. Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed Defendant Salis from the action on September 14, 2021.

See Dkt. No. 50. Defendants Skibinksi and the City of Little Falls were dismissed from the action

following the Courts' grant of their motion for partial summary judgment. See Dkt. Nos. 61, 62.

Accordingly, the issues remaining in the case are allegations of excessive force against Defendant

Pearson, failure to intervene against Defendants Fournier and Jones, and deliberate indifference to

medical needs against Defendants Pearson, Fournier, Jones, and Blaise.

Trial is scheduled to commence on September 30, 2024. See Dkt. No. 169. In

anticipation of trial, Plaintiff has moved in limine to (1) preclude evidence of the facts underlying

Plaintiff's arrest and convictions; (2) exclude a 911 audio recording; (3) preclude Rachael Huyck

from testifying;1 and (4) preclude Ryan Seeley from testifying. See Dkt. No. 177. Defendants

responded in opposition. See Dkt. No. 186.

For the following reasons, Plaintiff's motion in limine is granted in part and denied in part.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Motions in Limine

A motion in limine enables the Court to make an advance ruling on the admissibility of

certain anticipated trial evidence. See Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 40 n.2 (1984); see also

Palmieri v. Defaria, 88 F.3d 136, 141 (2d Cir. 1996). "A court should exclude evidence on a

motion in limine only when the evidence is clearly inadmissible on all potential grounds."

Coleman v. Durkin, 585 F. Supp. 3d 208, 212 (N.D.N.Y. 2022). Generally, all "[r]elevant

1 During the Court's final pretrial conference held on September 24, 2024, counsel for Defendants

stated that they will not be calling Ms. Huyck as a witness at trial. As such, this aspect of

Plaintiff's motion in limine is denied as moot.

evidence is admissible" unless otherwise provided by an Act of Congress, the United States

Constitution, or the Federal Rules of Evidence. FED. R. EVID. 402. For instance, Rule 403 grants

"the trial court broad discretion to exclude even relevant evidence if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of confusion of the issues or if it would be needlessly

cumulative." United States v. Beech-Nut Nutrition Corp., 871 F.2d 1181, 1193 (2d Cir. 1989)

(citing FED. R. EVID. 403; United States v. Carter, 801 F.2d 78, 83 (2d Cir. 1986); United States

Martinez, 775 F.2d 31, 37 (2d Cir. 1985)). Courts considering motions in limine may reserve

decision until trial so that the motion is placed in the appropriate factual context. See Nat'l Union

Fire Ins. Co. v. L.E. Myers Co. Group, 937 F. Supp. 276, 287 (S.D.N.Y. 1996). The Court is also

"free, in the exercise of sound judicial discretion, to alter a previous in limine ruling" at trial as

"the case unfolds, particularly if the actual testimony differs from what was contained in the

[movant's] proffer." Luce, 469 U.S. at 41-42.

1. Timeliness

Defendants first argue that Plaintiff's motion is untimely and should not be considered by

the Court. See Dkt. No. 186 at 10.

As explained by Defendants, this matter was originally scheduled for a jury trial before

District Judge David N. Hurd. See id. at 9. On November 16, 2023, Judge Hurd scheduled the

trial for March 5, 2024. See Dkt. No. 149. Defendants moved in limine for the following relief:

(1) to cross examine Plaintiff about the essential facts of his criminal convictions; (2) to introduce

an audio recording of the 911 and dispatch calls that occurred prior to Plaintiff's arrest; and (3) to

preclude evidence of indemnification. See Dkt. No. 156-2. Specifically, Defendants sought to

introduce evidence of Plaintiff's convictions for Burglary of a Dwelling with a Deadly Weapon,

Attempted Burglary of a Dwelling with a Deadly Weapon, and Criminal Mischief Second, all of

which were a result of Plaintiff's arrest on March 9, 2017. See id. at 3. Defendants argued that

introduction of Plaintiff's convictions and his ultimate sentence were appropriate to introduce for

credibility purposes. See id. at 6. Defendants also sought to introduce "a thirty-four minute and

sixteen second (34:16) audio file containing 911 calls with Rachael Huyck and several dispatch

calls between 911 operators and law enforcement personnel." Id. at 6. Defendants asserted that

their intended "purpose in introducing this audio file is to show the non-hearsay state of mind of

the responding officers immediately prior to Plaintiff's arrest that is THE subject of this action."

Id.

Plaintiff opposed Defendants' motion. See Dkt. No. 164. Plaintiff "incorporate[d] by

reference Plaintiff's Trial Memorandum, and the arguments made therein." Id. at 1 n.1 (citing

Dkt. No. 155). Plaintiff first argued that evidence of Plaintiff's convictions should be excluded

because they serve no legitimate purpose. See id. at 2. In a footnote, Plaintiff stated that "[t]o the

extent the Court rules in Plaintiff's favor, and excludes evidence of the convictions, Mr. Lynch

respectfully requests that all testimony and evidence relating to the events prior to the arrest also

be excluded . . . ." Id. at 2 n.2. Plaintiff then asserted that the 911 call from Ms. Hyuck should

not be permitted because it is "highly inflammatory." Id. at 6. Plaintiff also argued that Ms.

Hyuck and Mr. Seeley should not be permitted to testify at trial because their testimony would be

unduly prejudicial. See id. at 7-9. In Plaintiff's trial brief, he argued that evidence of his criminal

convictions or other lawsuits should be precluded, and that a jury instruction on qualified

immunity is not warranted. See Dkt. No. 155.

On February 27, 2024, Judge Hurd issued an Order ruling on Defendants' motion in

limine. See Dkt. No. 167. Judge Hurd first granted Defendants' request concerning Plaintiff's

criminal convictions and permitted Defendants to cross examine Plaintiff on the "[t]he 'essential

facts' of a [his] criminal conviction include[ing] only the 'statutory name of each offense, the date

of conviction, and the sentence imposed[.]'" Id. at 4-5 (quotation omitted). As to the thirty-four

minute audio recording of the 911 call, Judge Hurd concluded that "[p]resenting the recording to

the jury will waste valuable time if it is played in its entirety. However, defendants may renew

their request at trial to admit relevant portions of the audio recording as it pertains to the excessive

use of force claim against them." Id. at 5 (footnote omitted). Judge Hurd granted Defendants'

request to preclude evidence of indemnification. See id. at 6. Finally, Judge Hurd discussed

Plaintiff's request to exclude Ms. Huyck and Mr. Seeley's testimony. See id. Judge Hurd

explained that "defendants have not made a motion in limine regarding the testimony of these

witnesses. . . . Therefore, plaintiff’s arguments will not be considered at this time. Plaintiff may

renew his request to exclude this testimony at trial, if relevant." Id.

Plaintiff did not seek reconsideration of Judge Hurd's decision. When the case was

reassigned to the undersigned, the Court issued a jury trial notice. See Dkt. No. 169. As part of

that notice, the Court set deadlines for motions in limine and responses thereto. See id. The Court

did not limit the permissible scope of the parties' motions. See id. Nevertheless, insofar as

Plaintiff's present motion in limine reiterates arguments and issues previously raised and

addressed by Judge Hurd, the Court will not reconsider them. See Jackson v. Jimino, 506 F.

Supp. 2d 105, 108-09 (N.D.N.Y. 2007) ("Generally, reconsideration of a court's prior decision is

warranted only where the moving party demonstrates '(1) an intervening change of controlling

law; (2) the availability of new evidence; and/or (3) the need to correct a clear error or prevent

manifest injustice'") (quotation omitted).

As to evidence of Plaintiff's convictions, Plaintiff argues that the underlying facts of

Plaintiff's arrest and convictions should be excluded. See Dkt. No. 177 at 3. Although Plaintiff

raised this argument in a footnote of her opposition to Defendants' motion in limine, it does not

appear to be addressed in Judge Hurd's decision. See Dkt. No. 164 at 2 n.2; Dkt. No. 167. The

Court will therefore address the merits of this argument. As to the arguments concerning the

audio recording of the 911 call, Judge Hurd explicitly ruled on this issue, concluding that

Defendants may not introduce the entire recording, but could renew their request to introduce

portions of the recording at trial. See Dkt. No. 167 at 5. Plaintiff has not argued that this decision

requires reconsideration. See Dkt. No. 177 at 6-7. As such, the Court will not reconsider Judge

Hurd's decision and will reiterate the conclusion that Defendants may not play the entire thirty-

four-minute recording for the jury, but may seek to introduce relevant portions during trial. The

Court will listen to the proffered portions outside the presence of the jury and make a ruling at

that time as to admissibility. As to the testimony of Ms. Huyck and Mr. Seeley, Judge Hurd did

not address the merits of this issue in his decision because neither party moved in limine

regarding the testimony. See Dkt. No. 167 at 6. Because the merits of this have not been

previously addressed, and the issues concerning the testimony are largely intertwined with the

arguments about evidence of the facts leading to Plaintiff's arrest, the Court will address these

issues.

2. The Facts Leading to Plaintiff's Arrest and Convictions, Including Through

Presentation of Non-Party Witness Testimony

In March 2017, Plaintiff was in a relationship with Ms. Huyck. See Dkt. No. 186 at 6.

Plaintiff went to Ms. Huyck's home, where she and her children were residing. See id. Ms.

Huyck denied Plaintiff entry into her home and an altercation ensued. See id. One of the three

children ran next door to Mr. Seeley's home to ask for help. See id. Mr. Seeley went to Ms.

Huyck's home, and the three adults continued to engage in a verbal and physical altercation. See

id. Plaintiff left, only to return carrying a hunting rifle. See id. at 6-7. Plaintiff fired two shots at

the door behind which Ms. Huyck, Mr. Seeley, and the children were hiding. See id. at 7. During

these events, Ms. Huyck called 911 multiple times. See id. Defendant Pearson and Fournier

responded to the calls. See id.2 When Plaintiff was ordered to get on the ground and put his

hands on his hand, he complied. See id. at 8.3 This is where the factual disputes begin. See id.;

see also Dkt. No. 177 at 2. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants used excessive force in arresting

Plaintiff, whereas Defendants assert they did not. See Dkt. No. 186 at 8; Dkt. No. 177 at 2.

It is the content of Ms. Huyck's calls to 911 that Defendants seek to introduce as well as

Mr. Seeley's testimony to explain the facts leading to Plaintiff's arrest. Defendants anticipate "that

Mr. Seeley will testify as to his interactions with and observations of Plaintiff on the morning of

March 9, 2017, including his physical altercation with Plaintiff prior to the arrival of [the police]."

Dkt. No. 182 at 2. Defendants argue that "the totality of the facts and circumstances leading to

Plaintiff's arrest are critical to the jury's determination of the reasonableness of the Defendants'

actions." Dkt. No. 186 at 16. "This includes their knowledge of the situation as they are

approaching the scene of the crime. Each of the respondent Trooper Defendants will testify that

they relied on the dispatch operators communications to have an understanding of the situation.

This also includes Investigator Jones' call in to the 911 dispatch that he observed Plaintiff outside

the residence with a hunting rifle." Id. at 16-17. Defendants contend that Mr. Seeley's testimony

is not only relevant to the reasonableness of Defendants' actions insofar as he yelled to the police

2 In their trial brief, Defendants contend that "Plaintiff eventually exited the basement, placed the

hunting rifle in the kitchen of one of the apartments and exited the back door." Dkt. No. 184 at 4.

In their response to Plaintiff's motion in limine, Defendants assert that "Plaintiff exit[ed] the front

door of one of the apartments carrying a hunting rifle equipped with a scope." Dkt. No. 186 at 7.

3 Because Plaintiff argues that all of his pre-arrest conduct is irrelevant to his excessive force

claim, his trial brief's statement of facts begins with his compliance. See Dkt. No. 174 at 2.

that Plaintiff was shooting inside the residence where children were present, but he was also an

eyewitness to Plaintiff being taken into custody. See id. at 19.

Plaintiff argues that any "testimony, documents, photographs, recordings and other

evidence regarding physical injuries he caused to Ms. Huyck or Mr. Seeley," "testimony and

evidence relating to what Ms. Huyck's children or other neighbors saw or heard prior to Mr.

Lynch being arrested," "[p]hotographs of the crime scene or property damage," and "[a]

videotaped 'interview' by Defendant Blaise of" Plaintiff should all be excluded as unduly

prejudicial. Dkt. No. 177 at 4. The Court agrees, in part, with both parties.

"'The Fourth Amendment prohibits the use of unreasonable and therefore excessive force

by a police officer in the course of effecting an arrest.'" Moore v. Keller, 498 F. Supp. 3d 335,

355 (N.D.N.Y. 2020) (quoting Hulett v. City of Syracuse, 253 F. Supp. 3d 462, 491 (N.D.N.Y.

2017)). "To succeed on a § 1983 excessive force claim, a plaintiff must show that the defendant's

use of force was 'objectively unreasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting

them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.'" Id. (quotation omitted). "'If the

force used was unreasonable and excessive, the plaintiff may recover even if the injuries inflicted

were not permanent or severe.'" Id. (quotation omitted).

In determining whether force was excessive, the inquiry is an objective one that "requires

balancing the Graham factors, which include (1) the nature and severity of the crime leading to

[the] arrest; (2) whether [the Defendant] posed an immediate threat to the officers or others; and

(3) whether [the Defendant] was fleeing or actively resisting arrest." Smith v. Sawyer, 435 F.

Supp. 3d 417, 438 (N.D.N.Y. 2020) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989)). These

considerations are viewed "'from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than

with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.'" Id. at 433 (quoting Jones v. Parmley, 465 F.3d 46, 61 (2nd

Cir. 2006)).

Finally, the "standard of relevance established by the Federal Rules of Evidence is not

high." United States v. Southland Corp., 760 F.2d 1366, 1375 (2d Cir. 1985). Rule 401 defines

relevant evidence as evidence that has any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be

without the evidence. FED. R. EVID. 401. Under Rule 403, relevant evidence may be excluded if

"its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the

issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless

presentation of cumulative evidence." FED. R. EVID. 403. "Evidence is cumulative when it

replicates other admitted evidence, and the exclusion of relevant, but cumulative, evidence is

within the discretion of the trial court." United States v. Jamil, 707 F.2d 638, 643 (2d Cir. 1983)

(citing Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 127 (1974)).

The information provided to Defendants concerning Plaintiff's actions leading to his

arrest, particularly his possession of a firearm and his heightened emotional state, are relevant to

"the nature and severity of the crime leading to [the] arrest" and the determination of "whether

[the Defendant] posed an immediate threat to the officers or others." Smith, 435 F. Supp. 3d at

438. As such, the portions of the recording from the 911 calls relating to those factors are

relevant to Defendants' knowledge. See Mathis v. Best, No. 2:99-CV-111, 2002 WL 1578768, *2

(S.D. Ohio July 2, 2002) ("Plaintiff's pre-arrest conduct, i.e., that Plaintiff appeared intoxicated

out of control and violent with Officer Best, is clearly probative of the issue in this case—whether

Defendant used excessive force against Plaintiff").

Defendants assert an additional purpose for Mr. Seeley's testimony: he observed Plaintiff

being taken into custody. See id. at 19. This information is, of course, relevant to the

determination of whether Defendants used excessive force.

However, the probative value of the details of all of Plaintiff's conduct leading to his arrest

is insufficient to outweigh the prejudicial effect of such evidence. For example, the Court finds

minimal probative value in testimony that Ms. Huyck and her children were scared for their lives,

or in the details of Plaintiff's physical assault on Ms. Huyck. See Ridge v. Davis, 639 F. Supp. 3d

465, 480 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) ("Defendants may introduce evidence showing that Plaintiff had, or

thought he had, an active warrant for his arrest on the date of the incident. . . . However, no

evidence will be permitted of the subject, substance, or background of the warrant. Evidence of

the temporary restraining order sought by Ms. Grant, as well as evidence of any domestic disputes

between Plaintiff and Ms. Grant, will not be allowed").

Plaintiff's motion in limine is granted in part and denied in part. Defendants may present

evidence concerning the information Defendants had prior to arriving at the scene that is relevant

to their conduct, such as Plaintiff being armed with a weapon. The Court will also permit Mr.

Seeley's testimony insofar as his testimony concerns Plaintiff being taken into custody.

Otherwise, the testimony and evidence of Plaintiff's pre-arrest conduct may not be introduced.

Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff's standing objection to "relevance to [Mr. Seeley] and the

witness testimony in addition to prejudice" is overruled. Dkt. No. 177-1 at 14. However,

although the Court disfavors standing objections and Plaintiff's counsel did not object throughout

Mr. Seeley's testimony, the Court has thoroughly reviewed the transcript and Plaintiff's present

motion in limine and makes the following ruling regarding the admissibility of Mr. Seeley's

testimony: the Court sustains Plaintiff's objection to Mr. Seeley's testimony insofar as his

testimony goes beyond the scope of the issues for trial and is therefore irrelevant, any probative

value is substantially outweighed by prejudicial effect, it is hearsay, and/or it is speculative.

Accordingly, the following portions of Mr. Seeley's testimony will not be permitted:4 page

20, lines 6-23, until counsel asks, "What did you do?"; page 30, lines 13-18; page 31, lines 9-11;

page 32, lines 11-13, 16-19, 24-25; page 33, lines 8-13, 25, except for "No, sir"; page 34, lines 2-

18, 21-24, which may restart with "Again, got him into a headlock and pulled him off of her" but

must then exclude the remainder of line 25 through page 35, line 4, to restart with "So he went

down onto the ground, face first"; page 35, lines 6-11, 14-22 which can include the statement that

Mr. Seeley told Plaintiff that the police had been called and would be arriving shortly; page 38,

lines 19-20; page 39, lines 14-23, to begin again with "I looked"; page 40, line 11 through page

52, line 19; and page 52, lines 22-23.

3. Plaintiff's Video Interview

Plaintiff argues that a videotaped interview and voluntary statement of Plaintiff and taken

by Defendant Blaise should be excluded because Plaintiff was not "properly mirandized or

adequately informed of his rights." Dkt. No. 177 at 5. Plaintiff contends that "[b]ecause the

interview and statement were not admissible in his criminal trial, they should not be admissible in

this trial." Id. at 6. Defendants first argue that Plaintiff's Miranda5 argument has already been

rejected by this Court. See Dkt. No. 186 at 15 (citations omitted). Defendants then assert that the

video is relevant to showing "Plaintiff's physical condition less than an hour after his arrest. The

video is relevant and probative of Plaintiff's physical condition and alleged injuries in the

immediate aftermath of the incident." Id. at 16.

4 For purposes of this specific ruling, the Court's citations are to the pagination in the top right

corner of the transcript, and not those generated by CM/ECF.

5 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

Defendants are correct that on March 14, 2022, District Judge Lawrence E. Kahn rejected

Plaintiff's argument concerning Plaintiff's Miranda rights because "a failure to provide a Miranda

warning is not cognizable under § 1983." Dkt. No. 61 at 3; see also Vega v. Tekoh, 597 U.S. 134,

149 (2022) ("[A] violation of Miranda does not necessarily constitute a violation of the

Constitution, and therefore such a violation does not constitute 'the deprivation of [a] right . . .

secured by the Constitution'") (quotation omitted). As Defendants state, some courts have

concluded that "'[t]he results of interrogation without Miranda warnings are admissible in civil

cases.'" United States v. $128,915.00 U.S. Currency, No. 3:20-CV-00667, 2022 WL 3100636, *4

(S.D. Ill. Aug. 4, 2022) (quoting Hanson v. Dane Cnty., 608 F.3d 335, 339 (7th Cir. 2010)); Kyles

v. Baker, 72 F. Supp. 3d 1021, 1033 n.3 (N.D. Cal. 2014); see also Dkt. No. 186 at 15. Plaintiff

does not present any legal authority to support his argument that because the video was excluded

at this criminal trial, it must be excluded, here. See Dkt. No. 177 at 5-6.

As to Defendants' relevance argument, the Court has not been provided with the video. As

such, it cannot determine whether it is relevant to Plaintiff's alleged physical condition

immediately after his arrest. The Court reserves ruling on this issue until it can view the video

outside the presence of the jury.

III. CONCLUSION

After carefully reviewing the entire record in this matter, the parties' submissions, and the

applicable law, and for the reasons set forth above, the Court hereby

ORDERS that Plaintiff's motion in limine (Dkt. No. 177) is GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part; and the Court further

ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision

and Order on the parties in accordance with the Local Rules.

IT ISSO ORDERED.

Dated: September 26, 2024 J)

Albany, New York [+4 Ue DP hppa

Mae A. D’ Agostino~/”

U.S. District Judge

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