The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
JACKSONVILLE DIVISION
ALTHEA OWENS, individually and as
the parent and natural guardian of
E.S.P., a minor,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 3:23-cv-1174-TJC-SJH
v.
SUWANNEE COUNTY SCHOOL
BOARD,
Defendant.
ORDER
Plaintiff was previously the girls’ basketball coach at Suwannee Middle
School, where her son, E.S.P., was also a student. Plaintiff and E.S.P. are both
African American. When E.S.P. was in eighth grade, he tried out for the baseball
team but was not selected, and Plaintiff alleges this was due to his race. Plaintiff
raised concerns about E.S.P. not being selected, including filing a dual-filed charge
with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Florida Commission
on Human Relations. Plaintiff was terminated two weeks after she filed the charge.
The amended complaint has four claims on behalf of Plaintiff (alleging
retaliation) and three claims on behalf of E.S.P. (alleging race discrimination).
Defendant has filed a partial motion to dismiss, Doc. 25, addressing five of the
remaining six claims.1 The motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part.
Count II alleges retaliation against Plaintiff under 42 U.S.C. §2000e et seq.
(“Title VII”). Defendant argues Plaintiff is attempting to raise both opposition and
participation claims, and that the opposition claims are not properly plead. It is not
necessary for the Court to decide whether an opposition claim has been properly
plead, because Plaintiff has sufficiently plead her retaliation claim, including that
she engaged in protected activity. Although Defendant challenges whether the
Board had knowledge of Plaintiff’s complaint, the temporal proximity (two weeks)
between Plaintiff’s EEOC charge and her termination is sufficient to survive a
motion to dismiss. See Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d 1361, 1364 (11th
Cir. 2007).
Count III alleges retaliation against Plaintiff under 42 U.S.C. §2000d et seq.
(“Title VI”). Title VI claims involving employment are limited to circumstances
when federal funds are provided for the purpose of providing employment.
Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendant receives federal funds and that such funds are
fungible is insufficient. See Jones v. Metro. Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth., 681 F.2d
1376, 1378 (11th Cir. 1982); Russell v. Public Health Tr. of Miami-Dade Cnty., No.
8-23442-CIV, 2009 WL 936662, at *6 (S.D. Fla. April 6, 2009) (collecting cases that
1 Count I has been dismissed, Doc. 29, and there is no argument to dismiss
Count VI.
Title VI claims require employer receive federal funds for purpose of employment).
Deficiencies with this claim were previously identified, but not adequately
corrected in the amended complaint. Compare Doc. 12 at 15-16, with Doc. 19 at 8-
9.
Count IV alleges retaliation against Plaintiff under 42 U.S.C. §1981, through
42 U.S.C. §1983. Section 1981 claims against a state actor are properly treated as
§1983 claims and must show that the violation of the right to make contracts is
“caused by a custom or policy within the meaning of Monell and subsequent cases.”
See Jett v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 491 U.S. 701, 735-36 (1989); Butts v. Cnty. of
Volusia, 222 F.3d 891, 894 (11th Cir. 2000); Mizzell-Bullock v. Seminole Cnty. Pub.
Schs., No. 23-11599, 2024 WL 65199 at * (11th Cir. Jan. 5, 2024). What Plaintiff
describes as a policy sufficient to meet Monell requirements is not related to her
termination. Plaintiff alleges:
[t]he longstanding practice of denying African American children the
opportunity to participate in sports teams, often in favor of white and
non-black students, has been prevalent and predates E.S.P. for at least
the prior two years to E.S.P. trying out for the team.
Doc. 19 ¶16. This allegation describes a practice of discrimination against African
American children, such as E.S.P., and does not identify a policy, custom or
practice, related to Plaintiff’s termination. In addition, Plaintiff alleges she was
terminated by the Principal Williams but does not allege facts as to how the
termination was ratified by the School Board, other than a conclusory statement
that such ratification occurred. Doc. 19 ¶¶58, 62. Deficiencies with this claim were
previously identified, but not adequately corrected in the amended complaint.
Compare Doc. 12 at 7-9, with Doc. 19 at 10.
Count V alleges race discrimination aginst E.S.P. under the Florida
Education Equity Act (“FEEA”), Fla. Stat. §1000.05, and seeks both compensatory
and punitive damages under Fla. Stat. §760.07. The Parties agree that FEEA only
provides equitable relief. The Parties disagree whether other relief is permitted
under Fla. Stat. §760.07, which provides:
Any violation of any Florida statute that makes unlawful
discrimination because of race, color, religion, gender, pregnancy,
national origin, age, handicap, or marital status in the areas of
education, employment, or public accommodations gives rise to a cause
of action for all relief and damages described in s. 760.11(5), unless
greater damages are expressly provided for.
In turn, §760.11(5) provides “the state and its agencies and subdivisions shall not
be liable for punitive damages.” Thus, punitive damages are not permitted against
the School Board. The Court is not persuaded that compensatory damages are also
prohibited but declines to expressly rule on the issue at this time.
Count VII alleges race discrimination against E.S.P. under 42 U.S.C. §1981,
through §1983. “[I]n order to state a claim under § 1981, [Plaintiff] must allege (1)
intentional racial discrimination (2) that caused a contractual injury.” Ziyadat v.
Diamondrock Hosp. Co., 3 F.4th 1291, 1296 (11th Cir. 2021). Plaintiff’s claim fails
because there is no alleged interference with a contract. Cf. Jackman ex rel. K.J. v.
Kindergarten Prep, Inc., No. 8:23-cv-1598-TPB-AEP, 2023 WL 6809647, at *2 (M.D.
Fla. Oct. 16, 2023) (denying motion to dismiss because plaintiff alleged interference
with a right to contract with defendant to provide educational services). Even if
E.S.P. was not selected for the baseball team due to his race, Plaintiff has not
alleged a contractual right was involved and has not cited any authority that would
support finding a contractual right was involved in these circumstances. 2
Deficiencies with this claim were previously identified, but not adequately
corrected in the amended complaint. Compare Doc. 12 at 22-23, with Doc. 19 at 14-
15.
Accordingly, it is now
ORDERED:
1. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint (Doc. 25) is
GRANTED without prejudice as to Counts III, IV, and VII.
2. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint (Doc. 25) is
DENIED as to Counts II and V.
3. Plaintiff’s request for punitive damages is STRICKEN. Any amended
complaint shall not include a request for punitive damages.
4. The Court will give Plaintiff an opportunity to file an amended
complaint, but Plaintiff should only replead the Counts on which there
2 Nor is the Court aware of any case authority that supports allowing a §1981
claim in similar circumstances.
is a good faith basis to proceed. The amended complaint shall be filed
no later than September 30, 2024. Rather than move to dismiss again,
Defendant should include any arguments against the amended
complaint in its Motion for Summary Judgment. Thus, Defendant shall
answer no later than October 21, 2024.
5. The Parties remain governed by the Case Management and Scheduling
Order (Doc. 24).
DONE AND ORDERED in Jacksonville, Florida this 9th day of September,
2024.
Oa > Cimotheg 9. Corrig an
TIMOTHY J. CORRIGAN
= United States District Judge
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Copies:
Counsel of record