The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
FORT MYERS DIVISION
DUSTIN L VANN,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No.: 2:23-cv-396-SPC-NPM
RAMI TABIL, DAVID KELLER
and GREGORY HUGHES,
Defendants.
/
OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court are Defendant Gregory Hughes’s Motion for Summary
Judgment (Doc. 43) and Defendants Rami Tabil and David Keller’s Motion to
Dismiss (Doc. 44).
Background
This is a civil rights case. Dustin Vann is a prisoner of the Florida
Department of Corrections, and he sued three corrections officers—Tabil,
Keller, and “Lt. John Doe (Lt. Hughes) possibly”—under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for
violating his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. (Doc. 1). Tabil and
Keller move to dismiss Vann’s Complaint for failure to state a claim and failure
to exhaust, and they raise sovereign and qualified immunity. Hughes seeks
summary judgment because he is not the lieutenant identified in the
Complaint as John Doe.
The Court recounts the factual background as pled in Vann’s Complaint,
which it must take as true to decide whether the complaint states a plausible
claim. See Chandler v. Sec’y Fla. Dep’t of Transp., 695 F.3d 1194, 1198-99
(11th Cir. 2012).
Vann is a known gay and transgender member of the LGBTQ gang
OUTKASST. At about 8:00 p.m. on March 26, 2021, Keller told Vann he was
moving from Charlotte Correctional Institution’s G-dorm to F-dorm. While
escorting Vann, Keller said, “I hope you are ready, faggot” and, “Tonight we
will see how much man is still in you.” (Doc. 1 at 5). When they arrived at F-
dorm, Keller took Vann to his new cell, which was occupied by an inmate
named Fernandez. While Keller was removing Vann’s restraints, Fernandez
said he could not share a cell with Vann because Vann was a homosexual and
Fernandez was a member of the Bloods, a gang apparently known for stabbing
members suspected of homosexuality. Vann attempted to hold the door open,
and Keller forced Vann into the cell and slammed the door shut, leaving Vann’s
property in the hallway.
When Keller left, Fernandez threatened Vann and told him to get out of
his cell. Vann tried to get the guards’ attention by kicking the door, but he was
ignored for about an hour. Vann later heard that Keller made comments like,
“hear that…that’s that fuckboy Vann kicking the door” and “I might have got
that sissy killed.” (Doc. 1 at 7). At around 9:30 p.m., Tabil came to Vann’s cell
door. Fernandez told Tabil he could not allow a “faggot” to remain in his cell
because he was a Blood. Vann requested protective custody. Tabil got angry,
yelled, “I don’t care! You ain’t moving. Fight or fuck!,” and left. (Id.).
Fernandez then started making comments about sex, and he showed Vann a
knife he had hidden in his bed. Fernandez orally and anally raped Vann. Vann
did not resist because he did not trust the guards to protect him, and he feared
Fernandez would stab him.
Fernandez then told Vann that if security did not remove him from the
cell soon, he would need to cut his wrists. An orderly came to the cell and gave
Fernandez two razor blades. Vann continued kicking the cell door until Tabil
returned and refused to call his supervisor or put Vann in protective custody.
At about 12:30 a.m., Officer Der’Cole saw Vann with a razor and called
Tabil to the cell. Vann and Fernandez told Tabil that Vann would be forced to
cut himself unless he was removed from the cell. Tabil called for his
supervisor, identified here as Lt. John Doe. Vann and Fernandez explained
the situation again. Doe told Vann to slide the razor under the door and said
he would secure Vann in the shower until he could figure out what to do. But
after Vann slid the razor under the door, Doe and Tabil walked away, laughing.
Fernandez gave Vann the second razor and forced him to cut his wrist. Vann
complied because he knew it would be worse if Fernandez stabbed him. At
about 1:30 a.m., Officer Der’Cole saw that Vann was bleeding and called it in
on his radio. Tabil yelled at Der’Cole for opening the food flap and reporting
the situation.
Vann suffered a mental breakdown and has been committed to in-patient
programs to treat his mental trauma. He sues the defendants for deliberate
indifference under the Eighth Amendment. He also asserts a Fourteenth
Amendment equal protection claim against Keller and Tabil. Vann requests
compensatory and punitive damages, declaratory judgment, and an injunction
barring Keller and Tabil from FDOC employment.
Legal Standard
When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), courts must
accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and view them in a light
most favorable to the plaintiff. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
The preferential standard of review, however, does not let all pleadings
adorned with facts survive to the next stage of litigation. The Supreme Court
has been clear on this point—a district court should dismiss a claim when a
party does not plead facts that make the claim facially plausible. See Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when
a court can draw a reasonable inference, based on facts pled, that the opposing
party is liable for the alleged misconduct. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. This
plausibility standard requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant
has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557 (internal quotation
marks omitted)). And a plaintiff must allege more than labels and conclusions
amounting to a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
Vann files his Amended Complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state a §
1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendant deprived him of a
right secured under the Constitution or federal law, and (2) the deprivation
occurred under color of state law. Bingham v. Thomas, 654 F.3d 1171, 1175
(11th Cir. 2011) (citing Arrington v. Cobb Cty., 139 F.3d 865, 872 (11th Cir.
1998)). In addition, a plaintiff must allege and establish an affirmative causal
connection between the defendant’s conduct and the constitutional
deprivation. Marsh v. Butler Cty., Ala., 268 F.3d 1014, 1059 (11th Cir. 2001).
Vann is representing himself in this action. Courts hold the pleadings
of pro se litigants to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by
attorneys. Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
But courts do not have a duty to “re-write” a pro se litigant’s complaint to find
a claim. See Washington v. Dep’t of Children & Families, 256 F. App’x 326, 327
(11th Cir. 2007).
Discussion
A. Gregory Hughes/John Doe
The Court starts with Hughes’ motion. Hughes claims he was not
employed by the FDOC until July 2, 2021, about three months after the
incident alleged in the Complaint. The affidavit of an FDOC human resources
consultant corroborates that claim. For his part, Vann acknowledges that
Hughes is likely not the person identified in his Complaint as John Doe. The
Court will thus dismiss Vann’s claim against Hughes and reinstate John Doe
as a defendant. To continue pursuing his claim against John Doe, Vann must
learn his identity so he can be served with process. If Vann cannot learn John
Doe’s name from the defendants through discovery, he can ask the Clerk to
issue a subpoena under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(a)(3). Vann must
notify the Court when he discovers Doe’s real name.
B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), before a prisoner may
bring a claim challenging the conditions of his confinement, he must exhaust
available administrative remedies. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e. The purpose of
administrative exhaustion “is to put the administrative authority on notice of
all issues in contention and to allow the authority an opportunity to investigate
those issues.” Chandler v. Crosby, 379 F.3d 1278, 1287 (11th Cir. 2004)
(cleaned up).
The Eleventh Circuit has established a two-step process for deciding a
motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies:
First, the court looks to the factual allegations in the defendant’s
motion to dismiss and those in the plaintiff’s response, and if they
conflict, takes the plaintiff’s version of the facts as true. If, in that
light, the defendant is entitled to have the complaint dismissed for
failure to exhaust administrative remedies, it must be dismissed…
If the complaint is not subject to dismissal at the first step, where
plaintiff’s allegations are assumed to be true, the court then
proceeds to make specific findings in order to resolve the disputed
factual issues related to exhaustion. The defendants bear the
burden of proving that the plaintiff has failed to exhaust his
available administrative remedies. Once the court makes findings
on the disputed issues of fact, it then decides whether under those
findings the prisoner has exhausted his available administrative
remedies.
Turner v. Burnside, 541 F.3d 1077, 1082-83 (11th Cir. 2008).
Both parties submit copies of Vann’s grievances, so their contents are not
in dispute. Vann submitted two informal grievances on April 3, 2021. In the
first, Vann summarizes the basic facts—Keller moved Vann from G-dorm to F-
dorm around 8:45 p.m. on March 26, 2021; Fernandez objected because he is a
Blood and Vann is gay; Keller shoved Vann into the cell; and Vann screamed
and begged for help until Fernandez forced him to cut himself around 1:00 a.m.
(Doc. 44-1 at 1). The second grievance repeats the basic facts and complains
that Tabil refused to remove him from the cell despite the danger. (Doc. 44-2
at 1). Both grievances were approved and “referred to Security for appropriate
action.” (Doc. 44-1 at 2; Doc. 44-2 at 2). Because the grievances were approved,
Vann was not required to proceed to the next stage of the grievance process.
See Williams v. Dep’t of Corr., 678 F. App’x 877, 881 (11th Cir. 2017).
Tabil and Keller argue Vann failed to satisfy the exhaustion requirement
because the grievances he submitted did not include all the relevant facts, so
the FDOC did not have a fair opportunity to investigate his claims. Courts
look to the grievance rules of the particular prison system to determine how
much detail a prisoner must include in a grievance. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S.
199, 204 (2007). The only content requirements in the FDOC rules are “that
the form is legible, that included facts are accurately stated, and that only one
issue or complaint is addressed.” Fla. Admin. Code r. 33-103.005(2)(b)2. The
rules do not require inmates include any particular level of detail, so “a
standard akin to notice pleading is appropriate when determining whether [a
plaintiff’s] grievances contained sufficient details to exhaust [his]
administrative remedies.” Harvard v. Inch, 411 F. Supp. 3d 1220, 1244 (N.D.
Fla. 2019).
The Court finds that Vann’s grievances included enough detail to give
officials notice of his claim and a chance to investigate. FDOC rules did not
require him to include every detail. The Court thus finds that Vann exhausted
available administrative remedies.
C. Eleventh Amendment Immunity
Keller and Tabil argue the Eleventh Amendment bars Vann’s official
capacity claims. Vann concedes the point. (See Doc. 48 at 5). The Court will
thus dismiss Vann’s official capacity claims.
D. Pleading Sufficiency
a. Eighth Amendment
The Eighth Amendment’s “prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment
requires prison officials to ‘take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety
of the inmates.’” Cox v. Nobles, 15 F.4th 1350, 1358 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994)). To succeed on a failure to
protect claim, a plaintiff must show (1) he was incarcerated under conditions
posing a substantial risk of serious harm, (2) the prison official was
deliberately indifferent to the risk, and (3) the constitutional violation caused
his injuries. Id. at 1357-58. Deliberate indifference is akin to subjective
recklessness as used in criminal law. To establish deliberate indifference, a
plaintiff “must show that the defendant was actually, subjectively aware that
his own conduct caused a substantial risk of serious harm to the plaintiff.”
Wade v. McDade, 106 F.4th 1251, 1262 (11th Cir. 2024). A defendant was not
deliberately indifferent if he responded reasonably to the risk. Id.
Keller and Tabil argue Vann failed to sufficiently allege they had
knowledge of a serious risk of harm or that they were deliberately indifferent
to that risk. The Court disagrees. The defendants do not dispute that locking
Vann in a cell with Fernandez created a substantial risk of serious harm. And
indeed, the Court finds that locking a gay and transgender inmate in a cell
with a member of a gang known for violence against suspected homosexuals
creates a substantial risk of serious harm. The questions here are whether
Vann alleged facts demonstrating that Keller and Tabil were actually and
subjectively aware of that risk, and whether they recklessly disregarded it.
According to the Complaint, Fernandez told both Keller and Tabil he
could not allow Vann to stay in his cell because Fernandez was a Blood and
Vann was gay. It is reasonable to infer that Keller and Tabil knew violence
was likely given Vann’s allegation that Bloods are known for stabbing
members suspected of homosexuality. What is more, both defendants allegedly
made statements that acknowledged a risk of violence. Vann alleges Keller
was overheard saying, “I might have got that sissy killed,” and Tabil responded
to Vann’s plea for help but saying, “I don’t care!...Fight or fuck!” (Doc. 1 at 7).
And Tabil and Keller recklessly disregarded the risk by doing nothing to
address it. The Court finds that the Complaint states a plausible Eighth
Amendment claim.
b. Fourteenth Amendment
Vann also asserts an equal protection claim against Keller and Tabil. He
argues the homophobic slurs the defendants used show they were motivated
by bigotry. To establish an Equal Protection claim, Vann must demonstrate
that (1) he is similarly situated with prisoners who received more favorable
treatment, and (2) the discriminatory treatment was based on a
constitutionally protected interest, like race or gender. Jones v. Ray, 279 F.3d
944, 946-47 (11th Cir. 2001). Vann does not allege the defendants treated him
differently than a similarly situated inmate who was not gay or transgender.
Thus, he has not stated an equal protection claim.
E. Qualified Immunity
Keller and Tabil argue Vann’s individual capacity claims against them
are barred by qualified immunity. “Qualified immunity protects government
officials from individual liability unless they violate clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Snorton v. Owens, 808 F. App’x 814, 820 (11th Cir. 2020). An official
invoking qualified immunity must first show he was acting within the scope of
his discretionary authority. The burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show: (1)
the official violated a federal statutory or constitutional right; and (2) the
unlawfulness of the official’s conduct was clearly established at the time of the
alleged violation. Id. at 820-21.
“A federal right is ‘clearly established’ when ‘at the time of the officer’s
conduct, the law was sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would
understand that what he was doing is unlawful.’” Anderson v. Vazquez, 813 F.
App’x 358, 360 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589
(2018)). “In other words, existing law must have placed the constitutionality
of the officer’s conduct beyond debate.” Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 589 (internal
quotations omitted). To show that a legal principle is clearly established, a
plaintiff must produce precedent “clear enough that every reasonable official
would interpret it to establish the particular rule the plaintiff seeks to apply.”
Id.
As explained above, Vann adequately alleged that Keller and Tabil
violated his Eighth Amendment right, so the question is whether the
unlawfulness of their actions was clearly established at the time. It was. In
Caldwell v. Warden, FCI Talladega, the Eleventh Circuit noted it had “already
clarified that a prison guard violates a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment right
when that guard actually (objectively and subjectively) knows that one
prisoner poses a substantial risk of serious harm to another, yet fails to take
any action to investigate, mitigate, or monitor that substantial risk of serious
harm.” 748 F.3d 1090, 1102 (11th Cir. 2014). Keller and Tabil are not entitled
to qualified immunity.
F. Injunctive and Declaratory Relief
In addition to compensatory and punitive damages, Vann seeks a
declaration that the acts described in the Complaint violated his rights and a
permanent injunction barring Keller and Tabil from FDOC employment.
Keller and Tabil argue Vann fails to demonstrate entitlement to declaratory or
injunctive relief.
Vann is not entitled to injunctive or declaratory relief because he is no
longer imprisoned at Charlotte C.I.—he has been transferred to Florida State
Prison. A prisoner’s transfer or release from the prison where his claim arose
moots a request for injunctive or declaratory relief. Johnson v. Warden, 491 F.
App’x 60, 62 n.1 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing Zatler v. Wainwright, 802 F.2d 397,
399 (11th Cir. 1986)). That is because a party seeking forward-looking relief
“must face a real and immediate threat of repeated injury.” Murthy v.
Missouri, 144 S. Ct. 1972, 1986 (2024) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). Keller and Tabil pose no immediate threat to Vann because Vann is
not imprisoned where they work. The Court will dismiss Vann’s claims for
injunctive and declaratory relief.
Accordingly, it is now
ORDERED:
Defendant Gregory Hughes’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 43)
is GRANTED and Defendants Rami Tabil and David Keller’s Motion to
Dismiss (Doc. 44) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
(1) Vann’s claim against Hughes is DISMISSED. The Clerk is directed
to change the CM/ECF entry for Gregory Hughes to “Lt. John Doe.”
(2) Vann’s Fourteenth Amendment claim, official capacity claims, and
claims for injunctive and declaratory relief are DISMISSED.
(3) Keller and Tabil must answer the Complaint within 14 days of this
Order.
DONE and ORDERED in Fort Myers, Florida on August 16, 2024.
,
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
SA: FTMP-1
Copies: All Parties of Record
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