The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
SHANNON CROY,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 23-12106
v. Honorable Shalina D. Kumar
Magistrate Judge David R. Grand
GOOGLE LLC,
Defendant.
ORDER OVERRULING PLAINTIFF’S OBJECTION (ECF NO. 42),
DENYING AS MOOT PLAINTIFF’S RELATED MOTIONS (ECF NOS. 43,
44, & 45), ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION (ECF NO.
41), AND GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS (ECF NO.
17)
I. Introduction
Pro se plaintiff Shannon Croy sued Google LLC (“Google”), alleging
that Google participated in a scheme to unlawfully prevent Croy from
accessing his Gmail account, which allegedly contains information about
15,000 Bitcoins Croy purchased in 2010. ECF No. 1. The Court referred
this case to the magistrate judge for all pretrial matters under 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(b). ECF No. 9.
Google filed a motion to dismiss, which the parties fully briefed. ECF
Nos. 17, 22, 27. The magistrate judge issued a Report and
Recommendation (“R&R”), which recommends granting Google’s motion.
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ECF No. 41. Croy timely filed an objection, to which defendant did not
respond. ECF No. 42. Croy also filed the following motions related to his
objection (the “related motions”): an ex parte motion to file excess pages
for his objection (ECF No. 43); a motion to file medical records under seal
(ECF No. 45); and a motion to extend times to file (1) medical records
under seal, (2) an amended objection, and (3) an amended complaint (ECF
No. 44).
For the reasons below, the Court overrules Croy’s objection, denies
as moot the related motions, and adopts the R&R.
II. Standard of Review
When a party files objections to an R&R on a dispositive matter, the
Court “make[s] a de novo determination of those portions of the report or
specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is
made.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The Court, however, “is not required to
articulate all of the reasons it rejects a party’s objections.” Thomas v.
Halter, 131 F. Supp. 2d 942, 944 (E.D. Mich. 2001) (citations omitted). A
party’s failure to file objections to certain conclusions of the R&R waives
any further right to appeal on those issues. See Smith v. Detroit Fed’n of
Teachers Local 231, 829 F.2d 1370, 1373 (6th Cir. 1987). Likewise, the
failure to object to certain conclusions in the R&R releases the Court from
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its duty to independently review those issues. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S.
140, 149 (1985). Absent “compelling reasons,” arguments or issues that
were not presented to the magistrate may not be presented in objections to
the R&R. Murr v. United States, 200 F.3d 895, 902 n.1 (6th Cir. 2000)
(citing United States v. Waters, 158 F.3d 933, 936 (6th Cir. 1998)).
Moreover, objections must be clear so that the district court can
discern those issues that are dispositive and contentious. In sum,
the objections must be clear and specific enough that the court
can squarely address them on the merits. And, when objections
are merely perfunctory responses rehashing the same
arguments set forth in the original petition, reviewing courts
should review a Report and Recommendation for clear error.
Carroll v. Lamour, 2021 WL 1207359, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 31,
2021) (internal citations, quotations, and marks omitted).
Where a plaintiff proceeds pro se, the Court must liberally construe
the plaintiff’s pleadings, holding them to less stringent standards than
attorney-drafted pleadings. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520
(1972). But “the lenient treatment generally accorded pro se litigants has
limits.” Pilgrim v. Littlefield, 92 F.3d 413, 416 (6th Cir. 1996). Pro se
plaintiffs must still meet basic pleading requirements, and courts are not
required to conjure allegations on their behalf. Erwin v. Edwards, 22 F.
App'x 579, 580 (6th Cir. 2001).
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III. Analysis
Croy objects to the R&R on the basis that “new concealed facts show
[he] has justification to change his claim[s].” ECF No. 42, PageID.957. Croy
states that in August 2024, he discovered new facts showing that Google
automatically “intercepted his 2010 Private Bitcoin Key Email message
sometime before April 27, 2021.” Id. PageID.962. Croy allegedly
discovered these facts from a January 21, 2021 Google Support webpage,
Gmail’s 2010 terms of use, a 2010 online news article, and 2016 case law
involving Google’s alleged interception of Gmail emails. Id. at PageID.957-
62, 985-91. Croy spends nearly all of his objection arguing that he should
be allowed to amend his complaint, proposing new allegations based on
the purportedly new facts.
The Court overrules Croy’s objection for two reasons. First, the Court
declines to consider Croy’s new evidence. It is within the discretion of a
district court to ignore new evidence if the evidence is untimely, and the
proponent of the evidence has provided no reason why he or she did not
submit it to the magistrate judge. LaCroix v. Nachtreib, 2023 WL 8649816,
at *2 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 13, 2023) (citing Moore v. United States Dept of
Agric., 2018 WL 1612299, at *2 (6th Cir. Jan. 31, 2018)). “Systemic
efficiencies would be frustrated and the magistrate judge's role reduced to
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that of a mere dress rehearser if a party were allowed to feint and weave at
the initial hearing, and save its knockout punch for the second round.” In re
Rankin, 2021 WL 1087660, at *6 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 22, 2021) (quoting
Paterson-Leitch Co., Inc. v. Mass. Mun. Wholesale Elec. Co., 840 F.2d
985, 991 (1st Cir. 1988)).
Here, Croy states he did not discover the purportedly new facts until
August 2024, at which time he allegedly found the evidence he now offers.
See ECF No. 42, PageID.962. But he provides no reason why he did not
discover this evidence sooner. All of Croy’s purportedly new evidence was
available by 2021; most of it by 2016. But Croy waited to present such
evidence until September 2024—only after the magistrate judge had
already issued the R&R. Even if the purportedly new evidence would
otherwise have served as Croy’s “knockout punch,” the bell has rung, and
the scorecard is in. Rankin, 2021 WL 1087660, at *6.
Second, Croy fails to object, as required, to certain conclusions in the
R&R. Indeed, Croy does not appear to dispute the R&R. Croy starts his
objection by agreeing with the magistrate judge—“Judge Grand has the
correct understanding of the plaintiff’s claim . . . and the plaintiff [sic] logic
behind his claim.” ECF No. 42, PageID.957. Throughout his objection, Croy
reasserts certain claims without identifying any errors in the R&R, see, e.g.,
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id. at PageID.969-70, and, as previously discussed, offers new allegations
and arguments to amend his claims, see, e.g., id. at PageID.958-59, 970-
71. Because Croy does not specifically object to the R&R, the Court need
not substantively consider his objection. See Thomas, 474 U.S. at 149.
Croy’s various motions to supplement and amend his objection do not
alter the outcome. With these motions, Croy seeks to explain the
circumstances surrounding the Bitcoin-information-containing emails at
issue, “clarif[y] his use of the relative word ‘Shortly’”; explain a request for
an “assistant 11 years later”; argue new statute of limitations issues; and
show that he should be afforded extra time and pages to make his
arguments due to a disability. ECF No. 43; see ECF Nos. 44-45. But Croy
does not attempt to explain his delay in presenting the allegedly new facts
and evidence or specifically dispute conclusions in the R&R. Thus, the
motions would make no difference and are moot.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, the Court OVERRULES Croy’s objection (ECF No. 42)
and ADOPTS the R&R (ECF No. 41).
IT IS ORDERED that Croy’s motions (ECF Nos. 43-45) are DENIED
AS MOOT and Google’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 17) is GRANTED.
SO ORDERED.
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s/ Shalina D. Kumar
SHALINA D. KUMAR
Dated: September 30, 2024 United States District Judge
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