The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
November 17, 2003 Session
MARIA LOUISE BERNHARD KOLLASCH KRAHN v. TODD MICHAEL
KOLLASCH
A Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
No. CT-002258 The Honorable George Brown, Judge
No. W2002-02931-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 30, 2003
Mother and Father were declared divorced by the trial court pursuant to an absolute decree
of divorce that incorporated, by reference, a Permanent Parenting Plan designating Mother as the
primary residential parent to the parties’ minor child. Father appeals the parenting plan’s designation
of Mother as the primary residential parent. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,
J. and DAVID R. FARMER , J., joined.
Linda L. Holmes, Memphis, For Appellant, Todd Michael Kollasch
David E. Caywood, Holly J. Renken, Memphis, For Appellee, Maria Kollasch Krahn
OPINION
Appellant Todd Michael Kollasch (“Father”) and appellee, Maria Louise Bernhard Kollasch
Krahn (“Mother”), were married on July 23, 1994 in Johnson County, Iowa. The parties are parents
to one minor daughter, born March 12, 1997.
Both Mother and Father were students at the time of their daughter’s birth. Mother graduated
from podiatry school in 1998. While in Iowa, Father completed his degree in veterinary medicine.
In June 1998, the parties moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where Mother began a one-year
residency program and upon completion of the program worked for one year in private practice.
During this time, Father worked in an emergency clinic. The parties’ minor child was placed in a
day care while the parties were working. Mother contends that she was the primary caregiver for her
daughter during this time; however, the record indicates that both parents were actively involved in
the care and raising of their minor child.
In July 2000, Mother moved to Memphis, Tennessee to begin a surgical residency. Their
daughter remained in Pittsburgh with Father for approximately one month. Their child spent the
month of August 2000 in Iowa, splitting time with both her paternal and maternal grandparents. In
September 2000, the child moved to Memphis to live with Mother. Father joined Mother and
daughter in Memphis in October 2000.
Upon his arrival in Memphis, Father worked in a veterinary clinic. Father appears to keep
a traditional work schedule, his clinic duties requiring him to work occasional Saturdays. Mother
completed her surgical residency in June 2001. The child was placed in day care during the week
while Mother and Father worked.
In December 2000, Mother began an extramarital affair with her now-husband, Dr. Timothy
Krahn (“Dr. Krahn”). A few months later, in February 2001, Mother informed Father that she
wanted a divorce, and the parties separated. In May 2001, Mother broke the news to Father that she
was pregnant with Dr. Krahn’s child. Soon thereafter, Mother moved out of the parties’ marital
apartment, leaving the minor child in Father’s primary care. Mother gave birth to a second daughter
on November 29, 2001. Mother and Dr. Krahn were married sometime thereafter.
On April 10, 2001, Mother filed a Complaint for Divorce against Father alleging as grounds
irreconcilable differences and inappropriate marital conduct. Mother’s complaint additionally sought
temporary and permanent custody of the parties’ daughter.
Father filed an Answer and Counter Complaint on June 11, 2001, acknowledging the
existence of irreconcilable differences, but denying Mother’s allegations of inappropriate marital
conduct. Father’s Counter Complaint sought an absolute divorce on grounds of inappropriate marital
conduct, adultery, and irreconcilable differences. Father also sought sole custody of the parties’
daughter, stating “[t]hat it would be in the best interest of the parties’ minor child to be in the sole
custody and control of the Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff with reasonable visitation for the
Plaintiff/Counter Defendant.”
On June 28, 2001, Father filed a Petition for Primary Residential Parent Pendente Lite
requesting the court to designate him as the primary residential parent for the parties’ minor child.
Father’s petition noted that the child was currently in his care and custody, and averred that “[i]t is
in the minor child’s best interest that she remain with her father in the marital home where she has
a stable, established routine that included attending day care while the parties worked during the
day.” This same day, Mother filed a motion pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-6-403(a)(2), requesting an
expedited hearing to establish a temporary parenting plan. Mother additionally filed an Answer and
“Counter-Petition Requesting Status of Primary Residential Parent Pending Expedited Hearing.”
By Order entered July 25, 2001, the trial court directed that the minor child should remain in Father’s
care and custody, continuing to reside in the parties’ marital home. The court’s order further directed
the parties to negotiate a visitation schedule and a temporary parenting plan.
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A copy of the Temporary Parenting Plan proposed by Father is included in the record on
appeal. The plan states that it was reached by a trial court hearing, although the date of the hearing
is not provided. It is undisputed that Mother did not agree to the provisions of the plan. Father’s
plan was adopted and approved by the trial court on July 25, 2001, and the plan provided that Mother
was entitled to bi-weekly visitation with her daughter, beginning at 6:00 P.M. on Friday and ending
at 6:00 P.M. on the following Sunday. Father’s plan also defined the parties’ visitation/parenting
time schedule for holidays, birthdays, and vacation periods.
On August 21, 2001, Mother filed a motion to alter or amend the trial court’s July 25, 2001
Order pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 59.04. Mother’s motion alleged that the trial court improperly
approved Father’s proposed parenting plan where, “[o]n the morning of July 25, 2001, counsel for
Father approached the Court ex parte to enter the Order on Petition for Primary Residential Parent
Pendente Lite and Parenting Plan.” Mother maintained that “the proper procedure would have been
to either order the parties into dispute resolution or to set a date for an expedited hearing,” and
thereby moved the court to vacate the parenting plan approved by the court on July 25, 2001, and
order the parties into dispute resolution or, alternatively, “hold an expedited hearing for the purpose
of establishing a Temporary Parenting Plan in accordance with T.C.A. § 36-6-403.”
On November 2, 2001, Father filed a Motion for Injunction, seeking to enjoin Mother from
allowing the parties’ minor child to have any contact or communication with Dr. Krahn.
Approximately one month later, on December 3, 2001, the trial court entered an Order denying
Father’s Motion for injunction. The court’s order additionally determined that the “parties should
divide visitation time with the minor child equally during the time minor child is not enrolled in
daycare until the first part of January 2002.” On December 5, 2001, a visitation/custody calendar
for the month of December 2001 was filed with the trial court.
On January 11, 2002, Mother filed a “Petition for Immediate Determination of Parenting
Time Pending Trial.” Pursuant to this motion, Mother asked the court to grant immediate custody
of the parties’ minor child to Mother, asserting Father’s “willful violation” of the court-ordered
visitation/parenting time schedule. Mother’s motion sought to limit Father’s “parenting time” to
5:00 P.M. Friday through 5:00 P.M. Sunday, every weekend. Upon consideration of this motion,
the trial court entered an Order vacating its Order of December 5, 2001, and setting Mother’s
visitation rights with minor child for “alternating weekends from Friday evening at 5:00 p.m. until
Sunday evening at 6:00 p.m., the first weekend beginning January 18, 2002.”
A hearing on Mother’s Rule 59 motion was held on February 8, 2002. The court reserved
ruling on the motion until the divorce hearing set for later in the month. A hearing on the parties’
respective complaints for divorce was held on February 27, 2002. On March 7, 2002, the trial court
entered an Order denying Mother’s complaint and granting an absolute divorce in favor of Father,
citing as grounds Mother’s inappropriate marital conduct. The court’s order reserved “[a]ll matters
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pertaining to economic issues and child issues” for trial. Several days later, on March 11, 2002, the
trial court entered an order significantly expanding Mother’s parenting time.
A hearing on the remaining economic and child custody issues raised in the parties’
respective complaints for divorce was held on May 13 and 14, 2002. The trial court made the
following findings of fact and rulings from the bench:
[Mother and Dr. Krahn] had a very meretricious relationship,
and after the divorce was granted, they married. And they came into
court and assumed responsibility, one, for their actions and assumed
responsibility for all other matters that are collateral thereto. So with
regard to those acts, the Court is satisfied that in terms of being the
appropriate role model – role model for [minor child], the Court is
satisfied that the mother, as well as the father, are appropriate,
positive role models not withstanding any other actions or acts that
they may have committed heretofore.
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[Minor child], in my opinion, would be all right if either of the
parents – the natural parents had custody of this child, but the Court
is of the opinion that of the two, that the mother in this instance can
serve the best interests of [minor child] because she is a young girl
five years of age, because the mother at this point in time has the
ability and has chosen to be a parent and stay at home and have that
as her primary responsibility and forgo, at least at this time, a career
that she has been – she is trained for and prepared for.
The trial judge gave significant consideration to Mother’s desire and choice to act as a stay-
at-home parent for minor child, expressing his belief that “[minor child] will benefit greatly by those
set of circumstances.” Rather than awarding Mother immediate primary custody of minor child, the
court specified that a “transition period” should be established whereby custody was gradually
shifted from Father to Mother.
On June 19, 2002, a Consent Order was entered scheduling the parties’ parenting time for
the months of June, July, and August 2002. The court’s order stated that the “transition period” for
the minor child would end on August 19, 2002, and that Mother would henceforth take over the role
of primary residential parent.
A Final Decree of Absolute Divorce was entered on November 5, 2002. The court’s decree,
inter alia, incorporated by reference Mother’s proposed Permanent Parenting Plan designating her
as primary residential parent. Mother’s plan provided, in part, that Father would have visitation with
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his daughter from Friday afternoon until Sunday evening, every other week. The plan further
specified that Father would have additional visitation with his daughter on Wednesday afternoons
until Thursday morning. A separate schedule was set out for holidays, birthdays, and vacation
periods.
On December 2, 2002, Father filed a Notice of Appeal of the trial court’s November 5, 2002
order. Father now presents for review the sole issue of “[w]hether the trial court properly adopted
a parenting plan designating [Mother] as the primary residential parent.”
A child custody determination is controlled by T.C.A. § 36-6-106 (2001) which provides in
pertinent part:
(a) In a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or in any
other proceeding requiring the court to make a custody determination
regarding a minor child, such determination shall be made upon the
basis of the best interest of the child. The court shall consider all
relevant factors including the following where applicable:
(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the
parents and child;
(2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food,
clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care and the
degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver;
(3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of
time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment;
provided, that where there is a finding, under § 36-6-106(8), of child
abuse, as defined in § 39-15-401 or § 39-15-402, or child sexual
abuse, as defined in § 37-1-602, by one (1) parent, and that a
non-perpetrating parent has relocated in order to flee the perpetrating
parent, that such relocation shall not weigh against an award of
custody;
(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;
(5) The mental and physical health of the parents;
(6) The home, school and community record of the child;
(7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age
or older. The court may hear the preference of a younger child upon
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request. The preferences of older children should normally be given
greater weight than those of younger children;
(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other
parent or to any other person; provided, that where there are
allegations that one (1) parent has committed child abuse, [as defined
in § 39-15-401 or § 39-15-402], or child sexual abuse, [as defined in
§ 37-1-602], against a family member, the court shall consider all
evidence relevant to the physical and emotional safety of the child,
and determine, by a clear preponderance of the evidence, whether
such abuse has occurred. The court shall include in its decision a
written finding of all evidence, and all findings of facts connected
thereto. In addition, the court shall, where appropriate, refer any
issues of abuse to the juvenile court for further proceedings;
(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or
frequents the home of a parent and such person’s interactions with the
child; and
(10) Each parent’s past and potential for future performance of
parenting responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of
each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent,
consistent with the best interest of the child.
In child custody and visitation cases, the welfare and best interest of the child are the
paramount concerns. Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); T.C.A.
§ 36-6-106 (2001). The determination of the child’s best interest must turn on the particular facts
of each case. Taylor v. Taylor, 849 S.W.2d 319, 326 (Tenn. 1993); In re Parsons, 914 S.W.2d 889,
893 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). In Bah v. Bah, 668 S.W.2d 663 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983), the Court
established some guidelines for making the determination of the child’s best interest:
We adopt what we believe is a common sense approach to
custody, one which we will call the doctrine of “comparative fitness.”
The paramount concern in child custody cases is the welfare and best
interest of the child. Mollish v. Mollish, 494 S.W.2d 145, 151 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1972). There are literally thousands of things that must be
taken into consideration in the lives of young children, Smith v.
Smith, 188 Tenn. 430, 437, 220 S.W.2d 627, 630 (1949), and these
factors must be reviewed on a comparative approach:
Fitness for custodial responsibilities is largely a
comparative matter. No human being is deemed
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perfect, hence no human can be deemed a perfectly fit
custodian. Necessarily, therefore, the courts must
determine which of two or more available custodians
is more or less fit than others.
Edwards v. Edwards, 501 S.W.2d 283, 290-91 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1973) (emphasis supplied).
Bah, 668 S.W.2d at 666.
The presumption of correctness applicable to a trial court’s findings of fact pursuant to Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(d) applies in child custody cases. Hass v. Knighton, 676 S.W.2d 554, 555 (Tenn.
1984); Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d at 838.
Father argues that the trial court erred in adopting a parenting plan designating Mother as
primary residential parent on grounds that the trial court failed to properly consider Mother’s
extramarital affair as evidence of her inability to provide a stable home environment and act as an
appropriate role model for the child. Father also argues that the trial court failed to give proper
weight to Father’s role as primary caregiver to minor child for the year following Mother’s exit from
the marital residence, the importance of continuity in the child’s home environment, and the parties’
respective employment schedules. Father finally notes that the trial court improperly based its ruling
in favor of Mother as primary residential parent on the minor child’s gender and the fact that she was
only five years old at the time of the divorce.
Upon our review of the record, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s
ruling and we find no evidence that the trial court abused its discretion in designating Mother as
primary residential parent. The trial court adequately considered and weighed Mother’s involvement
in an extramarital affair, and apparently concluded that Mother had atoned for her past indiscretions.
With regard to continuity of home environment, we note that Mother was a primary caregiver for
minor child until her exit from the parties’ marital residence in June 2001. From June 2001 through
trial in this matter, Mother maintained consistent visitation with minor child, said visitation being
increased by court order on two separate occasions. Finally, upon review of the trial judge’s
comments and rulings from the bench at trial, we find no evidence that the trial court improperly
based its decision to award Mother primary custody of the parties’ daughter upon the age or gender
of the child. Rather, as recognized by Father, the trial court’s ruling was primarily influenced by
Mother’s stated intent to be a stay-at-home parent for minor child. Because we find that the trial
court properly considered all of the relevant factors set forth in T.C.A. § 36-6-106, which appeared
to be fairly equal between the parties, the parties’ respective work schedules is an appropriate factor
for consideration.
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The trial court’s Order of November 5, 2002 designating Mother as primary residential parent
is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed against appellant, Todd Michael Kollasch, and his
surety.
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W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.
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